Article published In:
Translation and Translanguaging in Multilingual ContextsVol. 10:2 (2024) ► pp.117–138
Vol. 10:2 (2024) ► pp.117–138
Trust to test translation practices
A case study of Shanghai, China
Trust is important in public health communication to culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) communities during pandemics. This empirical research, using quantitative data from 107 foreign nationals at a university in Shanghai, probes into how trust varied in official translation services (OTS) and non-official translation services (NOTS) during COVID-19. Statistical analysis was carried out by IBM SPSS Statistics 26 and it was found that (1) NOTS which are more frequently used are more trusted compared with OTS; (2) NOTS are uncorrelated with demographics while OTS are correlated with demographics, among which education and trust in OTS suggest a linear positive relationship (Sig. = 0.003, β = 0.467), whereas age and trust in OTS suggest a linear negative relationship (Sig. = 0.027, β = −0.348); (3) there is a positive relationship between the frequency of using services and trust, i.e., higher frequency implies higher trust. The findings of this case study can have implications for policy makers and the representatives of CALD communities.
Keywords: trust, CALD communities, public health communication, official and non-official translation services, translation practices
Article outline
- 1.Introduction
- 2.Methodology
- 2.1Definition of terms
- 2.2Sample
- 2.3Ethical considerations
- 3.Data analysis and results
- 3.1Reliability and validity tests
- 3.2Demographic statistics
- 3.3Information channels
- 3.4Frequency of language barriers
- 3.5Frequency of using translation to solve language barriers
- 3.6Trust analysis in different translation services
- 3.7Results and analysis
- 4.Linear regression
- 4.1Multiple linear regression
- 4.2Multiple regression model
- 4.3Test of multiple regression model
- 5.Conclusion and implications
- Acknowledgements
-
References
Available under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) 4.0 license.
For any use beyond this license, please contact the publisher at [email protected].
References
Acton, Ciaran, Deirdre A. Fullerton, and Robert L. Miller
2002 SPSS
for Social Scientists. New York: Palgrave.
Arlikatti, Sudha, Michael K. Lindell, and Carla S. Prater
2007 “Perceived
Stakeholder Role Relationships and Adoption of Seismic Hazard Adjustments.” International
Journal of Mass Emergencies and
Disasters 25(3): 218–256. 
Cadwell, Patrick
2015 Translation
and Trust: A Case study of How Translation was Experienced by Foreign Nationals Resident in Japan for the 2011 Great East
Japan Earthquake. Ph.D. diss., Dublin City University.
2020 “Trust,
Distrust and Translation in a Disaster.” Disaster Prevention and
Management 29(2): 157–174.
Chen, Juliet Honglei, Yun Li, Anise M. S. Wu, and Kwok Kit Tong
2020 “The
Overlooked Minority: Mental Health of International Students Worldwide Under the COVID-19 Pandemic and
Beyond.” Asian Journal of
Psychiatry 541: 102333.
Constantin, Cristinel
2017 “Using
the Boxplot Analysis in Marketing Research.” Bulletin of the Transilvania University of Brașov.
Series V, Economic
Science 10(2): 21–28.
Cronbach, Lee J.
1951 “Coefficient Alpha and the
Internal Structure of
Tests.” Psychometrika 16(3): 297–334.
Curnin, Steven, Christine Owen, Douglas Paton, Cain Trist, and David Parsons
2015 “Role
Clarity, Swift Trust and Multi-Agency Coordination.” Journal of Contingencies and Crisis
Management 23(1): 29–35.
Cvetkovich, George, and Patricia L. Winter
2003 “Trust
and Social Representations of the Management of Threatened and Endangered Species.” Environment
and
Behavior 35(2): 286–307.
Eadie, Pauline, and Yvonne Su
2018 “Post-Disaster
Social Capital: Trust, Equity, Bayanihan and Typhoon Yolanda.” Disaster Prevention and
Management 27(3): 334–345.
Farrer, James
2019 International
Migrants in China’s Global City: The New Shanghailanders. New York: Routledge.
Federici, Federico Marco
2016 “Introduction: A State of
Emergency for Crisis Communication.” In Mediating Emergencies and
Conflicts: Frontline Translating and Interpreting, ed. by Federico M. Federici, 1–28. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK.
Federici, Federico Marco, and Patrick Cadwell
2018 “Training
Citizen Translators: Design and Delivery of Bespoke Training on the Fundamentals of Translation for New Zealand Red
Cross.” Translation
Spaces 7(1): 20–43.
Greenwood, Faine, Caitlin Howarth, Danielle N. Poole, Nathaniel A. Raymond, and Daniel P. Scarnecchia
2017 The
Signal Code: A Human Rights Approach to Information During
Crisis. Cambridge: Harvard Humanitarian Initiative. [URL]
He, Zhongjun
2015 Baidu
Translate: Research and Products. Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Hybrid Approaches to
Translation
(HyTra), 61–62. Beijing: The Association for Computational Linguistics.
Iqbal, Mansoor
Karidakis, Maria, Robyn Woodward-Kron, Riccardo Amorati, Bei Hu, Anthony Pym, and John Hajek
2022 “Enhancing
COVID-19 Public Health Communication for Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Communities: An Australian Interview Study with
Community Representatives.” Qualitative Health
Communication 1(1): 61–83.
Kelly, Yvonne, Afshin Zilanawala, Cara Booker, and Amanda Sacker
2018 “Social
Media Use and Adolescent Mental Health: Findings from the UK Millennium Cohort
Study.” EClinicalMedicine 61: 59–68.
Khalili, Robabe, Sirati nir Masoud, Ebadi Abbas, Abbas Tavallai, and Mehdi Habibi
2017 “Validity
and Reliability of the Cohen 10-Item Perceived Stress Scale in Patients with Chronic Headache: Persian
Version.” Asian Journal of
Psychiatry 261: 136–140.
Khan, Karamat, Yanyan Li, Sheng Liu, and Chuntao Li
2021 “Psychological
Distress and Trust in University Management Among International Students During the COVID-19
Pandemic.” Frontiers in
Psychology 121: 679661.
Khodyakov, Dmitry
2007 “Trust
as a Process: A Three-Dimensional Approach.” Sociology
(Oxford) 41(1): 115–132.
Leonhardt, Marja, and Stian Overå
2021 “Are
There Differences in Video Gaming and Use of Social Media Among Boys and Girls? -A Mixed Methods
Approach.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public
Health 18(11): 6085.
Li, Jia, Ping Xie, Bin Ai, and Lisheng Li
2020 “Multilingual
Communication Experiences of International Students During the COVID-19
Pandemic.” Multilingua 39(5): 529–539.
Li, Yuming. ( 李宇明
2017 “树立外语生活意识 [Fostering an awareness of foreign language
life].” 中国外语 [Foreign Languages in
China] 14 (5): 1, 9–10.
Luo, Jinru, and Dechao Li
2022 “Universals
in Machine Translation? A Corpus-based Study of Chinese-English Translations by WeChat
Translate.” International Journal of Corpus
Linguistics 27(1): 31–58.
Lyon, Fergus, Guido Möllering, and Mark N. K. Saunders
2015 “Introduction.
Researching Trust: The Ongoing Challenge of Matching Objectives and
Methods.” In Handbook of Research Methods on
Trust, ed. by Fergus Lyon, Guido Möllering, and Mark N. K. Saunders, 1–22. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited.
Norris, Gareth, Faiza Qureshi, Dennis Howitt, and Duncan Cramer
2012 Introduction
to Statistics with SPSS for the Social Sciences. New York: Pearson Education Limited.
Nunnally, Jum C.
1975 “
Psychometric Theory-25
Years Ago and Now
.” Educational
Researcher 4(10): 7–21.
O’Brien, Sharon, and Federico Marco Federici
2020 “Crisis
Translation: Considering Language Needs in Multilingual Disaster Settings.” Disaster Prevention
and
Management 29(2): 129–143.
O’Brien, Sharon, Patrick Cadwell, and Tetyana Lokot
2022 “Parallel
Pandemic Spaces: Translation, Trust and Social Media.” In Translation
and Social Media Communication in the Age of the Pandemic, ed. by Tong King Lee, and Dingkun Wang, 62–77. New York: Routledge.
Paton, Douglas
2007 “Preparing
for Natural Hazards: The Role of Community Trust.” Prevention and
Management 16(3): 370–379.
2008 ‘Risk
Communication and Natural Hazard Mitigation: How Trust Influences its
Effectiveness.” International Journal of Global Environmental
Issues 8(1–2): 2–16.
Pym, Anthony, and Bei Hu
2022 “Trust
and Cooperation through Social Media: COVID-19 Translations for Chinese Communities in
Melbourne.” In Translation and Social Media Communication in the Age
of the Pandemic, ed. by Tong King Lee, and Dingkun Wang, 44–61. New York: Routledge.
Radcliffe, Damian
Roni, Saiyidi Mat, and Hadrian Geri Djajadikerta
2021 Data
Analysis with SPSS for Survey-Based
Research. Rochor: Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
Rousseau, Denise M., Sim B. Sitkin, Ronald S. Burt, and Colin Camerer
1998 “Not
so Different after All: A Cross-Discipline View of Trust.” The Academy of Management
Review 23(3): 393–404.
Sears, David O., and Carolyn L. Funk
1999 “Evidence
of the Long-Term Persistence of Adults’ Political Predispositions.” The Journal of
Politics 61(1): 1–28.
Shanghai Municipal Education
Commission
2021 “上海市政府常务会议原则同意《关于本市全面加强新时代语言文字工作的实施意见》 [The Implementation of the Guidelines
of Comprehensively Strengthening Language and Characters in the New Era in
Shanghai].” Accessed June 4,
2023. [URL]
Shanghai Municipal Statistics
Bureau
Teng, Yanjiang
2022 “Citizen
Translators’ ‘Imagined Community’ Engagement in Crisis
Communication.” In Language as a Social Determinant of Health
Translating and Interpreting the COVID-19 Pandemic, ed. by Federico Marco Federici, 293–316. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
The National Bureau of
Statistics
The Office of Shanghai
Chronicles
Tipton, Rebecca
2011 “Relationships
of Learning Between Military Personnel and Interpreters in Situations of Violent Conflict: Dual Pedagogies and Communities of
Practice.” The Interpreter and Translator
Trainer 5(1): 15–40.
Van de Walle, Steven, and Geert Bouckaert
2003 “Public
Service Performance and Trust in Government: The Problem of Causality.” International Journal
of Public
Administration 26(8–9): 891–913.
Xu, Yanfei
2020 “在沪老外超喜爱的神奇热线, 疫情期间帮他们解决燃眉之急 [Shanghai Call Center 962288
Helping Foreign Nationals during the COVID-19 Pandemic].” 澎湃 [The
Paper]. Accessed June 4,
2023. [URL]
Yang, Seongwoo, and Sung-Il Cho
2017 “Middle
East Respiratory Syndrome Risk Perception among Students at a University in South Korea,
2015.” American Journal of Infection
Control 45(6): e53–e60.
Ye, Maoxin, and Zeyu Lyu
2020 “Trust,
Risk Perception, and COVID-19 Infections: Evidence from Multilevel Analyses of Combined Original Dataset in
China.” Social Science &
Medicine (1982) 2651: 113517.
Yockey, Ronald D.
2016 SPSS Demystified: A Step-by-Step Guide
to Successful Data
Analysis. London: Routledge.
Yu, Weiqi, and Zhang Jingwei
2021 “大城市涉外语言治理能力建设方略研究-基于疫情防控事件的分析 [Construction Strategy of
Language Governance Capacity Concerning Foreign Affairs in Big Cities: An Analysis Based on Pandemic Prevention and
Control].” 中国语言战略 [China Language
Strategies] 8(2): 101–109.
Zand, Dale E.
2016 “Reflections on Trust and Trust
Research: Then and Now.” Journal of Trust
Research 6(1): 63–73.
Zhang, Jie
2021 Language
Policy and Planning for the Modern Olympic Games. Berlin, Germany: De Gruyter Mouton.
Zheng, Yongyan
2020 “Mobilizing
Foreign Language Students for Multilingual Crisis Translation in
Shanghai.” Multilingua 39(5): 587–595.
Zou, Juan
2020 “上海已开通外籍人士24小时咨询电话 [24 Hours-12345 Hotline Services for
Foreign Nationals in Shanghai].” 澎湃 [The Paper]. Accessed June 4, 2023. [URL]