Index

• accessibility 27–29, 34, 39, 41–47, 116–117, 121, 123, 243, 287, 324–325 ; See also Accessibility Theory

• Accessibility Theory 11–15, 111, 215–216

• Accessibility Marking ScaleSee Accessibility Theory

• acquisition 7, 75, 145, 305, 317–319, 323–325, 328–329, 332, 341–342

• addressee 2–12, 59–60, 72, 129, 136, 141, 185–187, 190–194, 201, 203, 265, 325 ; See also co-speaker, hearer

• agent 28, 56, 198–199

• ambiguity 8, 11, 34, 38, 117, 158, 191–192, 203–204, 217, 222, 243, 254, 317

• anaphora 4, 7, 14, 27–48, 62–68, 116, 130, 171–176, 179, 187, 216, 256–257, 275, 325

• animacy 28, 107, 119–123, 326

• antecedent
  • incorporated, 28–32
  • long-distance,16
  • choice of, 28–38, 256
  • lack of, 7, 13, 53, 85, 275
  • antecedent-trigger, 59–62

• arbitrariness 74–75

• argumentation 15, 90–91, 151, 153–154, 159–165, 185–190, 205–206, 251, 256–259, 278–280

• article (determiner)
  • definite, 10, 30, 76, 239–242
  • indefinite,32
  • zero,30

• articulator 132–146

• Aspect Hypothesis310

• assumption 5, 11, 59, 73, 186, 215, 271–272

• attention
  • joint, 7, 19, 58, 130, 287, 296, 300
  • direction of, 8, 178, 186–187, 215, 234, 253, 262, 294–295
  • focus of, 301, 326
  • center of(see Centering Theory)

• authority 158, 204, 292

• bare nominal 27, 33–36, 39–46

• Belgian French 127–146

• beliefs 71–72, 81–85, 167

• Centering Theory 9–10, 28, 124, 235

• chainSee referential chain

• co-constructionSee collaboration, cooperation

• cognition
  • view of,5
  • constraints on,9
  • abilities of, 75, 234, 242
  • connections in,43
  • development, 325, 342

• cognitive effort 46, 186, 215, 216, 317–319

• cognitive linguistics 57, 73, 235, 269–274, 288, 324

• cognitive status 11–14, 43, 60, 341

• cohesion
  • linguistic, 107, 177
  • conceptual, 158, 160–162, 168

• collaboration 19, 236, 269–276, 283, 288, 292–302, 327 ; See also cooperation

• communicative intentions272

• compromise 233–236

• conflict 195–199, 282

• connector 305–322

• constraint 9, 12, 14, 103, 144, 190, 272

• constructed action 127–132

• context
  • and situation, 57–59, 61
  • and cotext,275
  • sociodiscursive,327
  • influence of, 2, 9–10, 60, 74–84, 161, 165, 189–190, 243, 288, 301
  • implications in, 12, 215–216
  • interpretation in, 250, 307

• convention
  • morphosyntactic, 32, 130, 187
  • and cooperation,7
  • and cognitive status, 11–14
  • and genre, 14–15, 90–92, 105, 178
  • and culture,90
  • and semiotics, 129–130, 133, 144–146
  • and meaning, 250, 265
  • emergence of, 185, 201
  • theory of,187
  • constraints of, 2, 240
  • deviation from,213

• conventional precondition 190–191, 206

• conventionalisation 32, 130, 143, 188, 205

• conversationSee interaction

• Conversation Analysis 185–189, 269, 287–289

• cooperation 7–8, 235, 243–244, 276, 281, 283, 308, 327 ; See also collaboration

• coreference 4, 98, 111, 154, 176, 253, 275–276

• coreference chain 92–105, 107–124

• co-speaker 236, 243, 246 ; See also addressee, hearer

• culture 77, 90–91, 105, 145, 179, 186, 199, 206, 214, 245, 310

• definiteness 3, 5, 37, 65, 241, 271–272

• definite
  • article(see article)
  • pronoun,99
  • noun phrase, 57, 89, 94, 110, 115–123, 271, 276
  • plural noun phrase, 153–168
  • bare plural,78
  • proper name,241
  • vs. indefinite this,217See also weak definite

• deixis 58–68, 90, 103, 216–218, 295, 307, 317 ; See also demonstrative

• demonstrative
  • pronoun, 219, 258, 323
  • noun phrase, 115–118, 122, 276
  • gesture,296
  • recognitional,276
  • clitic, 327–329
  • strong, 327–329
  • empty this, 213–231
  • and personal pronouns, 6, 59, 111, 324, 331–342
  • vs. definite article,10
  • and accessibility,11See also deixis

• denotation 34, 74, 250, 257–265

• description 2, 10, 43, 60, 90–91, 95–102, 130–131, 186, 224, 330, 336–338

• determiner
  • article(see article)
  • demonstrative, 213–231
  • possessive, 94, 97
  • definite, 163, 300
  • indefinite, 36, 258
  • phrase,30
  • absence of, 30, 42
  • optional,254(see also bare nominal)
  • and pronouns, 10, 215

• dialogueSee interaction

• discourse analysis 218, 249, 251–252

• discourse marker 200, 305, 307–309, 317

• discourse model 2, 5, 15, 79, 325

• discourse referent 3–5, 27–28, 39, 47, 279

• Discourse Representation Theory (DRT) 28, 39–42, 47, 270

• discourse topicSee topic

• Dutch 32, 36, 192

• endophoraSee anaphora

• English 12, 30, 31, 44, 53–68, 71–84, 132, 185, 186, 213–229, 233–247, 305–319

• ethos165

• evaluation 164, 216

• exception 71–84

• familiarity
  • as cognitive status, 12–13, 60
  • in the everyday sense, 81, 110, 223, 323

• intimacy (social) 195, 197

• fiction 3–5, 89, 96, 156, 163, 217, 222–224, 271

• first mention 4, 108, 115–118, 121, 176, 178, 294, 328, 334, 340, 342

• focus (in) 12–13, 15, 55–56, 60–61, 64, 81, 97, 295–296, 301, 325–326

• French 4, 6, 14–15, 89–105, 107–124, 153–168, 249–265, 276, 287–302, 305–319, 323–342 ; See also Belgian French

• gaze 18, 58–59, 64, 133, 136–141, 143, 191–192, 288, 290, 294–300, 302

• generalization 71–85, 157, 159, 165–168, 186, 188, 222, 342

• generics 3–4, 6, 160–161, 204, 258, 260, 264, 272

• genre 14–16, 89–105, 111, 119–120, 123, 134, 188, 206, 214–216, 222, 228, 256, 308, 327–330

• German 4, 15, 27–48, 89–105, 132, 171–183, 270–283, 309–311

• gesture 11, 19, 58–60, 62, 66, 127–133, 192, 226, 287–303

• Givenness Hierarchy 4, 11–12, 60, 324–325

• good-enough (comprehension) 8, 187, 318

• hearer 6–8, 61, 67, 269–277, 280, 282–283 ; See also addressee, co-speaker

• hearer reference 270, 272–274

• human
  • vs. inanimate, 28, 64, 95, 104
  • vs. non-human, 118–123
  • filtered perception, 4, 28, 237, 242, 264
  • ostension,59
  • and names,116
  • and plural reference, 153–168, 226

• iconicity 131–132, 143–144, 176, 291, 299–302, 330, 335–336, 339–341

• identification (of the referent)
  • as function of reference, 1, 4, 7–8, 44, 47, 247, 273–277
  • unique, 12, 60, 300
  • through gestures,129
  • difficulty of, 54–68
  • role of context in,165
  • and perception, 237–246
  • and regrading,203

• indefiniteness 3, 28–29, 32–41, 45–46, 96–97, 115–116, 118, 217, 223, 235, 246, 258

• Indonesian 185–206

• inference 7, 55, 78, 214–217, 223–229, 240, 244, 275, 307, 311, 317

• interaction 6, 16, 83, 127–136, 143, 185–205, 269–283, 287–302, 317–318, 323–342

• Interactional Linguistics 189–192, 269, 289, 302

• interpretation 2–5, 11, 29, 32–47, 57–62, 66–68, 75, 78–79, 85, 160–168, 215–228, 235, 244, 291, 294, 309–311, 317–318

• Italian 55, 236, 276

• knowledge 3, 7, 10, 72, 78–82, 186–187, 197, 200, 215, 223, 228, 245–246, 271–276, 301, 326, 341 ; See also Theory of Mind

• L2 305–319

• language acquisitionSee acquisition

• language developmentSee acquisition

• learner 305–319

• maxims of quantity (Grice’s)13

• media 14–16, 89–105, 111, 154–155, 167–168, 171–183, 213–229, 245, 252, 275, 327

• memory 9–10, 60, 124, 277, 330

• metaphor 174, 176, 241, 250, 253–254, 264, 300

• metonymy 74, 83, 176

• monologic discourse 103, 190, 276–277, 288, 330

• multifunctionality 307–308, 311

• multimodality 128–132, 136, 176–179, 245, 287–302

• negotiation 235–236, 244, 246, 269–270, 277, 282–283, 291, 294, 298, 301

• newspaperSee media

• non-referential 3–4, 53–68, 329

• non-verbal communication287See also gesture

• noun phrase 3–4, 9–10, 36, 53, 56, 89, 92, 96–99, 110–121, 153–168, 172–179, 185, 191, 219, 240–241, 256, 263, 271, 276, 283, 301

• oronym 233–247

• pattern of coreferenceSee coreference chain

• Persian 29, 45–46

• personal pronoun 9, 11–13, 37, 61, 111–114, 192, 275, 308, 324–342

• persuasionSee argumentation

• plural 7, 30, 33–36, 39–41, 47, 71–85, 153–168, 241, 258–265

• polyfunctionalitySee multifunctionality

• polysemy 154, 160, 249–252, 275

• possessive 94, 97, 110, 116–118, 258–259

• prediction (in reference processing) 8–9, 30, 41, 215

• pressSee media

• pronounSee deixis, demonstrative, personal pronoun, possessive

• proper name 9, 15, 89, 94–104, 108–123, 165, 177, 181, 233–247

• proper nounSee proper name

• quantifier 3, 28, 29, 31, 39–42, 72–76, 78, 84

• quantity 71–74, 84, 157–161, 166, 188, 241

• quantity (Grice’s maxims of)13

• recognitionals 186, 203, 270, 276

• referent retrieval 9, 128, 234, 237–238, 243–246

• referential chain 14–16, 89–105, 107–124, 171–183, 276, 323–342

• referential efficiency 235, 243–247

• referential intention 1, 5–6, 57–61, 67, 129, 202, 228, 251, 265, 274–276

• register 107, 193, 195, 275, 308, 310, 318, 327

• Relevance Theory 14, 215, 243

• rhetoric 28, 82, 111, 153–155, 159, 161, 168, 189–190, 204–205, 252, 254

• salience 10, 36, 38, 60, 68, 74–76, 216–218, 223, 226, 234, 238–239, 242–246, 300

• salient proportion 73–71

• Second Language AcquisitionSee L2

• shifter 61, 104, 185, 307

• Sign Language 6, 127–146

• SLASee L2

• speech act 5, 273–274

• spoken language
  • vs. signed language, 127–146
  • vs. written language,168

• Systemic Functional Linguistics107

• temporal referenceSee time reference

• text-world model 5, 269, 275

• Theory of Mind 2, 7; See also knowledge

• time reference 57, 66, 222, 305–319

• topic 10–13, 16, 90, 95, 98–99, 108–111, 180–181, 191, 223, 235, 270, 276–279, 283, 296, 326, 330

• topical chain 108, 111, 123

• toponymSee oronym

• underspecification 8, 308–311, 318

• vagueness 65–68, 83, 85, 158, 162, 168, 226 ; See also underspecification

• weak definite 27–47