Negation in Livonian
The paper gives an overview of negation in Livonian. The study is based on fieldwork data and previous research. Livonian has negation markers of three types: (1) auxiliaries, äb in the indicative and conditional present, iz in the indicative past, and alā in the imperative and the jussive; (2) particle mittõ is used to reinforce negation and to mark the scope of the constituent negation; (3) particle äp functions as a prosentence. All categories which are expressed in affirmative verb forms occur also in negative forms, although their expression is divided inconsistently between the negation verb and the lexical verb. The negation markers have given rise to negative prefixes, coordinating conjunctions, and a comparative marker.
References (29)
Sources
LEL =
Viitso, Tiit-Rein &
Ernštreits, Valts 2012 Līvõkīel-ēstikīel-lețkīel sõnārōntõz [
Livonian-Estonian-Latvian Dictionary]. Tartu/Rīga: Tartu Ülikool/Latviešu valodas aģentūra.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
van der Auwera, Johan & Lejeune, Ludo (with Valentin Goussev
)
2005 The prohibitive. In
The Word Atlas of Language Structures,
Martin Haspelmath,
Matthew S. Dryer,
David Gil &
Bernard Comrie (eds), 290–293. Oxford: OUP. Also WALS Online 2011 edition at á
[URL] (21 March 2012).
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Bernini, Giuliano & Ramat, Paolo
1996 Negative Sentences in the Languages of Europe. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Comrie, Bernard
1988 General features of Uralic languages. In
The Uralic Languages: Description, History and Foreign Influences [
Handbuch Der Orientalistik, Achte Abteilung. Handbook of Uralic Studies 1],
Denis Sinor (ed.), 451–477. Leiden: Brill.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Ernštreits, Valts
2012 Development, research, and sources of written Livonian.
Linguistica Uralica XLVIII (1): 55–67.
![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Haspelmath, Martin
2001 The European linguistic area: Standard Average European. In
Language Typology and Language Universals: An International Handbook, Vol. 2 [
Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft 20.2],
Martin Haspelmath,
Ekkehard König,
Wulf Oesterreicher &
Wolfgang Raible (eds), 1492–1510. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Haspelmath, Martin
2005 Negative indefinite pronouns and predicate negation. In
The Word Atlas of Language Structures,
Martin Haspelmath,
Matthew S. Dryer,
David Gil &
Bernard Comrie (eds.), 466–469. Oxford: OUP. Also online in the WALS Online 2011 edition at á
[URL] (21 March 2012).
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Grünthal, Riho
2003 Finnic Adpositions and Cases in Change. Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Kehayov, Petar, Metslang, Helle & Pajusalu, Karl
2012 Evidentiality in Livonian.
Linguistica Uralica XLVIII(1): 41–54.
![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Kettunen, Lauri
1925 Untersuchung über die Livische Sprache, I: Phonetische Einführung. Sprachproben [
Acta et Commentationes Universitatis Dorpatensis B VIII. 3]. Tartu.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Kettunen, Lauri
1938 Livisches Wörterbuch mit grammatischer Einleitung [
Lexica Societatis Fenno-Ugricae V]. Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura.
![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Kettunen, Lauri
1947 Hauptzüge der livischen Laut- und Formengeschichte. Vervollständigter Sonderabdruck aus der grammatischen Einleitung des Livischen Wörterbuches. Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Koptjevskaja-Tamm, Maria & Wälchli, Bernhard
Krautmane, Erika
2010 Kuramaa liivi keele kõneviiside süsteem eesti ja läti keele taustal [The Livonian mood system in relation to Estonian and Latvian]. MA thesis, University of Tartu.
Mägiste, Julius
2006 Muistoja Liivinrannasta. Liivin kieltä Ruotsista. (
Memories from the Livonian coast: Samples of the Livonian language from Sweden), translated and published by
Anneli Honko [
Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran Toimituksia 250]. Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Metslang, Helle
1997 Maksimaalsuse ja minimaalsuse väljendamine eesti püsiühendites (Expression of maximality and minimality in Estonian fixed expressions). In
Pühendusteos Huno Rätsepale [
Tartu Ülikooli eesti keele õppetooli toimetised 7],
Mati Erelt,
Meeli Sedrik &
Ellen Uuspõld (eds), 139–154. Tartu: University of Tartu.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Miestamo, Matti
2005 Standard Negation: The Negation of Declarative Verbal Main Clauses in a Typological Perspective [
Empirical Approaches to Language Typology 31]. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Miestamo, Matti
2009 Negation. In
Grammar, Meaning and Pragmatics [
Handbook of Pragmatics Highlights 5],
Frank Brisard,
Jan-Ola Östman,
Jef Verschueren (eds), 208–229. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Miestamo, Matti
2014 Partitives and negation: A cross-linguistic survey. In
Partitive Cases and Related Categories [
Empirical Approaches to Language Typology 54],
Silvia Luraghi &
Tuomas Huumo (eds). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Pajusalu, Karl
2011 Salatsi liivi keel (Salaca Livonian). In
Liivlased. Ajalugu, keel ja kultuur.
Renāte Blumberga,
Tapio Mäkeläinen &
Karl Pajusalu (eds), 219–230. Tallinn: Eesti Keele Sihtasutus.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Sjögren & Wiedemann
1861 =
Joh. Andreas Sjögren’s Livische Grammatik nebst Sprachproben/im Auftrage der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften bearbeitet und mit einer historisch-ethnographischen Einleitung versehen von Ferdinand Joh. Wiedemann, St. Petersburg.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Sang, Joel
1983 Eitus eesti keeles (
Negation in Estonian). Tallinn: Valgus.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Setälä, Emil Nestor
1953 Näytteitä liivin kielestä (
Samples of Livonian), Translated into Finnish and published by
Väinö Kyrölä [
Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran Toimituksia 106]. Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Viitso, Tiit-Rein
2003 Põhiverbi muutumine eitussõna järel, lingua franca ja algkeel (Inflection of the main verb after a negation word, the protolanguage and lingua franca).
Keel ja Kirjandus XLVI(1): 24–31.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Viitso, Tiit-Rein
2008 Possible prehistoric contacts of Livonian. In
Liivi keel ja läänemeresoome keelemaastikud, 238–249. Tallinn: Eesti Keele Sihtasutus.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Viitso, Tiit-Rein
2011 Liivi keele põhijooned (Basic features of Livonian). In
Liivlased. Ajalugu, keel ja kultuur.
Renata Blumberga,
Tapio Mäkeläinen &
Karl Pajusalu (eds), 203–218. Tallinn: Eesti Keele Sihtasutus.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Viitso, Tiit-Rein
2012 Concerning inflection classes in Livonian.
Linguistica Uralica 48(1): 12–26.
![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Wälchli, Bernhard
2000 Livonian in a genetic, areal and typological perspective, or is Finnish better Finnic than Livonian? In
Facing Finnic. Some Challenges to Historical and Contact Linguistics [
Castrenianumin toimitteita 59],
Johanna Laakso (ed.), 210–226. Helsinki: Société Finno-Ougrienne.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Winkler, Eberhard & Pajusalu, Karl
2009 Salis-Livisches Wörterbuch [
Linguistica Uralica. Supplementary Series 3]. Tallinn: Estonian Academy of Sciences.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Cited by (1)
Cited by 1 other publications
Lindström, Liina, Maarja-Liisa Pilvik & Helen Plado
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 23 june 2024. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers.
Any errors therein should be reported to them.