Index

• absolutive argument4, 18, 26, 78–79 , 82, 131, 135–137 , 140–141 , 143–146 , 154–155 , 157, 159–161 , 163, 166, 168–175 , 177–180 , 182, 190, 192, 194

• absolutive case 10–11 , 70–73 , 77–79 , 83–85 , 90, 93–97 , 101, 103, 135, 141, 186–187 , 192, 194

• absolutive markingSee absolutive case

• accusative case14, 410, 434–435 , 438–440 , 444–445 , 452–455 , 457, 459, 461–462 , 465

• accusative markingSee accusative case

• active alignmentSee semantic alignment

• adjunct 5–10 , 15, 17–19 , 24–25 , 27–28 , 39, 41, 44–45 , 48, 58, 63–64 , 70, 76, 81, 108, 113, 127, 133, 137–138 , 140–142 , 148, 152, 154–156 , 158–159 , 161, 168, 171, 173, 178, 180, 188, 190, 201–202 , 222–223 , 225, 227, 229, 237, 250, 257, 258, 270–272 , 278, 283, 385–386 , 287–290 , 297–298 , 303, 309, 345, 355, 362, 379, 395, 400, 409–410 , 413–415 , 430, 445, 448–451 , 456–457 , 512–513 , 518, 522–525 , 529

• addressee of imperative29, 51, 63, 82, 85–87 , 162, 190, 202–203 , 244–246 , 278, 336, 389, 404

• adposition 16–17 , 38, 40, 304, 306–307 , 434, 437

• adverbial clause47, 57, 84, 87–91 , 186, 198, 206, 223, 228, 258, 293–297 , 404, 406, 416

• agreement 3–6 , 9–11 , 13, 16–17 , 30, 38–39 , 69–70 , 73–84 , 89, 97, 100, 103–104 , 112, 181, 194, 357, 361, 389, 399, 401–404 , 406–408 , 412, 417, 419–421 , 424–429 , 434, 441, 478–479 , 480–481 , 484–485 , 487–488 , 491–493 , 495, 504–507 See indexing verbal person markingalsoand

• alignment 16–18 ; , 39, 45, 57, 133, 181–182 ; , 185, 221, 247, 263, 301–302 ; , 314, 318, 386–387 ; , 441, 469–470 ; , 476, 499, 502–504 ; , 506–507 ; see also ergative(-absolutive) alignmenthierarchical alignmenthorizontal alignmentindirective alignmentneutral alignmentnominative(-accusative) alignmentscenario-based alignmentsecundative alignmentsemantic alignmentsplit alignment

• anaphora 6–7 , 9, 16, 88, 217, 294, 296, 303, 310, 370, 399–400 , 412, 427–429 , 434, 460, 463–465 , 500

• anaphoricSee anaphora

• animacy12, 64, 101, 131, 133, 151, 179, 189, 213, 216–217 , 243, 252, 269, 283, 286, 289, 307, 399, 409–410 , 417, 423–424 , 430, 435, 445, 447, 450–451 , 483, 515–518 , 521, 529

• animacy hierarchy243, 424, 517–518

• anticausative319, 382

• antipassive 12–13 , 15, 27, 30, 48, 70, 75, 85, 100–101 , 103, 194, 204, 230, 263, 313, 326, 328–330 , 332, 343–344 , 469, 486, 488–490 , 507

• applicative9, 28, 49–50 , 131, 133, 142, 144–145 , 148, 156, 190, 215, 229, 239–241 , 257, 260, 263, 265, 268, 271–273 , 278, 282–284 , 287–290 , 399–400 , 419, 421–422 , 429–430 , 456–457 , 460, 465, 518–520 , 522, 524, 529

• argument roleSee role

• benefactive49, 111, 284, 450, 469, 481, 484, 486, 490, 492–494 , 507

• bivalent (verb, predicate or clause)41, 43–44 , 46–47 , 49–50 , 57, 64, 71–73 , 77, 82, 85, 97–98 , 100, 103, 187, 189–190 , 193, 195–198 , 200, 203–204 , 215, 224, 226, 239, 258, 304, 307–308 , 314–317 , 320, 343, 345, 402, 412, 511–516 , 519, 522–524

• causative9, 20, 28, 112, 114, 118–121 , 127–128 , 131, 133, 146–148 , 150, 158, 188–189 , 203–204 , 257, 312, 319–320 , 329–330 , 332, 352, 382, 390–391 , 399–400 , 404, 419–420 , 429, 436, 442, 453, 456, 458–460 , 465, 469, 480, 483, 490–492 , 495, 518–521 , 527–529

• complement clause54, 78, 84, 91–92 ; , 117–118 ; , 166, 173–174 ; , 176, 228, 234, 291, 390, 404, 416, 461, 499see also complementation

• complementation24, 131, 133, 460see also complement clause

• conjunction reduction3, 22, 28, 38, 70, 75, 87, 90, 103–104 , 127, 131, 133, 165, 167, 180–182 , 464

• constituent order3, 16, 18–19 , 46–47 , 70, 75, 107–108 , 111–114 , 121, 133, 185, 204–260 , 261, 284–285 , 346, 349, 351–352 , 387, 392, 399–400 , 418–419 , 429, 433–434 , 440–441 , 479, 511, 513, 516–518 , 521, 529

• control construction 19–22 , 38, 59, 63, 70, 75, 90, 92, 103–104 , 107, 121, 127, 166, 186, 198–199 , 206, 257–259 , 263, 276, 295–297 , 433–434 , 460–465 , 513

• controllee15, 20–23 , 28, 38, 121–122 , 127, 165, 173–176 , 178–181 , 389–390 , 434, 462–465

• controller20, 22–23 , 28, 38, 92–96 , 121, 165–166 , 173–181 , 297, 290, 443, 462–464

• dative argument40, 79, 190–191 , 368, 383, 387

• dative case8, 10–11 , 70, 72–73 , 78, 84–86 , 93–97 , 115, 187–193 , 195–196 , 201, 204, 349, 358, 361, 365, 376, 381, 384, 391, 393, 434–435 , 437, 445–446 , 448, 528

• dative marking 229–230 , 234–235 , 239, 476, 486–489 See dative case

• definiteness43, 188–189 , 269, 279, 305, 376

• detransitivization

• differential argument marking 12–13 ; , 108, 132, 151, 179, 182, 283, 479, 484, 513see also differential object marking

• differential object marking2, 12–14 , 189, 349, 376, 400, 409

• direct object2, 25, 27, 29, 40, 72–74 , 107–108 , 110, 172, 181, 186, 349, 351, 356–358 , 361, 369, 371–372 , 374, 377, 380–381 , 383, 385–386 , 391–392 , 394

• direct-inverse 44–45 , 47, 59, 63–64 , 214–215 , 220–221

• dislocation 234–235 , 267, 273–274 , 281, 451, 465

• ditransitive construction95, 111, 381, 383, 386–387 , 393, 395

• ditransitive verb2, 111, 275, 292, 349, 351, 383, 385–386 , 395, 410, 414

• ergative(-absolutive) alignment3, 26, 63, 69–70 , 75, 80, 102–103 , 131–133 , 187, 189, 205, 213, 230, 253, 345–346 , 441, 444, 469, 471, 473, 475, 501, 505–506

• ergative argument26, 79, 93, 96, 136–137 , 141, 146, 157, 159, 165, 171, 175, 177, 180, 190–191 , 193, 194

• ergative (case, marking)4, 70, 72, 78, 85–86 , 99, 103, 135–136 , 151, 157, 161, 186–188 , 190, 195, 477, 479, 489, 491, 495, 498, 501, 529

• ethical dative 421–422 , 430

• external possession49, 51, 513, 521–524 , 529

• floating quantifierSee quantifier float

• focus19, 81, 113, 131, 133, 143, 159–161 , 180–182 , 186, 200–201 , 206, 233, 260, 270, 327, 333–334 , 352, 368, 370, 376, 377, 388, 392

• genitive (case, marking)70, 84, 93–97 , 137, 161, 172, 181, 340–341 , 365, 388, 393, 437–440 , 477, 482, 498, 500

• grammaticalization507, 529

• hierarchical alignment13, 220

• horizontal alignment64

• incorporation29, 40, 196, 213, 215, 225, 243–245 , 252, 331–332 , 341–342 , 345–346 , 399–400 , 422–424 , 429

• indexing17, 38, 43, 46, 59, 63, 189, 191–195 ; , 197–198 ; , 204, 215, 349, 351, 356–358 ; , 362, 364–365 ; , 368, 370–371 ; , 376, 384, 386, 388, 395, 473, 513–516 ; , 521, 528–529 ; see also agreement and verbal person marking

• indirect object2, 25, 172, 181, 186, 351, 356–358 , 370, 383, 445, 452

• indirective alignment64, 285, 317

• infinitive21, 84, 91–92 , 338, 354, 381, 503, 505–506

• instrumental (case, marking)17, 143–144 , 146, 156, 241, 287, 359, 365, 372, 377, 388, 395, 408, 425, 437, 449–450 , 454, 477–478 , 481, 487, 491, 496, 507

• intransitive22, 72, 77–78 , 88, 92, 95–98 , 103, 108–109 , 120, 122, 131, 135–136 , 140, 142–154 , 158, 160–162 , 166, 168, 170–174 , 177–180 , 188, 190, 214–215 , 217, 219, 221–226 , 228, 230–235 , 237–240 , 242–250 , 252–253 , 258, 262–263 , 266, 268, 278, 292, 304, 308–309 , 321, 361–364 , 366, 368, 371–374 , 376, 382–383 , 385–387 , 391, 394–395 , 402–404 , 406, 416–417 , 419, 421–425 , 427, 430, 434–437 , 440–443 , 448, 469, 471, 473–478 , 482–483 , 487–488 , 491–493 , 501–503 , 505, 507, 512

• labile verb311, 382–383 , 483, 486, 507, 513

• lability309, 312, 332, 382–383 , 477, 483, 486

• light verb329, 477

• malefactive49, 447, 456

• matrix clause20, 21–22 , 59, 97, 117–119 , 125–127 , 170, 173, 198, 247, 264

• matrix predicate22, 78, 121, 275–276 ; see also matrix verb

• matrix verb20, 78, 91–92 ; , 121, 123, 174, 176, 178, 181, 461see also matrix predicate

• middle29, 131, 154, 197, 257, 262, 312–314 , 326, 332, 336, 345, 409, 451, 469, 486, 494, 527

• monovalent (verb, predicate or clause)41, 43, 46–50 , 54, 71–72 , 77, 81, 98, 186–187 , 189–190 , 193, 195–197 , 200, 203, 240, 245, 304, 308, 314, 318, 345, 410, 426, 429, 511–514 , 519–520 , 522, 524

• neutral alignment69, 82, 102, 104, 318, 475

• nominative(-accusative) alignment69, 102, 104, 245–247 , 259, 319, 345–346 , 349, 387, 395, 469, 473, 475, 507

• nominalization108, 131, 133, 160–161 , 168–169 , 180, 182, 229, 233, 240, 253, 340, 345, 404, 406–407 , 469, 497–499 , 506–507

• object27, 29, 40, 47–48 , 70, 108, 110, 127, 131, 186, 253, 271, 278–279 , 281, 284–285 , 291–292 , 296–298 , 304, 309, 327, 355, 357–358 , 361–362 , 370, 374–378 , 380–382 , 384–388 , 391, 393, 395, 423, 426, 429, 433–435 , 439, 441, 449, 451, 456, 475–476 , 480, 484, 488, 491–492 , 501, 518, 520, 521

• oblique9, 25, 27, 41–42 , 44–45 , 48, 58, 62–64 , 115, 118, 122–123 , 135, 137–139 , 144–145 , 152, 159, 168–169 , 171–172 , 177, 181, 213–214 , 220, 222–227 , 229–230 , 232, 234, 237, 238–241 , 251, 257–259 , 261–262 , 267–293 , 297–298 , 302–307 , 309–311 , 315–317 , 321–323 , 325, 327, 330–331 , 335, 340, 365–366 , 414, 421–422 , 430, 434–435 , 437–438 , 441, 445–452 , 456, 460–461 , 465, 487, 489, 523

• passive 27–28 , 48–49 , 51, 54, 56–57 , 62, 117–118 , 127, 155–158 , 175, 180, 204, 216, 257–258 , 261–263 , 265, 268–269 , 274–275 , 277, 280–282 , 298, 311–312 , 315, 321–322 , 328–329 , 351, 392–393 , 399–400 , 404–408 , 410, 417, 424–427 , 429, 433–434 , 443–445 , 451–452 , 454, 456–460 , 464–465 , 469, 486–490 , 507

• predicative possession 364–366 , 370

• primary object39, 43, 53, 63–64 , 115, 284–285 , 434, 452, 463, 505–506 , 511, 513–515 , 519, 521–523 , 528

• purpose (clause, construction)See purposive

• purposive (clause, construction)52, 125, 127, 223, 295, 462–463

• quantifier float29, 38, 63, 70, 101, 103, 127, 131–133 , 165, 180–181 , 213, 247, 250–252 , 257, 260, 267, 272, 297, 513

• raising3, 19–22 , 59, 62–63 , 75, 94–95 , 127, 186, 199–200 , 206, 249, 259, 263–266 , 418, 424, 513, 521

• recipient70, 85–86 , 108, 111, 138, 140, 145, 258, 270, 317, 351, 359, 362, 370, 381, 383, 386, 394–395 , 435, 446–447 , 452–453 , 459–460 , 477

• reciprocal9, 69–70 , 75, 93, 96–98 , 103–104 , 131, 133, 147–148 , 247, 336–337 , 345, 382, 438, 469, 490, 493–495 , 507

• reflexive3, 44–45 , 60, 70, 76, 93–98 , 103, 122–124 , 127, 133, 147–148 , 213, 215, 245, 247, 259, 275–281 , 312–313 , 326, 332, 382, 438, 469, 477, 486, 490, 493–494 , 507

• relativization63, 69–70 ; , 75, 100, 103–104 ; , 131, 133, 170, 172, 181–182 ; , 186, 200, 213–214 ; , 226–231 ; , 237–239 ; , 242, 252, 334, 339, 345–346 ; , 393, 451, 469, 471, 499–501 ; , 513see also relativization site

• relativization site 24–26 , 30, 200

• role (semantic role, argument role)5, 7–11 , 16–19 , 21, 26, 31, 36, 38, 41, 44, 64, 70–71 , 79, 85–86 , 89, 107–109 , 125, 135, 138, 143–145 , 201, 213–216 , 220, 222, 239, 241, 245, 252–253 , 258, 277, 283, 286, 290, 304, 307, 309, 316, 318–319 , 322, 328, 333–334 , 336, 341, 343, 362, 370, 382, 395, 434, 437, 448, 452, 460, 465, 470, 492, 497, 516, 518, 521–524 , 528–529

• scenario2, 13, 15–16 , 44, 46, 51, 56, 58–59 , 61, 63, 82, 86, 217, 234, 253, 473, 475–477 , 481, 483–486 , 499, 502–507

• scenario-based alignment475, 506

• secondary object39, 63–64 , 285, 452, 523

• secondary predicate 172–173 , 180, 335, 513, 527–529

• secundative alignment258, 263, 285, 317

• semantic alignment12, 441, 465

• semantic roleSee role

• split alignment2, 189, 220–221 , 228, 395, 477

• split-S109, 189, 257, 262–263 , 395

• stimulus73, 96, 187, 291, 322, 424, 447, 477–479 , 491

• subject (conditions, effects) 2–5 , 18–21 , 25–27 , 29, 39–40 , 47–48 , 62–63 , 107–108 , 113, 115, 118, 127, 131, 135, 148, 155–157 , 161–163 , 165, 167, 172–173 , 175, 179–181 , 186, 200, 202–203 , 245, 253, 257, 259, 298, 304, 306, 309, 327, 346, 349, 351, 353, 355–357 , 360–364 , 368–371 , 374, 376–377 , 382–383 , 385–390 , 394–395 , 400–401 , 427, 429, 433–434 , 440–441 , 462–463 , 465, 476–480 , 487–488 , 496, 511, 513–515 , 518–521 , 525–526 , 528

• switch-reference marking3, 91, 126, 127

• three-place predicate240, 258, 269, 280, 283–284 , 377, 379, 383, 434, 445, 452, 456–457 , 459–460 , 465

• topic113, 133, 153–154 , 157–161 , 260, 273, 303, 342, 364, 366, 377, 388, 413, 477

• transitive9, 12, 39, 72, 77, 90, 92, 94, 96–98 , 100–101 , 103, 108–113 , 115, 118, 120, 122, 131–132 , 135–136 , 140–146 , 148, 151, 153–157 , 160–162 , 166, 170, 172–175 , 177–178 , 180–181 , 203, 213–217 , 219–222 , 225, 228–234 , 236–238 , 240, 242–247 , 249–253 , 257–258 , 261, 263, 268, 278, 284–285 , 291, 296, 298, 308–309 , 316, 318–319 , 324, 345, 351–352 , 352, 361–362 , 369, 371–372 , 374, 376–379 , 382–383 , 391, 395, 403, 411–412 , 416–423 , 427, 430, 434–437 , 440–443 , 445, 448, 452, 465, 469, 471, 473–477 , 479–480 , 482–483 , 488–489 , 491–492 , 494–495 , 501–502 , 505–507 , 519, 521–523 , 527

• transitivity 107–112 , 120, 122, 142–143 , 154, 156, 185, 215–216 , 222, 225, 229–230 , 237, 241, 244, 263, 309, 316, 361, 385, 436, 469, 471, 473, 486, 490, 503, 507

• trivalent (verb, predicate or clause)17, 43–44 ; , 46–48 ; , 55, 57, 71, 75, 85, 92, 98–100 ; , 103, 111, 115, 187, 189, 190, 192, 193–195 ; , 198, 201, 226, 238–239 ; , 251, 258, 304–305 ; , 317–318 ; , 325, 423, 511–515 ; , 524see also three-place predicate

• unaccusative verb186, 440, 442, 456

• unergative verb186, 441, 456

• valency27, 49, 55, 69, 71, 187, 215, 222, 229, 231, 237, 239, 241, 302–303 , 308, 314, 316, 319, 325, 328–329 , 331–332 , 343, 361, 390, 400, 419, 433, 444, 451, 464, 469–470 , 477, 483, 507, 511–513 , 518
  • valency class2, 11, 40–42 , 44–46 , 70–71 , 74, 188–189 , 195, 302, 314, 316, 332
  • valency frame2, 88, 98

• verbal person marking190, 245–246 ; , 269, 470, 472–473 ; , 475, 480, 484, 493, 495, 499, 502, 506, 508see also agreement and indexing

• word orderSee constituent order