The Multifactorial Prediction and Deviation Analysis (MuPDAR) method (Gries & Deshors
2014) represents an influential methodological advance in studying variation in contexts where linguistic choices in a
“peripheral” variety (learner language, New Englishes) are studied in relation to the “central” variety. In this article we
demonstrate how the method may be extended to study how varieties produced in settings of language contact (including translation)
differ from non-contact varieties, particularly with respect to the degree of lexicogrammatical explicitness. We use the method to
determine how (dis)similar the factors governing that-omission are in two different types of contact varieties,
namely South African translated (trans-SAE) and South African non-translated English (SAE), in relation to British (GBE) English.
The results show that the choices made in the contact varieties can be predicted to a reasonable extent, although South African
translators and South African non-translators have a higher and lower inclination respectively to use explicit
that compared to GBE non-translators. Based on the findings, we re-evaluate the explanations proposed for the
increased explicitness of translated language through the frame of language contact, outlining the advantages of
multifactorial methods over the frequency-based methods favoured in earlier studies.
2008Analyzing Linguistic Data: A Practical Introduction to Statistics using R. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Becher, Viktor
2010 “Abandoning the Notion of “Translation-inherent” Explicitation: Against a Dogma of Translation Studies.” Across Languages and Cultures 11 (1): 1–28.
Becher, Viktor
2011Explicitation and Implicitation in Translation: A Corpus-Based Study of English-German and German-English Translations of Business Texts. PhD Thesis, University of Hamburg.
2016 “Variationist Versus Text-linguistic Approaches to Grammatical Change in English: Nominal of Head Nouns.” In Cambridge Handbook of English Historical Linguistics. Edited by M. Kytö, and P. Pahta, 351–375. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Biber, Douglas
2012 “Register as a Predictor of Linguistic Variation.” Corpus Linguistics and Linguistic Theory 8 (1): 9–37.
Biber, Douglas, Stig Johansson, Geoffrey Leech, Susan Conrad, and Edward Finegan
1999Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English. London: Pearson Education.
Blum-Kulka, Shoshana
2000 [1986] “Shifts of Cohesion and Coherence in Translation.” In The Translation Studies Reader (1st edition). Edited by L. Venuti, 298–313. London: Routledge.
2004 “Hypotheses about Translation Universals.” In Claims, Changes and Challenges in Translation Studies. Edited by G. Hansen, K. Malmkjaer, and D. Gile, 1–13. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
De Sutter, Gert, and Marie-Aude Lefer
2016 “Empirical Translation Studies in the Post-Baker Era: Towards a New Research Agenda.” Unpublished conference paper presented at the 8th EST Congress, 15–17 September, Aarhus.
2010 “Comparing Non-native and Translated Language: Monolingual Comparable Corpora with a Twist.” In Using Corpora in Contrastive and Translation Studies. Edited by R. Xiao, 215–234. Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
Gries, Stefan Th., and Allison S. Adelman
2014 “Subject Realization in Japanese Conversation by Native and Non-native Speakers: Exemplifying a New Paradigm for Learner Corpus Research.” In Yearbook of Corpus Linguistics and Pragmatics 2014: New Empirical and Theoretical Paradigms. Edited by J. Romero, 35–54. Dordrecht: Springer.
Gries, Stefan Th., and Sandra Deshors
2014 “Using Regressions to Explore Deviations Between Corpus Data and a Standard/Target: Two Suggestions.” Corpora 9 (1): 109–136.
2003 “Why Are Zero-marked Phrases Close to their Heads?” In Determinants of Grammatical Variation in English. Edited by G. Rohdenburg and B. Mondorf, 175–204. Berlin: Mouton De Gruyter.
Hawkins, John
2004Efficiency and Complexity in Grammars. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Hawkins, John
2014Cross-linguistic Variation and Efficiency. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
House, Juliane
2004 “Explicitness in Discourse Across Languages.” In Neue Perspektiven in der Übersetzungs- und Dolmetschwissenschaft. Edited by J. House, W. Koller, and K. Schubert, 185–208. Bochum: AKS.
2013 “The Development of Comment Clauses.” In The Verb Phrase in English: Investigating Recent Language Change With Corpora. Edited by B. Aarts, J. Close, G. Leech, and S. Wallis, 286–317. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kajzer-Wietrzny, Marta
2018 “Interpretese vs Non-native Language Use: The Case of Optional That.” In Making Way in Corpus-based Interpreting Studies. Edited by M. Russo, C. Bendazzoli, and B. Defrancq, 97–114. Singapore: Springer.
Klaudy, Kinga
2009 “The Asymmetry Hypothesis in Translation Research.” In Translators and Their Readers. Edited by R. Dimitriu, and M. Shlesinger, 283–303. Brussels: Les Editions du Hazard.
Kolbe-Hanna, Daniela, and Benedikt Szmrecsanyi
2015 “Grammatical Variation.” In The Cambridge Handbook of English Corpus Linguistics. Edited by D. Biber, and R. Reppen, 161–179. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2016b “Syntactic and Pragmatic Transfer Effects in Reported-speech Constructions in Three Contact Varieties of English Influenced by Afrikaans.” Language Sciences 561: 118–131.
Kruger, Haidee
in press). “That Again: A Multivariate Analysis of the Factors Conditioning Syntactic Explicitness in Translated English.” Across Languages and Cultures.
Lanstyák, István, and Pál Heltai
2012 “Universals in Language Contact and Translation.” Across Languages and Cultures 13 (1): 99–121.
Matras, Yaron
2009Language Contact. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Mondorf, Britta
2014 “(Apparently) Competing Motivations in Morpho-syntactic Variation.” In Competing Motivations in Grammar and Usage. Edited by B. MacWhinney, A. Malchukov, and E. Moravcsik, 209–228. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Müller, Dalene, and Sebastian Pistor
2011Skryf Afrikaans van A tot Z (Write Afrikaans from A to Z). 2nd ed. Cape Town: Pharos.
Neumann, Stella
2014Contrastive Register Variation: A Quantitative Approach to the Comparison of English and German. Trends in Linguistics. Studies and Monographs 251. Berlin: De Gruyter.
Olohan, Maeve, and Mona Baker
2000 “Reporting That in Translated English: Evidence for Subconscious Processes of Explicitation?” Across Languages and Cultures 1 (2): 141–158.
Paolillo, John C.
2013 “Individual Effects in Variation Analysis: Model, Software, and Research Design.” Language Variation and Change 251: 89–118.
Pym, Anthony
2005 “Explaining Explicitation.” In New Trends in Translation Studies. Edited by K. Károly, and Á. Fóris, 29–34. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó.
Pym, Anthony
2015 “Translating as Risk Management.” Journal of Pragmatics 851: 67–80.
Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik
1985A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman.
R Core Team
(2016) R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Vienna. Available at [URL].
1988 “Pragmatics and the Explicitation Hypothesis.” TTR: Traduction, Terminologie, Rédaction 1 (2): 106–113.
Shank, Christopher, Julie van Bogaert, and Koen Plevoets
2016 “The Diachronic Development of Zero Complementation: A Multifactorial Analysis of the That/Zero Alternation with Think, Suppose, and Believe.” Corpus Linguistics and Linguistic Theory 12 (1): 31–72.
Tagliamonte, Sali A. & R. Harald Baayen
2012 “Models, Forests, and Trees of York English: Was/were Variation as a Case Study for Statistical Practice.” Language Variation and Change 241: 135–178.
Tagliamonte, Sali A., and Jennifer Smith
2005 “No Momentary Fancy! The Zero “Complementizer” in English Dialects.” English Language and Linguistics 9 (2): 289–309.
Thompson, Sandra A., and Anthony Mulac
1991 “The Discourse Conditions for the Use of the Complementizer That in Conversational English.” Journal of Pragmatics 151: 237–251.
Thomason, Sarah Grey
2001Language Contact: An Introduction. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Thomason, Sarah Grey, and Terrence Kaufman
1988Language Contact, Creolization, and Genetic Linguistics. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Torres Cacoullos, Rena, and James A. Walker
2009 “On the Persistence of Grammar in Discourse Formulas: A Variationist Study of That.” Linguistics 47 (1): 1–43.
Van Rooy, Bertus
2017 “South African English.” In The Oxford Handbook of World Englishes. Edited by M. Filppula, J. Klemola, and D. Sharma, 508–530. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Wasserman, Ronel, and Bertus van Rooy
2014 “The Development of Modals of Obligation and Necessity in White South African English Through Contact with Afrikaans. Journal of English Linguistics 42 (1), 31–50.
Wulff, Stefanie, Nicholas Lester, and Ma. Teresa Martínez García
2014 “That-Variation in German and Spanish L2 English.” Language and Cognition 6 (2): 271–299.
Wulff, Stefanie, Stefan Th. Gries, and Nicholas A. Lester
2018 “Optional That in Complementation by German and Spanish learners.” In What Is Applied Cognitive Linguistics? Answers from Current SLA Research. Edited by A. Tyler, L. Huan, and H. Jan. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.
2024. Unraveling cognitive constraints in constrained languages: a comparative study of syntactic complexity in translated, EFL, and native varieties. Language Sciences 102 ► pp. 101612 ff.
2020. On the need for a new research agenda for corpus-based translation studies: a multi-methodological, multifactorial and interdisciplinary approach. Perspectives 28:1 ► pp. 1 ff.
Gries, Stefan Th., Santa Barbara, Justus Liebig & Sandra C. Deshors
2020. There’s more to alternations than the main diagonal of a 2×2 confusion matrix: Improvements of MuPDAR and other classificatory alternation studies. ICAME Journal 44:1 ► pp. 69 ff.
2023. Book Review. International Journal of Translation, Interpretation, and Applied Linguistics 5:1 ► pp. 1 ff.
Reynaert, Ryan, Lieve Macken, Arda Tezcan & Gert De Sutter
2021. Building a New-Generation Corpus for Empirical Translation Studies: The Dutch Parallel Corpus 2.0. In New Perspectives on Corpus Translation Studies [New Frontiers in Translation Studies, ], ► pp. 75 ff.
Zhang, Xiaomin, Haidee Kotze (Kruger) & Jing Fang
2020. Explicitation in children’s literature translated from English to Chinese: a corpus-based study of personal pronouns. Perspectives 28:5 ► pp. 717 ff.
[no author supplied]
2020. Soziolinguistische Bibliographie europäischer Länder für 2018Sociolinguistic Bibliography of European Countries for 2018Bibliographie sociolinguistique des pays européens pour 2018. Sociolinguistica 34:1 ► pp. 277 ff.
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 8 april 2024. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers.
Any errors therein should be reported to them.