Table of contents
List of tables
IX
List of figures
XI
Acknowledgments
XV
Chapter 1.Introduction
1
1.1Terms of address: Definition, characteristics, and functions
1
1.2The linguistic situation in the anglophone Caribbean
4
1.3The sociohistorical background of Jamaica and Trinidad
6
1.4Objectives of the present study
9
1.5Structure of the book
10
Chapter 2.Theoretical considerations on the study of address
13
2.1Previous research on nominal and pronominal address
13
2.1.1Brown & Gilman (1960) and Brown & Ford (1961)
14
2.1.2Mühleisen (2005, 2010, 2011)
16
2.2Address in social interaction
19
2.2.1Address and politeness
20
2.2.2Address and social distance
21
2.2.3Address and identity
22
2.3Nominal address in English
24
2.4Pronominal address in English
33
Chapter 3.Study I: Nominal and pronominal address in postcolonial Jamaican and Trinidadian literature
37
3.1Data and methodology
37
3.2Overview of the types of dyad in the literary works
41
3.3Nominal address in postcolonial Jamaican and Trinidadian literature
44
3.3.1Overview of nominal address forms in the literary works
44
3.3.2Nominal address according to the characters’ sex
47
3.3.3Nominal address according to the characters’ age
54
3.3.4Nominal address according to the characters’ relationship
59
3.3.5Variability and multifunctionality of nominal address in the literary works
70
3.4Pronominal address in postcolonial Jamaican and Trinidadian literature
74
Chapter 4.Study II: Quantitative and qualitative analysis of fieldwork data gathered in Jamaica and Trinidad
81
4.1Data and methodology
82
4.1.1Sample stratification
82
4.1.1.1Sex
83
4.1.1.2Age
84
4.1.1.3Social class
85
4.1.1.4Ethnicity
87
4.1.1.5Region
88
4.1.2Data elicitation and analysis
90
4.1.2.1Written questionnaires
91
4.1.2.2Semi-structured interviews
95
4.2Nominal address in contemporary Jamaica and Trinidad
97
4.2.1Expressing respect and social distance through nominal address
97
4.2.1.1Bare titles
97
4.2.1.2Hierarchic titles
109
4.2.1.3Kinship terms for non-kin
120
4.2.1.4Titles plus last name
128
4.2.1.5The importance of the addressee’s seniority
133
4.2.2Keeping the balance between vertical and horizontal social distance through nominal address
139
4.2.2.1Titles plus abbreviated last name
139
4.2.2.2Titles plus first name
140
4.2.3Expressing familiarity and solidarity through nominal address
144
4.2.3.1Bare last names
144
4.2.3.2Bare first names
148
4.2.3.3Generic first names
154
4.2.3.4Kinship terms for non-kin
158
4.2.3.5Nicknames, terms of abuse, and terms of endearment
166
4.2.4Expressing respect for family members through nominal address
171
4.3Pronominal address in contemporary Jamaica and Trinidad
178
Chapter 5.Synopsis: Nominal and pronominal address in contemporary Jamaica and Trinidad
187
5.1Variation according to situational context
189
5.2Variation according to (horizontal) social distance
192
5.3Variation according to sex
194
5.4Variation according to age
195
5.5Variation according to social class
198
5.6Variation according to ethnicity
200
5.7Variation according to region
202
Chapter 6.Conclusion
203
References
209
Appendix A.Overview of data from Study I
233
Appendix B.Written questionnaire from Study II
237
Index
243
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