Ever since the 18th century revival of Hebrew literature, translation has been considered an efficient tool for ideological manipulation. Christianity has been a traditional candidate for such manipulation. Fear and hatred of the “younger” religion may have accounted for the subversive treatment of Christian elements in Hebrew texts. Strategies varied, depending on period and norm, mostly involving omission of undesirable material, but often converting the text into a more acceptable ideological type. Ben-Hur: A tale of the Christ (1880) by Lew Wallace is one of the novels most translated and most tampered with, and due to its predominantly Christian character, it can serve as an illuminating case study both for the subversion of Christian elements and for the more “creative” conversion into the “Few against Many” or “Jewish bravura against the Roman Empire” model.
Auerbach, Berthold. 1884. Briefe an seinem Freund Jakob Auerbach: Ein biographisches Denkmal. Frankfurt/M.: Ruetten & Loening.
Auerbach, Berthold. 1922. Yehefefiya [Barfüssele], tr. J. Schaf. Frankfurt/M., Moscow, Odessa: Omanut. [Hebrew.]
Ben-Ari, Nitsa. 1992. “Didactic and pedagogic tendencies in the norms dictating the translation of children’s literature: The case of postwar German—Hebrew translations”. Poetics today 13:1. 221–230.
Ben-Ari, Nitsa. 1997. Romance with the past: The 19th century German-Jewish historical novel and the emergence of a national literature. Jerusalem: Leo Baeck and Tel Aviv: Dvir. [Hebrew.]
Bialik, Chaim Nachman. 1953 [1913]. “The Hebrew book”. Kol kitve Chaim Nachman Bialik. Tel Aviv: Dvir, 1953. 198–199. [Hebrew.]
Brandon, S.G.F.1969. Religion in ancient history: Studies in ideas, men and events. London: George Allen & Unwin.
Breuer, Mordechai. 1986. Jüdische Orthodoxie im Deutschen Reich 1871–1918. Frankfurt/M.: Jüdischer Verlag bei Athenaeum.
Eggert, Hartmut. 1971. Studien zur Wirkugsgeschichte des deutschen Romans 1850–1875. Frankfurt/M.: Klostermann.
Eliot, George. 1967 [1876]. Daniel Deronda. London: Penguin.
Eshed, Eli. 2000. “Ben-Hur in the Holy Land: The story of a Christian adventure novel and its Hebrew translations”. Olam katan [Small world] 11. 100–111. [Hebrew.]
Even-Zohar, Basmat. 1988. The emergence of the model of “The New Hebrew” in modern Hebrew literature, 1880–1930. Tel-Aviv University. [Unpublished M.A. Thesis; Hebrew.]
Even-Zohar, Itamar. 1990. Polysystem studies. Tel Aviv: The Porter Institute for Poetics and Semiotics, and Durham: Duke University Press. [= Poetics today 11:1.]
Feiner, Shmuel. 1995. Enlightenment and history. Jerusalem: Merkaz Zalman Shazar. [Hebrew.]
Fisch, Harold. 1971. The dual image: The figure of the Jew in English and American literature. New York: KTAV Publishing House.
Freiman, Ray, illustrated by Ben Stahl. 1959. The story of the making of Ben-Hur: A tale of the Christ by Lew Wallace. New York: Random House.
Gertz, Nurith. 1988. Ideology and literature in Eretz Israel of the thirties. Tel Aviv: Open University. [Hebrew.]
Govrin, Nurit. 1985. The Brenner affair: The fight for free speech (1910–1913). Jerusalem: Yad Izhak Ben-Zvi. [Hebrew.]
Harap, Louis. 1978. The image of the Jew in American literature: From early republic to mass immigration. Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society of America.
Jost, Isaak Markus. 1846 [1820–1828]. Geschichte der Israeliten seit der Zeit der Makkabäer bis auf unsere Tage. 91 vols. Berlin: Schlesinger’sche Buch-und Musikhandlung.
Katz, Jacob. 1973. Out of the Ghetto. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
Kerr, James. 1989. Fiction against history: Scott as a storyteller. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kleinberg, Aviad. 1999. Salvation and power: On the history of Christianity in the Middle Ages. Tel Aviv: Tel Aviv Books and Tel Aviv University. [Hebrew.]
Kremers, Heinz. 1980. “Jesus in Jerusalem”. Aharon Oppenheimer, Uriel Rappaport and Menachem Stern, eds. Jerusalem in the Second Temple period. Jerusalem: Yad Izhak Ben-Zvi, 1980. 136–153. [Hebrew.]
Lossin, Yigal. 2000. Heine: A dual life. Jerusalem: Schocken. [Hebrew.]
Mayo, Louise A.1988. The ambivalent image: 19th century America’s perception of the Jew. Ann Arbor, Mich.: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press.
Meyer, Michael A. and Michael Brenner, eds. 1996. German-Jewish history in modern times. New York: Columbia University Press.
Michael, Reuven. 1993. Jewish historiography from the Renaissance to the modern time. Jerusalem: Mossad Bialik. [Hebrew.]
Ofek, Uriel. 1985. Ofek Lexicon for children’s literature I1. Tel Aviv: Zmora-Bitan. [Hebrew.]
Panitz, Esther L.1981. The alien in their midst. London and Toronto: Associated University Press.
Philippson, Ludwig. 1866. Sepphoris und Rom. Berlin: Gerschel.
Preminger, Alex, ed. 1974. Princeton encyclopedia of poetry and poetics. London and Basingstoke: Princeton University Press.
Reckendorf, Hermann. 1856–1857. Die Geheimnisse der Juden I-V1. Leipzig: Gerhard.
Reckendorf, Hermann. 1863. Mistere ha-Yehudim. Free adaptation by Avraham Ben Shmu’el ha-Cohen Kaplan. Warsaw: Rabbi Chaim Kelter. [Hebrew.]
Richter, Johann Paul F.1798 [1795]. Hesperus, oder, 45 Hundspottage. Berlin: Carl Matzdorff.
Scholem, Gershom. 1957. Sabbethai Zevi and the Sabbetaian movement during his lifetime. Tel Aviv: Am Oved. [Hebrew.]
Schorsch, Ismar. 1994. From text to context: The turn to history in modern Judaism. Hanover: Brandeis University Press.
Shavit, Yaacov. 1997. Athens in Jerusalem: Classical antiquity and Hellenism in the making of the modern secular Jew, trs. Chaya Naor and Niki Werner. Oxford: The Littman Library of Jewish Civilization.
Shavit, Zohar. 1992. “Interference relations between German and Jewish-Hebrew children’s literature in the Enlightenment: The case of Campe”. Poetics today 13:1. 41–61.
Shavit, Zohar. 1996. Poetics of children’s literature. Tel Aviv: Open University. [Hebrew.]
Sheffi, Na’ama. 1998. German in Hebrew: Translations from German into Hebrew in Jewish Palestine—1882–1948. Jerusalem: Yad Izhak Ben-Zvi and Leo Baeck Institute. [Hebrew.]
Shin’an, Avigdor, ed. 1999. Jesus through Jewish eyes. Tel Aviv: Yediot Aharonot. [Hebrew.]
Shoham, Chaim. 1981. Nathan the Wise among his kins. Tel Aviv: Eked. [Hebrew.]
Shoham, Chaim. 1996. Inspired by German Enlightenment. Tel Aviv: The Porter Institute for Poetics and Semiotics, Tel Aviv University. [Hebrew.]
Smith, Anthony D.1991. National identity. London: Penguin.
Toury, Gideon. 1980. In search of a theory of translation. Tel Aviv: The Porter Institute for Poetics and Semiotics, Tel Aviv University.
2012. When Literary Censorship Is Not Strictly Enforced, Self-Censorship Rushes In. TTR 23:2 ► pp. 133 ff.
Wolf, Alain
2009. Mobilizing meaning?: religious symbolism in film adaptations of C. S. Lewis's The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe. Journal of Adaptation in Film & Performance 2:3 ► pp. 239 ff.
Malmkjær, K.
2006. Translational Stylistics. In Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics, ► pp. 104 ff.
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 19 july 2024. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers.
Any errors therein should be reported to them.