Learning to read morphologically complex words
Article outline
- Setting the stage: Young students’ morphological knowledge
- Contribution of morphological knowledge to general word reading
- Morphemic processing in theories of early word reading
- Do morphemes serve as units in children’s word reading?
- Studies of polymorphemic word reading
- What have we learned? And what next?
-
References
-
Appendix
References
Adams, M. J.
(
1990)
Beginning to read: Thinking and learning about print. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Anglin, J. M.
(
1993)
Vocabulary development: A morphological analysis.
Monographs of the society for research in child development, 58, 1–186.
Apel, K., Diehm, E., & Apel, L.
(
2013)
Using multiple measures of morphological awareness to assess the relation to reading,
Topics in Language Disorders, 33, 42–56.
Berninger, V. W., Abbott, R. D., Nagy, W., & Carlisle, J.
(
2010)
Growth in phonological, orthographic, and morphological awareness in grades 1–6.
Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 39, 141–163.
Brown, R.
(
1973)
A first language: The early stages. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Burani, C., Marcolini, S., & Stella, G.
(
2002)
How early does morpholexical reading develop in readers of a shallow orthography? Brain and Cognition, 81, 568–586.
Burani, C., Marcolini, S., De Luca, M., & Zoccolotti, P.
(
2008)
Morpheme-based reading aloud: Evidence from dyslexic and skilled Italian readers.
Cognition, 108, 243–262.
Carlisle, J. F.
(
2000)
Awareness of the structure and meaning of morphologically complex words: Impact on reading.
Reading and Writing: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 12, 169–190.
Carlisle, J. F., & Fleming, J.
(
2003)
Lexical processing of morphologically complex words in the elementary years.
Scientific Studies of Reading, 7, 239–254.
Carlisle J. F., & Katz, L. A.
(
2006)
Effects of word and morpheme familiarity on reading of derived words.
Reading and Writing, 19, 669–693.
Carlisle, J. F., & Nomanbhoy, D. M.
(
1993)
Phonological and morphological awareness in first graders.
Applied Psycholinguistics, 14, 177–195.
Carlisle, J. F., & Stone, C. A.
(
2005)
Exploring the role of morphemes in word reading.
Reading Research Quarterly, 40, 428–449.
Carlisle, J. F., Stone, C. A., & Katz, L. A.
(
2001)
The effects of phonological transparency on reading derived words.
Annals of Dyslexia, 51, 249–274.
Casalis, S., Colé, P., & Sopo, D.
(
2004)
Morphological awareness in developmental dyslexia.
Annals of Dyslexia, 54, 114–138.
Casalis, S., Dusautoir, M., Colé, P., & Ducrot, S.
(
2009)
Morphological effects in children word reading: A priming study in fourth graders.
British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 27, 761–766.
Clark, E.
(
1982)
The young word maker: A case study of innovation in the child’s lexicon. In
E. Wanner &
L. Gleitman (Eds.),
Language acquisition: The state of the art (pp. 391–425). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Colé, P., Bouton, S., Leuwers, C., Casalis, S., & Sprenger-Charolles, L. S.
(
2012)
Stem and derivational-suffix processing during reading by French second and third graders.
Applied Psycholinguistics 33, 97–120.
Cunningham, A. E.
(
2010)
Vocabulary growth through independent reading and reading aloud to children. In
E. H. Hiebert &
M. L. Kamil (Eds.),
Teaching and learning vocabulary: Bringing research to practice (pp. 45–68). NY: Routledge.
Deacon, S. H.
(
2012a)
Sounds, letters, and meanings: The independent influences of phonological, orthographic, and morphological skills on early word reading accuracy.
Journal of Research in Reading, 35, 456–475.
Deacon, S. H.
(
2012b)
Bringing development into a universal model of reading.
Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 35, 284.
Deacon, S. H., Tong, X., & Francis, K.
(
2017)
The relationship of morphological analysis and morphological decoding to reading comprehension.
Journal of Research in Reading 1, 1–16.
Deacon, S. H., Kieffer, M. J., & Laroche, A.
(
2014)
The relation between morphological awareness and reading comprehension: Evidence from mediation and longitudinal models.
Scientific Studies of Reading, 18, 432–451.
Deacon, S. H., & Kirby, J. R.
(
2004)
Morphological awareness: Just “more phonological”? The roles of morphological and phonological awareness in reading development.
Applied Psycholinguistics, 25, 223–238.
Deacon, S. H., Whalen, R., & Kirby, J. R.
(
2011)
Do children see the danger in dangerous? Grade 4, 6, and 8 children’s reading of morphologically complex words.
Applied Psycholinguistics, 32, 467–481.
De Luca, M., Barca, L., Burani, C., & Zoccolotti, P.
(
2008)
The effect of word length and other sublexical, lexical, and semantic variables on developmental reading deficits.
Cognitive Behavior Neurology, 21, 227–235.
Eddington, D., Treiman, R., & Elzinga, D.
(
2013)
Syllabification of American English: Evidence from a large-scale Experiment, Part II.
Journal of Quantitative Linguistics, 20, 75–93.
Ehri, L. C.
(
1995)
Phases of development in learning to read words by sight.
Journal of Research in Reading, 18, 116–125.
Ehri, L. C.
(
2005)
Learning to read words: Theory, findings and issues.
Scientific Studies of Reading, 9, 167–188.
Fitzgerald, J., Elmore, J, Koons, H., Hiebert, E. H., Bowen, K., Sanford-Moore, E. E., & Stenner, A. J.
(
2015)
Important text characteristics for early grades text complexity.
Journal of Educational Psychology, 107, 4–29.
Fowler, A., & Liberman, I.
(
1995)
The role of phonology and orthography in morphological awareness. In
L. Feldman (Ed.),
Morphological aspects of language processing (pp.131–154). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Frost, R.
(
2012)
Towards a universal model of reading.
Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 35, 263–329.
Frost, R., Grainger, J., & Carreiras, M.
(
2008)
Advances in morphological processing: An introduction.
Language and Cognitive Processes, 23, 933–941.
Gagl, B., Hawelka, S., & Wimmer, H.
(
2015)
On sources of word length effect in young readers.
Scientific Studies of Reading, 19, 289–306.
Gilbert, J. K., Goodwin, A. P., Compton, D. L., & Kearns, D. M.
(
2013)
Multisyllabic word reading as a moderator of morphological awareness and reading comprehension.
Journal of Learning Disabilities, 37, 34–43.
Goswami, U., & Ziegler, J. C.
(
2006)
Fluency, phonology, and morphology: A response to the commentaries on becoming literate in different languages.
Developmental Science, 9, 451–453.
Jarmulowicz, L., Taran, V. L., & Hay, S. E.
(
2007)
Third graders’ metalinguistic skill, reading skills, and stress production in derived English words.
Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 50, 1593–1605.
Just, M. A., & Carpenter, P. A.
(
1987)
The psychology of reading and language comprehension. Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
Kearns, D. M.
(
2015)
How elementary-age children read polysyllabic polymorphemic words.
Journal of Educational Psychology, 107, 364–390.
Kearns, D. M., Steacy, L. M., Compton, D. L., Gilbert, J. K., Goodwin, A. P., Cho, E., …Collins, A. A.
(
2016)
Modeling polymorphemic word recognition: Exploring differences among children with early-emerging and late-emerging word reading difficulty.
Journal of Learning Disabilities 49, 368–394.
Kirby, J. R., Deacon, S. H., Bowers, P. N., Izenberg, L., Wade-Woolley, L., & Parrila, R.
(
2012)
Children’s morphological awareness and reading ability.
Reading and Writing: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 25, 389–410.
Kuo, L. J., & Anderson, R. C.
(
2003)
Morphological awareness and learning to read: A cross-language perspective.
Educational Psychologist, 41, 161–180.
Kuperman, V. & Van Dyke, J. A.
(
2011)
Individual differences in visual comprehension of morphological complexity. In
L. Carlson,
C. Hoelscher, &
T. Shipley (Eds.),
Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, (pp. 1643–1648). Austin, TX: Cognitive Science Society.
Laxon, V., Masterson, J., & Moran, R.
(
1994)
Are children’s representations of words distributed? Effects of orthographic neighbourhood size, consistency and regularity of naming.
Language and Cognitive Processes, 9, 1–27.
Laxon, V., Rickard, M., & Coltheart, V.
(
1992)
Children read affixed words and nonwords.
British Journal of Psychology, 83, 407–423.
Marcolini, S., Traficante, D., Zoccolotti, P. & Burani, C.
(
2011)
Word frequency modulates morpheme-based reading in poor and skilled Italian readers.
Applied Psycholinguistics, 32, 513–532.
Mattingly, I G.
(
1984)
Reading, linguistic awareness, and language acquisition. In
J. Downing &
R. Valtin (Eds.),
Language awareness and learning to read (pp. 9–25). NY: Springer-Verlag.
Minarik, E. H.
(
1959)
Father bear comes home. NY: Harper and Row.
Nagy, W. E., & Anderson, R. C.
(
1984)
How many words are there in printed school English? Reading Research Quarterly, 19, 304–330.
Nagy, W., Berninger, V., & Abbott, R.
(
2006)
Contributions of morphology beyond phonology to literacy outcomes of upper elementary and middle school students.
Journal of Educational Psychology, 98, 134–147.
Nagy, W. E., Diakidoy, I. N., & Anderson, R. C.
(
1993)
The acquisition of morphology: Learning the contribution of suffixes to the meanings of derivatives.
Journal of Reading Behavior, 25, 155–170.
Nagy, W. E., Anderson, R. C., Schommer, M., Scott, J. A., & Stallma, A. C.
(
1989)
Morphological families in the internal lexicon.
Reading Research Quarterly, 24, 262–282.
Nagy, W., & Scott, J. A.
(
2000)
Vocabulary processes. In
M. L. Kamil,
P. Mosenthal,
P. D. Pearson, &
R. Barr (Eds.),
Handbook of reading research, Vol. 3 (pp. 269–284). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Nunes, T., Bryant, P., & Barros, R.
(
2012)
The development of word recognition and its significance for comprehension and fluency.
Journal of Educational Psychology, 104, 959–973.
Nunes, T., Bryant, P., & Bindman, M.
(
1997)
Morphological spelling strategies: Developmental stages and processes.
Developmental Psychology, 33, 637–649.
Pasquarella, A., Deacon, H., Chen, B. X., Commissaire, E., & Au-Yeung, K.
(
2014)
Acquiring orthographic processing through word reading: Evidence from children learning to read French and English.
International Journal of Disability, Development and Education, 61, 240–257.
Perfetti, C. A.
(
2007)
Reading ability: Lexical quality to comprehension.
Scientific Studies of Reading, 11, 357–383.
Quémart, P., Casalis, S., & Colé, P.
(
2011)
The role of form and meaning in the processing of written morphology: A priming study in French developing readers.
Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 109, 478–496.
Quémart, P., Casalis, S., & Duncan, L. G.
(
2012)
Exploring the role of bases and suffixes when reading familiar and unfamiliar words: Evidence from French young readers.
Scientific Studies of Reading, 16, 424–442.
Roman, A. A., Kirby, J. R., Parrila, R. K., Wade-Woolley, L., & Deacon, S. H.
(
2009)
Toward a comprehensive view of the skills involved in word reading in grades 4, 6, and 8.
Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 102, 96–113.
Rubin, H., Patterson, P., & Kantor, M.
(
1991)
Morphological development and writing ability in children and adults.
Language, Speech, and Hearing Sciences in Schools, 22, 228–235.
Schreuder, R., & Baayen, R. H.
(
1995)
Modeling morphological processing. In
L. B. Feldman (Ed.),
Morphological aspects of language processing (pp. 131–154). Hillsdale, NJ: L. Erlbaum.
Seymour, P. H. K.
(
1997)
Foundations of orthographic development. In
C. A. Perfetti,
L. Rieben, &
M. Fayol (Eds.),
Learning to spell: research, theory, and practice among languages (pp. 319–337). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Singson, M., Mahony, D., & Mann, V.
(
2000)
The relation between reading ability and morphological skills: Evidence from derivational suffixes.
Reading and Writing: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 12, 219–252.
Snow, C. E.
(
2010)
Academic language and the challenge of reading for learning about science.
Science, 328, 450–452.
Sparks, E., & Deacon, S. H.
(
2012)
Morphological awareness and vocabulary acquisition: A longitudinal examination of their relationship in English-speaking children.
Applied Psycholinguistics, 36, 299–321.
Spencer, M., Muse, A., Wagner, R. K., Foorman, B., Petscher, Y., Schnatschneider, C., …Bishop, D. M.
(
2015)
Examination of the underlying dimensions of morphological awareness and vocabulary knowledge.
Reading and Writing: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 28, 959–988.
Templeton, S.
(
1991)
Teaching and learning the English spelling system: Reconceptualizing method and purpose.
Elementary School Journal, 92, 185–201.
Traficante, D. Marcolini, S., Luci, A., Zoccolotti, P., & Burani, C.
(
2011)
How do roots and suffixes influence reading of pseudowords: A study of young Italian readers with and without dyslexia.
Language and Cognitive Processes, 26, 777–793.
Traficante, D., Marelli, M., Luzzatti, C., & Burani, C.
(
2014)
Influence of verb and noun bases on reading aloud derived nouns: Evidence from children with good and poor reading skills.
Reading and Writing: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 27, 1303–1326.
Treiman, R., & Cassar, M.
(
1996)
Effects of morphology on children’s spelling of final consonant clusters.
Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 63, 141–170.
Tunmer, W. E., & Herriman, M. L.
(
1984)
The development of metalinguistic awareness: A conceptual overview. In
W. E. Tunmer,
C. Pratt, &
M. L. Herriman (Eds.),
Metalinguistic awareness in children (pp. 12–35). New York: Springer-Verlag.
Tyler, A., & Nagy, W. E.
(
1989)
The acquisition of English derivational morphology.
Journal of Memory and Language, 28, 649–667.
Tyler, A., & Nagy, W. E.
(
1990)
Use of derivational morphology during reading.
Cognition, 36, 17–34.
Venezky, R. L.
(
1995)
How English is read: Grapheme phoneme regularity and orthographic structure in word recognition. In
J. Taylor &
D. R. Olson (Eds.),
Scripts and literacy: Reading and learning to read alphabets, syllabaries, and characters (pp. 111–129). Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Verhoeven, L., Schreuder, R., & Baayen, R. H.
(
2006)
Learnability of graphotactic rules in visual word identification.
Learning and Instruction, 16, 538–548.
White, E. B.
(
1952)
Charlotte’s web. NY: Harper and Brothers.
Wolter, J. A., Wood, A., & D’zatko, K. W.
(
2008)
The influence of morphological awareness on the literacy development of first-grade children.
Language, Speech and Hearing Services in Schools, 40 286–298.
Yap, M. J., & Balota, D. A.
(
2009)
Visual word recognition of multisyllabic words.
Journal of Memory and Language, 60, 502–529.