Index

• A

• accuracy 15–16, 23, 34, 37, 40, 50–51, 128, 136, 148, 174, 177–180, 183, 185, 191, 194, 196–197, 212, 225–226

• activate 44–45, 81, 104–106, 109, 111, 113, 119, 129, 136, 147, 151, 153, 193, 201, 206, 231, 240–241, 259

• adolescent 27, 32, 49, 64, 109, 139, 141, 175–176, 180, 208, 210–211

• advanced 11, 15, 27, 53, 79, 128, 142, 179, 219, 226

• adult 3, 5, 12, 14, 27, 32, 42, 64, 69, 105, 109, 117, 120–121, 123, 127, 135, 148–149, 156, 162, 164, 188, 213, 223, 237

• age 5–6, 16, 27, 50, 64–67, 72, 79–80, 103–104, 138, 142, 158, 164, 201

• agency 30, 32, 78

• analysis of opportunities 187, 189, 248

• anxiety 2, 73, 84–86, 94, 96, 125, 140, 147, 150, 178, 216, 221

• aptitude 27, 61, 76

• attitude 15, 156, 239, 243, 258

• authentic 4, 13, 17–18, 26, 47, 49, 55, 57, 101, 103, 105, 117, 121, 132, 138, 168, 172, 186, 188, 190, 197–198, 207, 221, 223, 227–228, 235–237, 241, 254, 260, 262, 266

• autonomy 72, 74, 86, 91–98, 107, 117–118, 125, 134, 139, 141, 151–152, 154, 156–157, 161, 164, 193–194, 218, 222, 224, 237, 242, 253

• B

• beginner 3, 11–12, 15, 38, 105, 120, 179–180, 225–226

• bilingual 198–199

• broad assessment 223, 229

• broad curriculum 161–166, 168, 215, 220, 230, 254–255, 257

• C

• care 44, 86, 104, 136, 150–152, 159, 194, 242, 261

• CEFR 16, 172, 179, 212, 215

• challenge xi, 3, 5, 11, 17, 27, 43, 45, 51, 60, 74, 77, 87, 91, 96, 104, 108, 113–115, 117, 119–121, 129, 135–136, 139, 143–144, 147–148, 151–152, 173–176, 185, 193, 226, 231, 233–234, 237, 241, 245, 253, 260, 266

• child 27, 32, 36, 141, 145, 147, 175, 189

• chunk 26

• classroom-based xiii, 18, 49, 131–132, 141, 201

• CLIL (Content and Language Integrated Learning) 65, 134–136, 142, 183–184

• cognitive load 87, 174

• competence 15, 26–27, 34, 51, 56–57, 59, 63–64, 67, 73–75, 85, 87, 94, 153, 158–159, 163, 170–171, 173, 177, 194, 214, 240, 242, 255, 257–258, 265

• computer-mediated 47, 189, 191

• comprehensible input 34, 47, 53, 193

• connect 4, 28, 35, 62–63, 72, 95, 103–104, 119, 126–127, 129, 136–137, 139–140, 147, 151, 185, 193, 241, 243, 260

• connections 20, 35, 39, 45, 98, 104, 119–122, 124, 127, 138–140, 144, 147, 151, 163, 165, 168, 185–187, 193, 199, 241, 255, 262

• context-embedded 123, 174–175, 176, 177

• contextualisation 9, 11, 13, 17, 110

• cooperative learning 45–48, 52, 94, 96, 104, 112–113, 130, 136–137, 194, 260

• course book 19, 105, 107, 120, 171, 176, 180

• cross-linguistic transfer 142

• curriculum design x, xii, 20, 28, 101, 115, 155–157, 167–168, 171, 183, 185, 230, 254–255

• D

• debate 48, 112, 124, 137, 202, 244, 251, 259

• declarative knowledge 33, 41, 51, 53–56, 59, 241

• discrete unit 6–7, 15, 110–111, 125

• diversify 104, 145, 147–148, 182, 187, 190, 194, 242, 255, 261

• differentiation 261

• difficulty 94, 113, 117, 173–174, 180, 182, 218, 220, 244

• dynamic 32, 44, 63, 70–72, 75–76, 82–84, 89, 91–94, 98–99, 115, 125, 132, 152, 156, 187, 196, 199, 216, 220–221, 247, 250

• E

• element interactivity 9–13, 17, 110, 125, 167, 173, 177, 226

• emotions 44, 63, 69, 79, 83–87, 89, 98, 159, 162–163

• energy for learning 88, 152

• engagement 31, 48, 67, 74, 77, 79–80, 85–86, 90, 92, 94, 96, 110, 117, 125, 139, 141, 150–152, 222, 224, 244, 265

• evaluation 23, 31, 83, 93–94, 110, 137, 156, 171, 187, 204, 207–208, 221, 227, 239, 245, 248–250, 252

• excite 104, 151, 194, 242, 262

• expectancy 75, 77, 87, 91–96, 99, 218

• expectations 1, 44, 75, 81, 84, 111–112, 118–120, 135, 152, 192, 206, 244, 260

• explicit knowledge 6–8, 13–15, 26, 33, 50, 55, 61, 67, 123, 125, 134, 162–163, 170, 185, 225, 254, 256, 260

• explicit learning 32–34, 53, 64, 122–123

• extrinsic motivation 73–74, 94–95, 205

• F

• feedback xiii, 2–3, 8, 10, 19, 26, 28, 37–42, 44–46, 48, 52, 61–62, 66–67, 74, 80, 88, 93–94, 96, 99, 104, 107–108, 110, 112, 117–118, 124–125, 127–131, 133–137, 140–141, 144, 147, 149–150, 152–154, 159, 170, 190–191, 193–194, 200, 203–206, 217–218, 220, 223–225, 229–230, 237, 241–242, 254, 257, 260–261

• focus on form 26, 40, 50–51, 53, 66, 99, 124–125, 139, 144, 184, 186, 193, 257

• foreign language xii, 1, 3–5, 8, 14–15, 25, 36, 49, 56, 64, 66, 79–80, 85, 105, 107, 109–110, 121, 123, 127, 130, 136–137, 139, 143, 163–165, 179, 192, 212–213, 234, 240

• formative assessment 137, 205–206, 223–225, 229, 257

• flow 42, 87–88, 91–92, 125

• fluency 23, 31, 37, 51–52, 62, 110, 136, 141, 148, 174, 213, 226

• frequency 31, 53, 172

• G

• games xi, 4, 79, 110, 138–140, 143, 189–193

• globalise 104, 134, 136, 183, 185–186, 194, 242, 261

• goals 8–17, 20–21, 34, 37–39, 46, 50, 52, 56–59, 61, 63, 70–71, 73–74, 77, 80–81, 83, 87–88, 91, 94, 96, 98, 101, 104, 110–111, 124, 131, 137, 144, 148, 151–153, 155–157, 159–168, 170, 183, 186–188, 193, 195–197, 201, 207, 210, 215–216, 220, 222, 224–225, 230, 232, 234, 238, 242, 246, 249–255, 265–266

• government 105, 117, 156, 210, 214, 231, 238

• grammar xii, 2, 7, 11, 15, 30–32, 35–36, 38–39, 49–54, 59–62, 66, 69, 122, 124, 126, 129, 134, 136, 140–141, 148–149, 162, 167, 171–172, 183, 185, 191, 196, 213, 235–236, 243

• group work 46, 107–108, 113, 129–130, 132, 237

• H

• here-and-now 90, 175, 178–179, 181

• high-intermediate 109, 143, 217

• holistic 11, 14, 17, 54, 59, 62, 65, 154, 157, 163, 186, 207, 262

• homework 3, 73–74, 130, 137, 140–141

• I

• ICT 164, 195

• implementation 18–19, 103, 105, 135, 153–154, 194, 199, 232–234, 236–238, 240–241, 246–247, 251–253, 262

• implicit knowledge 7, 23, 26, 32–34, 55, 122, 185

• implicit learning xi, 19, 32–34, 52, 64, 104, 122, 193, 225, 235, 244

• incidental learning 19

• individual differences 26

• innovation x, xii, 102, 203, 232–235, 237–238, 245–246, 249–250, 252–255, 263

• input 2, 4, 12, 26, 29, 31, 34–37, 42, 44, 47–48, 52–53, 55, 59–60, 64–66, 104–105, 107, 110, 118–122, 135, 147, 150, 153–154, 177, 179, 190, 193, 197–198, 201, 237, 257

• input-based 36, 179

• in-service 102, 147, 203, 232, 237, 263

• instruction xii, 2–7, 12–13, 17–19, 23, 25–29, 31, 33–36, 38–39, 48–53, 56–60, 63–67, 75, 80, 99, 104, 110–111, 114, 124–126, 132–136, 138, 145, 148–149, 153–154, 164, 166, 170, 172, 175, 185, 190, 193–195, 198, 204–207, 214, 224, 229–231, 236, 247, 255, 257, 260–261

• integration 4, 51–52, 57–58, 122–125, 145, 180, 189, 193, 207, 259

• intentional learning 19, 51–52

• interaction 30, 35, 37, 42–48, 51, 53–54, 60, 63, 66, 71, 78, 85–87, 92, 97, 99, 104, 108, 111–113, 115, 117, 119, 129, 131–134, 136, 147, 150, 154, 156, 159, 167, 174, 184, 190–191, 193–194, 196, 198, 206, 216, 237, 240, 248, 257, 260–261

• intercultural 52, 62–63, 83, 158, 161–162, 164, 183–184, 189, 191–192, 215, 258, 261

• interest 32, 42, 48–49, 56, 70, 74, 79–80, 82, 94–95, 97, 103, 107, 113, 117, 125, 134, 141, 150, 165, 171, 192, 205, 210, 220, 227, 252

• interpersonal 5, 46, 62, 64, 83, 158, 161, 164, 166–167, 184, 197–198, 201, 215, 256

• intrinsic motivation 73–74, 77, 90, 92, 94–95

• K

• key competences 104, 158–159, 229, 247, 254, 258, 261

• knowledge xiii, 1–2, 6–11, 13–15, 23, 26, 30, 32–35, 39, 41, 45, 47, 49–65, 67, 79, 87–88, 104, 107–108, 110, 112, 119–123, 125, 127, 130, 132, 134, 137, 141–142, 144, 147, 151–154, 157–171, 173, 175–177, 179, 181, 183, 185, 190, 192–193, 197–199, 201, 205, 207–208, 210–211, 216, 218, 220, 225, 233, 238–239, 241–243, 247, 249–250, 254, 256–260, 263, 265

• L

• language learning in the wild 184, 261

• language policy 201, 245–247, 249–253

• learning environment 14, 37, 66–67, 105, 113, 127, 154, 193, 244, 259

• lexical 10, 15, 17, 36–39, 50–52, 105, 111, 127, 138, 148, 166, 170, 174, 176, 178, 191, 196, 200, 213

• listening 16, 29, 31, 34, 39, 49, 51–52, 55, 57–58, 60, 62, 66, 79, 84, 124, 129 84, 124, 129, 134, 136, 161–162, 165, 179, 190, 201, 208, 211, 214–217, 248

• listening task 211, 214

• literacy 5, 16, 27, 46, 91–92, 114, 138, 199, 214, 231, 241

• Long 7, 11, 13, 16, 19, 23, 25–29, 34–35, 37–38, 40–41, 46, 51, 54, 58, 62, 65, 70–71, 76–77, 79–80, 82, 90, 92, 103, 113, 125–126, 129, 132, 141, 146–147, 149, 166–168, 171–172, 177–178, 193, 205, 221, 226, 239, 242

• low-intermediate 105, 121, 130, 149, 225–226

• L2 Self 81–83

• M

• meaning-based 124

• meaning-making 50

• metacognition 59

• metacognitive 10, 44, 56–58, 62, 64–65, 67, 160–161, 163, 167, 183, 185, 199, 223, 236, 256

• Methodological Principles (Long) 25–26, 28, 103, 154

• monolingual 143, 253

• motivational strategies 93–94

• multidimensional xi, xiii, 10, 58, 70–72, 79, 89–90, 92–94, 98, 111

• multilingual xiii, 5–6, 61, 83, 130, 142, 154, 195, 197, 200, 253, 261

• N

• narrow curriculum 163

• needs analysis 149, 166, 168–170, 187–188, 210

• negotiation of meaning 36, 46–47, 128, 191

• NIALA (non-instructed additional language acquisition) 14, 18, 138, 187

• noticing 35, 37, 41, 61–62

• O

• output 2–3, 7, 12, 23, 26, 31, 35, 37–38, 40, 42–44, 46–48, 50, 52, 54, 59–61, 66, 86, 104, 107–108, 110, 112–113, 119, 121, 123, 125–126, 128–129, 133, 135, 145, 149–150, 153–154, 173–174, 177–179, 190–191, 193–194, 211–212, 225, 228, 237, 251, 257

• output-based 108, 129

• outside-school experiences 138–139, 227

• P

• pair work 46, 200

• pedagogical space 98–99, 110–111, 118, 120, 138, 141, 151, 195, 239, 257

• pedagogical tasks 168, 198

• peer feedback 144

• portfolio 132, 221, 228, 236, 247

• post-task 113–114, 119, 122–123, 127–128, 143, 187, 215–216, 221–222

• PPP 6–8, 13–14, 18, 36–37, 125–126, 237

• practice ix–x, xiii, 1–3, 6–7, 14–15, 18, 20, 25–28, 30–33, 37–38, 44, 47, 50, 53–55, 58–59, 69–71, 93, 99, 101–105, 110–111, 119, 122–124, 126–127, 129, 134–135, 139–141, 147, 151, 153–154, 157, 160, 183, 188, 193, 198, 200, 203, 205, 207, 216, 221, 223–225, 229, 231–236, 238, 240–243, 245, 249–251, 254, 256–260, 262–263, 266

• pragmatic 10, 26–27, 32, 36–37, 52, 60, 72, 127, 166, 170, 178, 191–192, 196, 215

• pre-primary 5, 11, 16, 36, 42–43, 65, 132, 145, 147–148

• pre-service 102, 239, 255–257, 259–263

• pre-task 124–126, 181

• prior knowledge 2, 8, 10, 34–35, 39, 45, 57, 61, 67, 87, 104, 107–108, 119–121, 127, 130, 132, 144, 147, 153–154, 173, 181, 193, 211, 218, 260

• professional development 6, 102, 232, 240–241, 243–244, 252, 254–255, 258

• PDI (professional development initiative) 240–243

• proficiency 2, 4–5, 14–17, 26, 29, 44, 50, 53–54, 61, 64, 79, 114–115, 128, 138–139, 141, 147–148, 156, 160, 168, 172, 179, 182, 188, 190, 193, 206, 210, 221, 225, 257, 260, 266

• project-based 136–137

• R

• reading 3, 5, 10, 29–31, 34, 38–40, 46, 49–50, 52, 54–58, 60, 62, 66, 80, 84, 92, 106, 108, 110, 114, 124, 132–134, 138, 140, 146, 148, 150, 152, 161–162, 165, 171, 176, 179, 181, 190, 195, 207, 211, 215, 217–220, 223, 232, 244, 248–249

• reading task 56–57, 218

• recast 43, 133, 243

• recycle 104, 126, 153, 194, 205, 239, 242, 260

• reflection 59, 119, 123, 127, 129, 157, 187, 225, 241, 243, 248, 254

• resources xi, 9–11, 13, 17, 38, 44–45, 47, 55, 59–64, 67, 108, 110, 112, 125–126, 133, 143, 151–152, 154, 166, 185–186, 194–196, 198–201, 245, 248, 252, 265

• S

• scaffold 47, 145, 199, 241

• school context 239, 262

• scoring criteria 212–213, 215

• SDT 72–75, 78, 80–81, 92, 95

• second language xii, 1, 4–6, 15, 25–29, 31–32, 37–38, 40, 46, 62, 65, 69, 75, 79, 88, 91, 93, 105–106, 114–115, 120, 148–149, 156, 160–163, 167, 175–176, 180, 186–188, 198–199, 203, 206, 208, 217, 223, 234, 237

• self-assessment 39, 145, 148–149, 223, 225, 247

• self-regulation 39–40, 58–59, 65, 67, 74, 99, 145, 160–161, 173, 185, 218, 223, 229, 237

• sequencing 115, 155, 164, 171–172, 179, 182–183, 202

• self-determination theory 72, 87

• speaking 3, 14, 16, 18, 30–31, 37–39, 47, 49–50, 52–53, 55, 57, 60, 62, 66, 77, 84, 97, 108, 111–114, 127–129, 133–136, 143, 150, 161–162, 171, 196, 199, 212–214, 225, 228, 248

• speaking task 52, 127, 212, 214

• strategic competence 56–57, 173

• strategies 6, 10, 30–32, 42, 52, 56–59, 62, 65–67, 74, 76, 78, 81, 93–95, 114, 124, 134, 144, 154, 160–163, 167, 200, 215–216, 218, 223, 236–237, 256–257

• strategy instruction 56–58, 99

• success xi, 4, 16, 28, 39–40, 56, 61, 70, 75–77, 80–81, 83–85, 87, 91–93, 95–99, 108, 112–113, 117, 119, 125, 129, 131, 134, 141, 165–166, 173, 182, 187, 194, 200, 203, 218, 222–226, 229, 231, 237, 240, 242, 249, 251, 253, 260

• summative assessment 144, 205–206, 254

• syllabus 13, 19, 31, 94, 172–173, 217, 236, 263

• T

• TALK 42–43, 77, 109, 115, 128, 145, 147, 165, 188–189, 211, 252

• target task 55, 168

• TBLT (Task-Based Language Teaching) ix–x, xii–xiii, 7–8, 11, 13–14, 18–19, 51, 193, 200–201, 234–238, 240, 243, 254, 263

• task complexity 9, 39, 115, 118, 148, 173–179, 181–182, 190, 218, 220, 226

• task repetition 38, 127, 129

• task type 197

• teacher education xiii, 232, 255, 257–262

• teamwork 149, 243

• technology xii, 4–5, 26, 52, 134, 136–140, 148, 158–162, 164, 168, 184, 186–187, 189–197, 201, 228, 231, 248, 258, 261

• test 33, 49, 58, 84, 140, 166, 179, 192, 204–208, 210–216, 221, 226, 263

• transfer 47, 53, 55, 59, 111, 142–143, 170, 185, 197, 243, 259

• transfer-appropriate processing 53, 111, 170, 185, 243, 259

• translanguaging 61, 197, 201

• turn-taking 2, 112, 119

• 21st-century competences 158, 160–162, 194, 201

• V

• validity 28, 207–208, 210–212, 214–215, 228, 247, 251

• value 5, 8, 34, 43, 57, 73–75, 77–80, 83, 85, 87, 91–92, 95–99, 107–109, 113, 117, 121, 125, 134–135, 139–141, 148, 151–152, 154, 164, 166, 170, 173, 176, 189–190, 193, 196–197, 218, 222, 224, 227, 230, 236, 238–240, 242, 252–253, 261

• vocabulary 2, 9, 11, 16–17, 30–31, 35–36, 42–43, 48, 50–53, 57, 60, 62, 66, 79, 105–106, 110, 114–115, 120, 124, 126, 129, 134, 136, 141, 148, 162, 167, 172, 175–176, 191, 213, 216–217

• W

• washback 229

• working memory 35, 38–39, 61–62, 174

• writing xii, 10, 30–31, 37, 39–40, 49–50, 52–53, 55, 57, 60, 62, 66, 73, 84, 110, 114, 134, 136, 139, 143, 161–162, 165, 179, 191, 196, 211, 223–225, 248

• writing task 223–224

• Z

• zone of proximal development 2, 120, 132, 225