Negotiating inclusion of gender and sexual diversity through a process of feminist translation in Quebec
According to French grammatical rules the masculine prevails over the feminine. In Quebec since the 1980s, an inclusive, “non-sexist writing,” aimed at making the feminine visible, has been promoted by women’s activist groups and has been adopted in most governmental publications. Recently, a renewal of the notion of gender manifests itself through an emerging definition of inclusive writing as “neutral writing,” aimed at neutralizing gender in the French language. In this context, a feminist collective has undertaken the translation into French of Our Bodies, Ourselves, a major reference book on sexual and reproductive health. What effects has the coexistence of these two trends of feminist inclusive writing had on the process of constructing and writing this book and on the terminological choices made by the collective of translators? This case study showcases how the translation process opens a space for rethinking linguistic practices around gender.
Article outline
- Introduction
- Context
- Women’s groups in Québec
- French grammar and inclusive writing
- Methodology
- Results
- Non-sexist and neutral writing expectations: Desexization
- Non-sexist writing expectations: Making the feminine visible
- Neutral writing expectations
- Tensions between non-sexist and neutral writing: The use of “femme”
- Analysis
- Visibility of women and feminist analysis
- Deconstruction of gender binarism
- Putting political intersectionality into practice
- Construction of a collective identity?
- What does this say about translation?
- Conclusion
- Notes
-
References
-
Queer, trans and non-binary blogs (in French)
References (76)
References
Abbou, Julie. 2013. “Pratiques graphiques du genre.” Langues et cité, Féminin, masculin, la langue et le genre 241: 4–5.
Académie française. 2017. “Déclaration de l’Académie française sur l’écriture dite ‘inclusive’” 26 October. [URL]. Last accessed 17 May 2019.
Arrivé, Michel. 2013. “‘Le masculin l’emporte sur le féminin’: peut-on y remédier?” Langues et cité, Féminin, masculin, la langue et le genre 24: 2.
Ashley, Florence. 2017. “Qui est-ille? Le respect langagier des élèves non binaires, aux limites du droit.” Service social 63 (2): 35–50.
Baldo, Michela and Moira Inghilleri. 2018. “Cultural resistance, female voices: Translating subversive and contested sexualities.” In The Routledge Handbook of Translation and Culture, ed. by Sue-Ann Harding and Ovidi Carbonell Cortès, 296–313. New York: Routledge.
Bastien Charlebois, Janik. 2014. “Femmes intersexes: sujet politique extrême du féminisme.” Recherches féministes 27(1): 237–255.
Bessaïh, Nesrine. 2013. “L’R des centres de femmes du Québec.” Nouvelles Questions Féministes 32 (2): 130–134.
Bessaïh, Nesrine. 2020. Négocier l’inclusion à travers la traduction et l’adaptation. Ethnographie d’un processus collectif de tradaptation féministe dans le domaine de la santé. [Negotiating inclusion through translation and adaptation. Ethnography of a collective process of feminist tradaptation in health communications]. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Ottawa.
Bessaïh, Nesrine and Anna Bogic. 2016. “‘Nous les femmes’ de 1970 à 2017 à travers les traductions et adaptation de Our Bodies, Ourselves en français.” TTR: traduction, terminologie et rédaction 29 (2): 43–71.
Bessaïh, Nesrine and Anna Bogic. 2020. “Translating texts on women’s sexual and reproductive health.” In The Routledge Handbook on Translation, Feminism and Gender, ed. by Luise von Flotow and Hala Kamal, 518–527. New York: Routledge.
Bessaïh, Nesrine and La CORPS féministe. (eds). 2019. Corps accord: guide de sexualité positive. [Body Agreement: Positive sexuality guide]. Montréal: Éditions du remue-ménage.
Bogic, Anna. 2017. Our Bodies, Our Location: The Politics of Feminist Translation and Reproduction in Post-socialist Serbia. Doctoral dissertation, University of Ottawa.
Bohuon, Anaïs. 2012. Catégorie « dames »: le test de féminité dans les compétitions sportives. Paris: Édition iXe.
Boisclair, Isabelle. 2004. Ouvrir la voie/x. Le processus d’un sous-champ littéraire féministe au Québec (1960–1990). Montréal: Éditions Nota bene.
Bolter, Flora. 2019. “‘Le masculin l’emporte’: évolution des stratégies linguistiques dans les associations LGBT+ en France.” H-France Salon 11 14 (2): 1–12.
Brownmiller, Susan. 1999. In Our Time: Memoir of a Revolution. New York: Dial Press.
Bucholtz, Mary and Kira Hall. 2004. “Theorizing identity in language and sexuality research.” Language in Society 33 (4): 469–515.
Bucholtz, Mary and Kira Hall. 2005. “Identity and interaction: A sociocultural linguistic approach.” Discourse Studies 7(4–5): 585–614.
Butler, Judith. 1990. Gender Trouble: Feminism and the subversion of identity. New York: Routledge.
Castro, Olga, Emek Ergun, Luise von Flotow, and María Laura. 2020. “Towards transnational feminist translation studies.” Mutatis Mutandis 13(1): 2–10.
Conseil du statut de la femme. 2018. Portraits des Québécoises en 8 temps. [Statistical portrait of women in Quebec]. Gouvernement du Québec.
Corbeil, Christine and Isabelle Marchand. 2006. “Penser l’intervention féministe à l’aune de l’approche intersectionnelle: Défis et enjeux.” Nouvelles Pratiques Sociales 19(1): 40–57.
Cordingley, Anthony and Chiara Montini. 2015. “Genetic translation studies: an emerging discipline.” Linguistica Antverpiensia, New Series: Themes in Translation Studies 141: 1–18.
Couturier, Ève-Lyne and Julia Posca. 2014. Note socio-économique: Tâches domestiques, encore loin d’un partage équitable [Domestic tasks, still far from an equal sharing]. Institut de recherche et d’informations socio-économiques.
Crenshaw, Kimberle. 1991. “Mapping the margins: Intersectionality, identity politics, and violence against women of color.” Stanford Law Review 43 (6): 1241–1299.
Davis, Kathy. 2007.
The Making of Our Bodies, Ourselves. How Feminism Travels Across Borders
. London: Duke University Press.
Di Sabato, Bruna and Antonio Perri. 2020. “Language gender in translation: A cross-linguistic overview.” In The Routledge Handbook on Translation, Feminism and Gender, ed. by Luise von Flotow and Hala Kamal, 398–415. New York: Routledge.
Dister, Anne and Marie-Louise Moreau. 2013. “Les politiques linguistiques de la féminisation des noms de profession dans les pays francophones du nord.” Langues et cité, Féminin, masculin, la langue et le genre 241: 9–10.
Dumais, Hélène. 1992. “Pour un genre à part entière.” Recherches féministes 5 (1): 169–174.
Durand-Bogaert, Fabienne. 2014. “Les deux corps du texte.” Genesis 381: 11–33.
Duranti, Alessandro. 2011. “Linguistic anthropology: The study of language as a non-neutral medium.” In The Cambridge Handbook of Sociolinguistics, ed. by Rajend Meshtrie, 28–46. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Epstein, B. J. 2017. “Eradicalization. Eradicating the queer in children’s literature.” In Queer in Translation, ed. by B. J. Epstein and Robert Gillett, 118–128. London: Routledge.
Epstein, B. J. and Robert Gillett. 2017. “Introduction.” In Queer in Translation, ed. by B. J. Epstein and Robert Gillett, 1–7. London: Routledge.
Flotow, Luise von. 1991. “Feminist translation: Concepts, practices, theories.” TTR: traduction, terminologie, rédaction 4 (2): 69–84.
Flotow, Luise von and Hala Kamal. (eds). 2020. The Routledge Handbook of Translation, Feminism and Gender. London: Routledge.
Fort, Camille. 2008. “Traduire le neutre sans neutraliser le littéraire: Written on the Body de Jeanette Winterson et In Transit de Brigid Brophy.” Palimpsestes 211: 55–73.
Fourtina, Hervé. 2008. “Le genre et ses poussières (d’or): Considération sur le genre, le gender – et leurs traductions.” Palimpsestes 211: 9–19.
Gordon, Linda and Barrie Thorne. 1996. “Review: Women’s bodies and feminist subversions.” Contemporary Sociology 25 (3): 322–325.
Greco, Luca. 2013. “Langage et pratiques ‘transgenres’.” [Language and ‘transgender’ practices], Langues et cité, Féminin, masculin, la langue et le genre 24: 5.
Greco, Luca. 2015. “Présentation: la fabrique des genres et des sexualités.” Langage et société 2 (152): 7–16.
Greco, Luca. 2019. “Linguistic uprising: Toward a grammar of emancipation.” H-France Salon 11(14 #3): 1–13.
Haddad, Raphaël. 2017. Manuel d’écriture inclusive, faites progresser l’égalité femmes·hommes par votre manière d’écrire. Mots-Clés.
HCE, Haut conseil à l’égalité entre les femmes et les hommes. 2016. Pour une communication publique sans stéréotype de sexe, guide pratique. Paris: La documentation française.
Hill Collins, Patricia and Sirma Bilge. 2016. Intersectionality. New York: Polity Press.
Khaznadar, Edwige. 2002. Le féminin à la française, académisme et langue française [The feminine with a French style, Académie française and French language], L’Harmattan, Questions contemporaines.
Lacharité, Berthe and Anne Pasquier. 2014. “L’intersectionnalité appliquée, un projet pilote à Montréal.” Nouvelles pratiques sociales 26 (2): 251–265.
Laqueur, Thomas. 1992. Making Sex: Body and Gender from the Greeks to Freud. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Larivière, Louise. 2002. “Compte-rendu [Review].” Recherches féministes 15 (2): 153–159.
Lavieri, Antonio. 2015. “L’archivo come dispositivio [Archive as a device]”. Poétique des archives, Génèse des traductions et communauté de pratique, Transalpina 181: 19–32.
Leonardi, Vanessa. 2007. Gender and Ideology in Translation: Do Women and Men Translate Differently? Bern: Peter Lang.
Lotbinière-Harwood, Susanne. 1991. Re-belle et infidèle, la traduction comme pratique de réécriture au féminin, the body bilingual, translation as rewriting in the feminine. Montréal: Édition du remue-ménage.
Louar, Nadia. 2008. “Notre Dame du Queer ou du mauvais genre en traduction.” Palimpsestes 211: 121–134.
Löwy, Ilana. 2005. “Le féminisme a-t-il changé la recherche biomédicale, Le Women Health Movement et les transformations de la médecine aux États-Unis.” Travail, genre et société 2 (14): 89–108.
Maillé, Chantal. 2014. “Approche intersectionnelle, théorie postcoloniale et question de différence dans les féminismes anglo-saxons et francophones.” Politique et Sociétés 33 (1): 41–60.
Marchand, Isabelle and Sandrine Ricci. 2010. “Sexisme et racisme: la diversité ethnoculturelle, défi au mouvement féministe.” In L’intervention féministe d’hier à aujourd’hui, portrait d’une pratique sociale diversifiée, ed. by Christine Corbeil and Isabelle Marchand, 65–92. Éditions du remue-ménage.
Massardier-Kenney, Françoise. 1997. “Towards a redefinition of feminist translation practice.” The Translator 1(3): 55–69.
Masson, Dominique. 2013. “Femmes et handicap.” Recherches féministes 26 (1): 111–129.
Mensah, Maria Nengeh. 2009. “Sexe, médias et… hypermoralisation.” Globe: Images et représentation de la sexualité au Québec 12(2): 169–180.
Ministry of Public Security. 2015. Infractions sexuelles au Québec, faits saillants 2013 [sexual offences in Quebec in 2013: statistical highlights]. Sécurité publique du Québec. Available at: [URL]. Last accessed 15 August 2019.
Morgen, Sandra. 2002. Into Our Own Hands: The Women’s Health Movement in the United States, 1969–1990. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
Norsigian, Judy, et al. 1999. “The Boston Women’s Health Book Collective and Our Bodies, Ourselves: A brief history and reflection.” JAMWA 54(1): 35–40.
OBOS, Our Bodies Ourselves or BWHBC, Boston women health book collective. 2011 [1971, 1973, 1976, 1979, 1984, 1992, 1998, 2005]. Our Bodies Ourselves. New York: Simon & Shuster.
OQLF, Office québécois de la langue française. 2019. “Féminisation et rédaction épicène.” Banque de dépannage linguistique. [URL]. Last accessed 17 May 2019.
Pagé, Geneviève. 2014. “Sur l’indivisibilité de la justice sociale ou Pourquoi le mouvement féministe québécois ne peut faire l’économie d’une analyse intersectionnelle.” Nouvelles pratiques sociales 26 (2): 200–217.
Ross, Loretta. 2017. “Reproductive justice as intersectional feminist activism.” Souls: A Critical Journal of Black Politics, Culture and Society 19 (3): 286–314.
Shapiro, Ester. 2013. “Translating Latin American/US Latina frameworks and methods in gender and health equity: Linking women’s health education and participatory social change.” International Quarterly of Community Health Education 34 (1): 19–36.
SIEFAR, Société internationale pour l’étude des femmes de l’Ancien Régime [International society for the study of women from the Ancien regime]. 2019. “Les mots de A à Z”, La guerre des mots, [Accessed August 20, 2019] [URL]
Simon, Sherry. 1996. Gender in Translation: Cultural Identity and the Politics of Transmission. London: Routledge.
Sousa Araùjo, Cibele de Guadalupe, Luciana de Mesquita Silva, and Dennys Silva-Reis. 2019. “Translation studies & black women in the light of feminism.” Revista Ártemis 27 (1): 14–24.
Spurlin, William. 2017. “Rethinking gender and sexual politics in the spaces between languages and cultures”. In Queer in Translation, ed. by B. J. Epstein and Robert Gillett, 172–183. New York: Routledge.
Trachman, Mathieu and Tania Lejbowicz. 2018. “Des LGBT, des non binaires et des cases: Catégorisation statistique et critique des assignations de genre et de sexualité dans une enquête sur les violences.” Revue française de sociologie 59 (4): 677–705.
Unique en son genre. 2017. Le langage dans la communauté non binaire [Language in the non-binary community], [URL], (published January 14, 2017).
Viennot, Éliane (ed.). 2015. L’Académie contre la langue française [the Académie française against the French language], Donnemarie-Dontilly, Éditions iXe.
Viennot, Éliane. 2017 [2014]. Non le masculin ne l’emporte pas sur le féminin, Petite histoire des résistances de la langue française [No, the masculine does not prevail over the feminine, little history of the resistance of French language]. Donnemarie-Dontilly, Éditions iXe.
Viennot, Eliane. 2019. “Des mots controversés [Controversial words]”, Pour un langage non-sexiste, [Accessed August 20, 2019], [URL]
Yanco, Jennifer. 1996. “
Our Bodies, Ourselves in Beijing: Breaking the silences.” Feminist Studies 22 (3): 511–517.
Queer, trans and non-binary blogs (in French)
Cited by (1)
Cited by one other publication
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 30 december 2024. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers.
Any errors therein should be reported to them.