Table of contents
Chapter 1.Introduction1
1.1Research problem1
1.2Previous research and open questions5
1.2.1Contrastive lexicology5
1.2.2Lexicalization patterns6
1.2.3Thinking for speaking7
1.2.4Semantic typology9
1.2.5Object naming10
1.2.6Open issues11
1.3Research question13
1.4A preliminary definition of granularity13
1.5Scope of the study16
1.6Structure of the book18
Chapter 2.Theoretical background: Basic assumptions and key concepts19
2.1Introduction19
2.2The verbalization of experience19
2.3Lexicalization22
2.3.1Definition23
2.3.2Principles of lexicalization24
2.4Domains and fields33
2.4.1Definition33
2.4.2Determining conceptual domains and their boundaries36
2.5Granularity38
2.5.1Definition38
2.5.2Granularity in the lexicon39
2.5.3Granularity in language use45
2.5.4Operationalization of granularity52
2.6Verbs and nouns – Events and objects61
2.6.1The relevance of verbs and nouns61
2.6.2The semantic organization of verbs and nouns62
2.6.3Implications for granularity65
2.7The granularity hypothesis66
2.8Potential objections to the granularity hypothesis67
2.9Language sketches68
2.9.1The language sample68
2.9.2German69
2.9.3English73
2.9.4Greek75
2.9.5Turkish81
Chapter 3.Data collection and methodological decisions86
3.1Introduction86
3.2Object of study87
3.3Method88
3.3.1Elicitation88
3.3.2Stimuli89
3.3.3Experimental design94
3.3.4Participants and procedure96
3.3.5Data set, data coding, and analysis97
3.3.6The formal unit of analysis104
3.4Problems in event categorization106
Chapter 4.Events of putting and taking108
4.1Definition108
4.2Lexical encoding and differentiation110
4.3Dimensions of lexical differentiation113
4.3.1Properties of the Figure114
4.3.2Properties of the Ground/Source115
4.3.3Spatial relationship of Figure to Ground (Figure/Ground
configuration)116
4.3.4Path117
4.3.5Manner118
4.3.6Agent118
4.3.7Force dynamics119
4.3.8Combination of dimensions119
4.3.9Etic grid and stimuli120
4.4Empirical results120
4.4.1General remarks120
4.4.2Events of putting122
4.4.3Events of taking137
Chapter 5.Events of dressing and undressing149
5.1Definition149
5.2Lexical encoding and differentiation150
5.3Dimensions of lexical differentiation152
5.3.1Caused motion and Path152
5.3.2Figure152
5.3.3Ground154
5.3.4Relation between Figure and Ground: Tightness of fit155
5.3.5Manner155
5.3.6Result156
5.3.7Combination of dimensions157
5.3.8Etic grid and stimuli157
5.4Empirical results158
5.4.1General remarks158
5.4.2Events of dressing162
5.4.3Events of undressing171
Chapter 6.Events of eating and drinking179
6.1Definition179
6.2Lexical encoding and differentiation179
6.3Dimensions of lexical differentiation180
6.3.1Agent180
6.3.2Theme and properties of the Theme180
6.3.3Manner181
6.3.4Instrument182
6.3.5Source182
6.3.6Degree182
6.3.7Combination of dimensions182
6.3.8Etic grid and stimuli183
6.4Empirical results185
6.4.1General remarks185
6.4.2Events of eating186
6.4.3Events of drinking195
Chapter 7.Events of cutting and breaking202
7.1Definition202
7.2Lexical encoding and differentiation202
7.3Dimensions of lexical differentiation204
7.3.1Theme and properties of the affected object205
7.3.2Instrument206
7.3.3Manner207
7.3.4Result207
7.3.5Other dimensions208
7.3.6Combination of dimensions209
7.3.7Etic grid and stimuli209
7.4Empirical results211
7.4.1General remarks211
7.4.2Type frequency213
7.4.3Token frequency213
7.4.4Diversity217
7.4.5Categorization219
7.4.6Semantic analysis221
7.4.7Summary224
Chapter 8.Events of hitting and kicking225
8.1Definition225
8.2Lexical encoding and differentiation225
8.3Dimensions of lexical differentiation226
8.3.1Patient and properties of the affected entity227
8.3.2Instrument227
8.3.3Manner228
8.3.4Result228
8.3.5Other dimensions229
8.3.6Combination of dimensions229
8.3.7Etic grid and stimuli230
8.4Empirical results232
8.4.1General remarks232
8.4.2Type frequency235
8.4.3Token frequency238
8.4.4Diversity238
8.4.5Categorization239
8.4.6Semantic analysis241
8.4.7Summary245
Chapter 9.Events of opening and closing246
9.1Definition246
9.2Lexical encoding and differentiation247
9.3Dimensions of lexical differentiation248
9.3.1Theme/Location248
9.3.2Instrument249
9.3.3Manner250
9.3.4Result250
9.3.5Combination of dimensions251
9.3.6Etic grid and stimuli251
9.4Empirical results252
9.4.1General remarks252
9.4.2Events of opening254
9.4.3Events of closing266
Chapter 10.Events of washing277
10.1Definition277
10.2Lexical encoding and differentiation278
10.3Dimensions of lexical differentiation279
10.3.1Theme281
10.3.2Instrument281
10.3.3Medium281
10.3.4Location/Source282
10.3.5Result282
10.3.6Other dimensions282
10.3.7Combination of dimensions283
10.3.8Etic grid and stimuli283
10.4Empirical results283
10.4.1General remarks283
10.4.2Type frequency285
10.4.3Token frequency285
10.4.4Diversity287
10.4.5Categorization288
10.4.6Semantic analysis290
10.4.7Summary292
Chapter 11.Motion events: Terrestrial motion294
11.1Definition294
11.2Lexical encoding and differentiation295
11.3Dimensions of lexical differentiation299
11.3.1Figure300
11.3.2Ground301
11.3.3Path301
11.3.4Source301
11.3.5Goal302
11.3.6Manner302
11.3.7Etic grid and stimuli302
11.4Empirical results303
11.4.1General remarks303
11.4.2Type frequency304
11.4.3Token frequency308
11.4.3Diversity308
11.4.4Categorization308
11.4.5Semantic analysis309
11.4.6Summary311
Chapter 12.Motion events: Aqua motion315
12.1Definition315
12.2Lexical encoding and differentiation316
12.3Dimensions of lexical differentiation318
12.3.1Figure and properties of the Figure319
12.3.2Ground320
12.3.3Motion and Path320
12.3.4Manner321
12.3.5Combination of dimensions322
12.3.6Etic grid and stimuli322
12.4Empirical results323
12.4.1General remarks323
12.4.2Type frequency324
12.4.3Token frequency326
12.4.4Diversity326
12.4.5Categorization328
12.4.6Semantic analysis330
12.4.7Summary331
Chapter 13.Drinking vessels333
13.1Definition333
13.2Lexical encoding and differentiation333
13.3Dimensions of lexical differentiation337
13.3.1Purpose/Function338
13.3.2Material338
13.3.3Shape or appearance338
13.3.4Size338
13.3.5Substance339
13.3.6Other dimensions339
13.3.7Etic grid and stimuli339
13.4Empirical results340
13.4.1General remarks340
13.4.2Type frequency340
13.4.3Token frequency342
13.4.4Diversity342
13.4.5Categorization344
13.4.6Semantic analysis345
13.4.7Summary351
Chapter 14.Sitting objects353
14.1Definition353
14.2Lexical encoding and differentiation353
14.3Dimensions of lexical differentiation355
14.3.1Function or Purpose355
14.3.2Size356
14.3.3Appearance356
14.3.4Material356
14.3.5Design356
14.3.6Etic grid and stimuli356
14.4Empirical results357
14.4.1General remarks357
14.4.2Type frequency357
14.4.3Token frequency360
14.4.4Diversity360
14.4.5Categorization362
14.4.6Semantic analysis364
14.4.7Summary366
Chapter 15.Clothing items372
15.1Definition372
15.2Lexical encoding and differentiation372
15.3Dimensions of lexical differentiation373
15.3.1Overview373
15.3.2Etic grid and stimuli373
15.4Empirical results377
15.4.1General remarks377
15.4.2Type frequency377
15.4.3Token frequency380
15.4.4Diversity380
15.4.5Categorization382
15.4.6Semantic analysis383
15.4.7Summary392
Chapter 16.Theoretical discussion394
16.1Introduction394
16.2Empirical results394
16.2.1Preliminaries394
16.2.2Type frequency394
16.2.3Token frequency396
16.2.4Type-Token Ratio397
16.2.5Mean number of verbs or nouns per stimulus399
16.2.6Simpson’s D400
16.2.7Multidimensional scaling401
16.2.8Semantic analysis402
16.3Granularity and complex events404
16.3.1Partonomic hierarchies, complex events, and event
segmentation404
16.3.2Empirical observations406
16.4Widening the scope412
16.4.1Location and posture413
16.4.2Body parts419
16.4.3Spatial prepositions420
16.5Towards an explanation426
16.5.1Word structure426
16.5.2Hidden and overt complexity429
16.5.3Thinking for speaking: Language and cognition435
16.5.4Conclusion439
Chapter 17.Conclusion and outlook441
References447
Appendix.Etic grids and stimuli461
Index