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Typological Hierarchies in Synchrony and Diachrony
Edited by Sonia Cristofaro and Fernando Zúñiga
[Typological Studies in Language 121] 2018
► pp. 309–342

Chapter 9
Incipient hierarchical alignment in four Central Salish languages from the Proto-Salish middle

| University of Oregon

There are three distinct transitive constructions in four Coast Salish languages, Squamish, Halkomelem, Klallam and Lushootseed. In the V-tr construction, both A and P are unmarked for case; in the V-mid construction (often considered antipassive), A is unmarked and P marked; in the V-tr-mid construction (often considered passive), P is unmarked and A marked. Individually, none of these constructions is a hierarchical system, but in combination, asymmetries in their distribution are well on the way to creating a person-based hierarchical system. This paper discusses the diachronic development of each of these constructions, then describes their differential distribution into the four functional domains: local (SAP A → SAP P), direct (SAP → 3P), nonlocal (3A → 3P), and inverse (3A → SAP P). While the distribution is not identical in each of the languages, the trend is clear: the etymologically passive V-tr-mid construction cannot occur in the direct domain and has become the pragmatically unmarked construction in the inverse domain, whereas the etymologically antipassive V-mid construction cannot occur in the inverse domain. While it only occurs in the direct and nonlocal domains, even there it is rare, giving the appearance that its function is still that of an antipassive. In combination, the result is that whenever the two core arguments of a clause are an SAP and a third person, regardless of grammatical role the SAP participant is always an unmarked core argument, whereas the third person is most often marked, leading to a situation where the oblique case in these languages is beginning to resemble the obviative case-marker of inverse languages.

Article outline
  • 1.Introduction
  • 2.Introducing and reconstructing the three distinct constructions
    • 2.1The transitive (tr) construction
    • 2.2 The reflexive > middle > antipassive construction
      • 2.2.1Reflexive
      • 2.2.2Middle
      • 2.2.3Antipassive
    • 2.3The transitive-reflexive > passive (-tr-mid) construction
  • 3.Towards creating the hierarchy: The synchronic distribution of the three constructions
    • 3.1The local quadrant
    • 3.2The inverse quadrant
    • 3.3The direct quadrant
    • 3.4The nonlocal quadrant
  • 4.Discussion
  • Abbreviations
  • Notes
  • References
Published online: 26 July 2018
DOI logo
https://doi.org/10.1075/tsl.121.09zah
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2018. Chapter 4. The development of referential hierarchy effects in Sahaptian. In Typological Hierarchies in Synchrony and Diachrony [Typological Studies in Language, 121], ► pp. 129 ff. DOI logo
Sapién, Racquel-María, Natalia Cáceres Arandia, Spike Gildea & Sérgio Meira
2021. Chapter 3. Antipassive in the Cariban family. In Antipassive [Typological Studies in Language, 130], ► pp. 65 ff. DOI logo

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