• accuracyvi, xv, xvi, xvii, xix, xiii, 2, 6-10 , 15-36 , 41, 44, 46-48 , 53, 67, 69, 96-98 , 102, 104-05 , 111, 113, 117, 123, 125, 131, 133-38 , 141-49 , 153, 155-56 , 158-59 , 162-75 , 188-91 , 200-01 , 203-05 , 207-210 , 214-16 , 218-19 , 224, 226, 254-79 , 284, 287-88 , 292-94 , 298, 307, 311-12

• Ahmadian, M.20, 29-31 , 149, 156, 173-74

• articulation26, 37, 51, 135, 150, 161-63 , 167-68 , 170, 173-74 , 188, 190-91 , 200, 201, 203-04 , 217, 306-07

• AS-Unit47, 136-38 , 141, 143-44 , 146, 261-62 , 286, 287, 292

• attention to form21, 154-55 , 230

• attention on form 32-33

• automaticity6, 39, 40-47

• background information208, 233

• bibliometric analysis8, 183

• breakdown fluency34, 46, 188, 209, 255, 263

• Bui, G.9, 16, 22-23 , 28, 31, 137, 203, 253-56 , 258-59 , 271, 307, 309

• Bygate, M.8, 19, 53, 133, 153-54 , 171, 177, 200-01 , 204, 207, 209, 216-17 , 219-20 , 229, 235, 253, 271

• CALF2, 8-10 , 47-48 , 153, 157, 165, 168, 174, 176, 189, 209, 253, 257-274 , 279-295 , 305, 307, 312

• chat room19, 23

• Chinese EFL learners8, 153, 157, 176

• CLAN261,287, 309-10

• Codes for the Human Analysis of Transcripts (CHAT)286, 309

• CiteSpace2, 8, 183-87 , 191

• code complexity7, 25, 33, 97, 101-03 , 109, 110-19

• coding scheme103, 156, 162, 173, 176

• Cognition Hypothesis9, 88, 131, 150, 153-156 , 184-85 , 189, 190, 254, 269

• cognitive complexity –7, 96149, 153-179

• cognitive load7, 48, 95-130 , 257

• Cognitive Load Theory98, 118, 129

• cognitive processing8, 45, 96, 98

• Competition Model6, 9, 305-313

• Complexity 2-3 , 6-9 , 15-35 , 41, 46-49 , 53, 56, 60, 67-69 , 95-105 , 109-14 , 116-20 , 126-30 , 133-38 , 140-49 , 153-57 , 159, 164-65 , 171-75 , 183, 185-86 , 188-91 , 199-200 , 202, 204-06 , 209-12 , 216-17 , 219-20 , 253-54 , 256-61 , 263-67 , 269-74 , 280, 282, 286-89 , 292-93 , 297, 305, 307-08 , 310-12

• conceptual input7, 95, 101, 106, 108, 110, 115, 128

• conceptualization47, 158, 161-63 , 166-68 , 173-75 , 176, 190, 201-205 , 307

• conceptualiser/conceptualizer 136-37 , 140, 147, 158, 171, 202, 257

• controlled processing44

• corrective feedback 19-20

• decision-making task143, 145, 172

• design variable23, 24

• directed motivational current (DMC)6, 53, 57, 61, 64-65 , 309

• Dornyei, Z.6, 53-63 , 67-73 , 86, 309

• dual-mode system2

• Dynamic Systems Theory64

• effect size(s)81, 141, 215, 228, 241-44 , 247

• elicited imitation test239, 243, 245-48

• Ellis, R.6, 15-16 , 19, 21, 23-25 , 27-31 , 34, 49, 55, 59, 133, 153-54 , 184, 188, 201-04 , 216-17 , 219, 229-33 , 239-40 , 242-43 , 253-55 , 281, 307

• Erlam, R.9, 229, 232-33 , 239, 240, 242-43

• error free clauses34, 141-44 , 159, 165, 209-10 , 213-15 , 226-28 , 255, 261

• errors per 100 words159, 165, 262-63 , 265, 267-69

• explicit instruction (explicit teaching)9, 29, 31-32 , 201, 219, 229-30 , 231, 238

• extended Trade-off Hypothesis174

• external readiness9, 16, 31, 258

• extraneous complexity7, 96, 118-119 , 120-129

• facilitative complexity7

• factor analysis7, 71, 75-78 , 80-81 , 83-84

• false starts29, 46, 140, 209, 261, 281

• filled pauses29, 188, 209-11 , 216, 225, 227-28 , 255, 261, 286

• fluency2, 6, 8, 10, 15-35 , 39-50 , 53, 67, 96-98 , 102, 104-05 , 111-13 , 117, 122-23 , 134, 136, 153, 155, 159-60 , 164-65 , 168-71 , 173-75 , 183, 188-91 , 199-200 , 202-06 , 209-11 , 215-16 , 218, 224, 253-55 , 257-58 , 261, 263, 266-67 , 269, 271-74 , 280, 282, 286-87 , 292-93 , 295, 305, 307-13

• FluencyBank10, 305, 309, 313

• focussed attention58

• focused tasks9, 229, 249

• form-meaning mappings9, 232, 246

• Formulator136, 140, 202, 217, 257

• formulation18, 26, 29, 46-47 , 135-36 , 137, 140, 147, 161-68 , 201-202 , 219, 255, 307

• Foster, P.xxii, 3, 17, 22-25 , 29, 34, 47, 53, 67, 134, 137-38 , 140-41 , 154-55 , 158, 188-89 , 202-03 , 208-10 , 215, 217, 219, 255-56 , 258, 271, 286, 308

• germane complexity95, 119, 122-27 , 129

• grammarxxi, 27, 102-03 , 111-13 , 119, 123, 162, 166-67 , 169-71 , 208, 216, 231-32 , 243, 291

• grammar learning232

• guided planning25, 31

• here-and-now218

• Hong Kongxxii, 1, 4-5 , 22, 54, 259, 274

• implicit learning230

• individual differences xxi-xxii , 2-3 , 120, 270, 309

• information processing134

• input-based tasks9, 229-30 , 247-248

• intake230

• interlanguage48, 125, 134, 202, 281

• interactive tasks23, 34, 192

• internal readiness16, 31, 258

• intrinsic complexity97, 119-120 , 126

• item-based patterns 306-07 , 310, 320

• Kormos, J.17, 40, 47, 54-55 , 68-69 , 71, 98, 135, 155, 158, 257, 280, 287, 296

• L2 fluency6, 39-42 , 255

• L2 proficiency23, 30, 32, 99, 253, 258, 269

• L2 Self-System7

• Lambda159, 165, 257, 261-62 , 265-69 , 271-273

• Lambert, C.9, 17, 19, 21, 34, 257, 280, 296, 309, 311

• language aptitude xxi-xxii , 2-3 , 5

• language emergence292, 298, 320

• length of run 46-47 , 287, 293

• lemma retrieval190

• Levelt, W.44, 161, 190-91 , 201-03

• Levelt model 190-91

• lexical complexity --25, 30, 47, 105, 111, 122-23 , 138, 155, 183, 188-89 , 256, 258-59 , 261, 267, 270-74 , 305, 307, 31012

• lexical density8, 199, 205-06 , 209-10 , 212-13 , 215, 217, 226, 256, 258, 261, 265

• lexical diversity155, 159-60 , 164-65 , 172, 188-89 , 256, 261, 265-67 , 269, 271-73 , 287, 310

• lexical learning248

• lexical sophistication159, 164-65 , 189, 257, 261, 265-69 , 272-73

• Li, S.5, 7, 22, 31, 67, 74, 231

• Limited Attention Capacity Hypothesis (LACH) 153-154

• Limited attentional capacityxi, 7, 95, 98, 155, 184

• Long, M.1, 96, 133-34 , 154

• macro-planning135

• MacWhinney, B. 9-10 , 281, 286, 305-12

• mean length of run47, 287, 293

• mental lexicon135, 256-57 , 271, 273

• Michel, M.7, 137-38 , 148-49 , 155

• microdevelopmental perspective9

• microgenetic analysis279

• micro-planning135

• mid-clause pausing29, 34

• monitoring20, 30-31 , 42, 44, 135, 153, 161-63 , 166-68 , 170-71 , 173-75 , 190-91 , 294

• multivariate modelling 71-72

• narrative task --20, 30, 74, 83, 101, 104, 116, 122, 138, 143, 146, 172, 199, 20608, 220

• native speakers 189-90 , 259, 309

• nominalization284

• non-native speakers138, 188-89

• nonphonation/time ratio188

• Norris, J.5, 7, 34, 95, 98, 139-40 , 148, 153-54 , 184-85 , 190, 253, 256, 263, 272, 284, 308

• noticing35, 39, 54, 205, 269

• online planning6, 15, 17, 19-21 , 23, 29-31 , 33, 35, 136, 156

• Ortega, L.27, 31, 34, 43, 140, 148, 156, 184-85 , 190, 202-03 , 209, 216-17 , 256, 258, 263, 272, 284

• overt speech257

• parallel processing43, 217, 253, 271

• pausing29, 34, 42, 47, 188, 209, 255, 261, 281

• performance factors7, 95, 101-03 , 114, 116, 128

• phonological encoding135, 257, 271

• phonological working memory26

• planningxxii, 6, 8-9 , 15-17 , 19-34 , 42, 44, 49, 55, 67, 74, 76, 79, 91, 98, 135-36 , 140, 153, 156, 189, 192, 199-220 , 224-28 , 230, 257-58 , 271, 296

• planning conditions8, 26-30 , 153, 189, 201

• planning time 24-27 , 49, 74, 98, 202-03 , 208, 257-58

• post-task activity202

• pre-task planning6, 8, 15-16 , 20-21 , 26, 28, 30, 35, 49, 55, 156, 200, 202-03 , 216, 224, 276

• post-task questionnaire8, 208

• pre-task preparedness32

• pre-verbal message135, 190, 257

• Primacy of Meaning Principle9

• proceduralization35, 308, 310, 311-312

• processingxxi, 2, 8, 35, 39-40 , 42-50 , 68, 70, 96-98 , 134, 140, 146-48 , 155-56 , 161-63 , 166-70 , 173-75 , 184, 186, 190-91 , 200, 217-18 , 220, 230-32 , 236, 253, 271-73 , 280, 305-307 , 309, 312

• pruned speech159, 211, 261

• raw speech rate188

• reasoning demands 153-55 , 157, 165, 171-72 , 174-76

• referential communication tasks299

• referential demands9

• reformulation29, 46-47 , 209, 255, 261

• rehearsal (repetition)15, 16-20 , 202-04 , 216-17 , 258

• rehearsal strategies258

• relativization290

• repair fluency31, 34, 46-47 , 188, 209, 255, 263

• replacement46, 261

• repetition6, 8, 15-21 , 30-34 , 46, 98, 140, 160, 169-71 , 173, 175, 188, 192, 199-220 , 224-28 , 239, 241, 243, 245, 261, 283, 286, 288, 290-91 , 295-96 , 309-311

• resource directing17, 155, 158, 172, 189, 269

• resource-dispersing17

• Révész, A.7, 40, 48, 130, 138-39 , 153-54 , 156, 173, 176, 188

• Robinson, P.17, 87, 98, 134, 140, 146, 153-55 , 158-59 , 172, 189, 200-01 , 207, 254, 258, 269

• rule-based system202, 271

• Sasayama, S.7, 95, 98-99 , 101, 104-05 , 117, 130, 308

• self-monitoring190

• self-repair34, 173-74

• serial processing271

• Skehan, P. xxi-xxii , 1-2 , 4-9 , 16-17 , 19, 21-25 , 27, 29, 31, 33-35 , 40, 42, 44-49 , 53-55 , 67, 72, 95, 97-98 , 130, 133-37 , 139-40 , 145-49 , 153-61 , 171-75 , 187-91 , 200-03 , 208-09 , 215-20 , 229, 235, 254-58 , 271, 280, 296-97 , 305, 307-10 , 312

• SLA xxi-xxii , 1-3 , 5, 8, 39-41 , 43-45 , 49, 53-54 , 58, 60, 68, 134, 153, 183, 202, 280-81 , 313

• speech rate41, 46-47 , 159, 165, 188, 209-11 , 224, 255, 261, 263, 266-67 , 287, 293

• state motivation56, 68

• stimulated recall 20-21 , 153, 156, 158, 160-61 , 166, 168, 182

• strategic planning (pre-task planning)6, 8, 16, 22-29 , 31-33 , 36, 199, 201-13 , 215-20 , 224

• structural complexity171, 189, 265, 267, 269, 272, 310

• student engagement 56-57 , 59-60 , 62, 64, 66

• subordinate clauses 136-37 , 141, 143, 146-47 , 159-60 , 165

• subordination8, 137, 141, 143, 146-47 , 159-60 , 165, 226, 272, 293

• syllables per minute46, 188

• syllabusxxi, 49, 134, 296

• syntactic encoding190

• task-based language teaching and learning 319-20

• task characteristics55, 64, 95, 134, 154-56 , 172, 176

• task conditions8, 17, 29, 32, 45, 49, 55, 58, 141, 143-44 , 147, 189, 199-200 , 253, 269-71 , 293

• task complexity3, 6, 8, 95-99 , 105, 114, 116-17 , 125, 127-30 , 143, 146, 147, 155-57 , 159, 171-73 , 181, 185-86 , 189, 191-92 , 200, 259-60 , 269-71 , 274

• task demands7, 68, 133-34 , 138, 142-43 , 145-48 , 172, 174-76 , 283, 296, 309

• task difficulty7, 8, 48, 55, 73-74 , 84, 99-101 , 104, 108, 122, 177, 183-92

• task engagement6, 53, 58, 61-64 , 200

• task exemplars283

• task-external readiness9, 258

• task-induced L2 development9

• task motivation7, 10, 53-57 , 59-60 , 63-64 , 67-81 , 83-87

• task pedagogy8

• task performance -xxii, 2, 6, 8-9 , 15-17 , 25-26 , 32-35 , 39, 41, 43, 45, 4749, 51-55 , 64, 68, 70, 73, 88, 95-99 , 101, 103-05 , 111, 116-17 , 120, 125-26 , 131, 136-37 , 154, 156-59 , 164-65 , 172, 174-76 , 188-92 , 201, 204-05 , 219-20 , 235, 253-255 , 259

• task preparedness6, 15, 17, 28, 32-33 , 35, 253

• task processing system68, 70

• task readiness9

• task repetition 18-19 , 21, 30, 203, 205

• task sequence 9282, 295, 279-80 , 297

• task structure22, 24, 63-64 , 137, 155-56 , 180, 224

• task typesxxii, 98, 133-34 , 141, 144-45 , 147-48 , 202, 263, 265, 270

• Tavakoli, P.3, 6, 22, 30, 40-41 , 46-47 , 49, 98, 137-38 , 156, 189, 203, 255, 257-58 , 309

• there-and-then156, 205, 207, 218, 220

• topic familiarity 15-16 , 31, 137, 253, 258-60 , 262-63

• trade-off effects189, 202, 136, 148-49 , 190, 200, 267, 191

• Trade-Off hypothesis2, 6, 174, 189, 199

• Triadic Componential Framework158

• type-token ratio105, 188, 217, 256, 261, 287

• unguided planning31

• unpressured16, 20-21 , 23, 28-31 , 219-20

• vocabulary20, 70-71 , 76, 79, 111-12 , 119, 123, 126, 208, 231, 237-39 , 242, 244-45 , 247-48 , 256-57 , 311

• VocD 261287, 293, 310

• Weighted Clause Ratio140, 142, 144, 148, 192, 274

• Wen, Z.5, 26, 149

• within-task planning 15-16 , 19, 25, 28-33

• words per AS unit138, 141, 159

• words per clause137, 141, 171, 256, 261-63 , 265, 267, 269-74 , 293

• words per minute209, 261-63 , 267, 269

• working memory6, 15, 22, 26, 30, 32-33 , 35, 118, 135, 218, 319

• Zhang, L.J.2, 8, 86, 183-84 , 186-87 , 189, 191