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Building Categories in Interaction: Linguistic resources at work
Edited by Caterina Mauri, Ilaria Fiorentini and Eugenio Goria
[Studies in Language Companion Series 220] 2021
► pp. 35–72

Chapter 3
Categories at the interface of cognition and action

| University of Glasgow

Grounded cognition offers a natural framework for studying categories that lie at the interface of cognition and action. From this perspective, cognition emerges from the coupling of the brain, the modalities, the body, and the environment. Situated action, in particular, links these domains together, as perceived entities and events in the world (e.g., hedonic stimuli, social agents) trigger self-relevant responses (e.g., goals, values, identities, norms), which in turn produce bodily states (e.g., affect, motivation) that initiate actions (e.g., bodily actions, vocalizations) and ultimately produce outcomes, again in the world (e.g., reward, punishment). Ad hoc and goal-derived categories emerge between the internal cognitive states and external physical states that arise during the pursuit of situated action. Although these categories behave similarly in some ways to conventional taxonomic categories (e.g., possessing graded structure), they differ in others, especially in their dependence on context (typically contexts of situated action). On many occasions, these categories are constructed to support current situated action (ad hoc categories), but when they become relevant to situated action across many occasions, they become well-established in memory (goal-derived categories). Across these categories, ideals play central roles in determining graded structure, supporting the goals that drive situated action. Event frames offer a natural means of understanding how ad hoc and goal-derived categories become constructed compositionally, and how they offer an interface between cognition and the world, essentially providing coordinated patterns of values for instantiating frame variables. Interestingly, this frame-based account can be naturally implemented in the simulation mechanisms of perceptual symbol systems, further grounding ad hoc categories in relations between the brain, modalities, body, and world during situated action.

Keywords: abstraction, ad hoc categories, frames, goal-derived categories, grounded cognition, ideals, situated action (goal-directed action), typicality (graded structure)
Article outline
  • 1.Introduction
  • 2.Grounded cognition
    • 2.1Grounding in perceptual systems and the construct of simulation
    • 2.2Grounding in the motor system and body
    • 2.3Grounding cognition in the physical environment
    • 2.4Grounding cognition in the social environment
    • 2.5Cognition as emergent
    • 2.6The situated action cycle
  • 3.Ad hoc and goal-derived categories
    • 3.1The correlational structure of the environment
    • 3.2Contexts of situated action
    • 3.3Establishment in memory
    • 3.4Typicality gradients
    • 3.5Goal-derived categories
  • 4.Determinants of graded structure in ad hoc and goal-derived categories
    • 4.1Family resemblance and central tendency
    • 4.2Ideals
    • 4.3Frequency of instantiation
    • 4.4Contrasting central tendency, ideals, and frequency of instantiation
  • 5.Deriving categories from frames to achieve goals
    • 5.1A general procedure for deriving an ad hoc category
    • 5.2Specifying an abstraction for an ad hoc category: Optimizations and constraints
    • 5.3Roles of goal-derived categories in expertise
    • 5.4Habitual goal-derived categories and their adaptation
    • 5.5Lexicalization of goal-derived categories
  • 6.Grounding ad hoc and goal-derived categories
    • 6.1Instantiating space-time regions in simulations
    • 6.2The interface between cognition and action
  • 7.Outstanding issues
    • 7.1The concept composition process that creates ad hoc categories
    • 7.2The development of expertise
    • 7.3Use and adaptation of goal-derived categories in habitual behaviors at the interface of cognition and action
    • 7.4Grounding goal-derived categories in space-time regions of simulations
    • 7.5Establishing the neural bases of goal-derived categories
    • 7.6Establishing relations between cognitive and linguistic mechanisms
  • Acknowledgements
  • References
Published online: 6 December 2021
DOI logo
https://doi.org/10.1075/slcs.220.03bar
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