Article published in:
The Evolution of Englishes: The Dynamic Model and beyond
Edited by Sarah Buschfeld, Thomas Hoffmann, Magnus Huber and Alexander Kautzsch
[Varieties of English Around the World G49] 2014
► pp. 70–85

Beyond Nativization? Philippine English in Schneider's Dynamic Model

According to Schneider (2007), the development of Philippine English (PE) is unique in that the language was brought to the country through American, and not British, colonial expansion. Whereas Outer Circle countries in Southeast Asia, such as Malaysia, took about two hundred years to move from Phase 1 to Phase 3 of the Dynamic Model, English in the Philippines evolved to a state of Nativization in fewer than a hundred years. In this chapter, I explore the issue of PE as remaining restricted in Phase 3 and thus, “coming to a halt” in the Nativization Phase (Schneider 2007: 143) of the model. Or, as some have claimed, has PE progressed beyond Nativization and developed into a variety of Endonormative Stabilization?
Keywords: Dynamic Model, English varieties, Philippine English, post-colonial English, World Englishes
Published online: 12 September 2014
https://doi.org/10.1075/veaw.g49.05mar
References
Abad, G., Butler, S., Evasco, M. & Hidalgo, C.P
1997 Standards in Philippine English: The writers’ forum. In English is an Asian language: The Philippine Context, M.L. Bautista (ed.), 163–176. Manila: The Macquarie Library.Google Scholar
Anvil-Macquarie Dictionary of Philippine English for High School
2000 Manila: Anvil Publishing.Google Scholar
Asuncion, Z.S
2010 Filipino college freshman students’ oral compensatory strategies. Philippine ESL Journal 5: 2–21.Google Scholar
Azores, F.M
1967 A Preliminary Investigation of the Phenomenon of Language Change in the Philippines. MA dissertation, Ateneo de Manila University.Google Scholar
Bautista, M.L
1980 [1974] The Filipino Bilingual’s Linguistic Competence: A Model Based on an Analysis of Tagalog-English Code Switching [Pacific Linguistics Series C-59]. Canberra: Australian National University.Google Scholar
1996 An outline: The national language and the language of instruction. In M.L. Bautista (ed.), 223–227.
1998 Another look at Tagalog-English code-Switching. In Pagtanaw: Essays on Language in Honor of Teodoro A. Llamzon, M.L. Bautista (ed.), 128–146. Manila: Linguistic Society of the Philippines.Google Scholar
2000a Defining Standard Philippine English: Its Status and Grammatical Features. Manila: De La Salle University Press.Google Scholar
2000b The grammatical features of educated Philippine English. In Parangal Cang Brother Andrew: Festschrift for Andrew Gonzalez on his Sixtieth Birthday, M.L. Bautista, T. Llamzon & B. Sibayan (eds), 146–158. Manila: Linguistic Society of the Philippines.Google Scholar
2001a Attitudes of English language faculty in three leading Philippine universities towards Philippine English. Asian Englishes 4(1): 4–32. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2001b Attitudes of selected Luzon University students and faculty towards Philippine English. In Rosario E. Maminta In Focus: Selected Writings in Applied Linguistics, Philippine Association for Language Teaching, 235–273. Quezon City: Philippine Association for Language Teaching.Google Scholar
2004 An overview of the Philippine component of the International Corpus of English (ICE-PH). Asian Englishes 7(2): 71–295.Google Scholar
2008 Investigating the grammatical features of Philippine English. In M.L. Bautista & K. Bolton (eds), 201–218.
2011 Introducing the Philippine component of the International Corpus of English: Circa 2010. In M.L. Bautista (ed.), 3–22.
Bautista, M.L.
(ed.) 1996 Readings in Philippine Sociolinguistics. Manila: DLSU Press.Google Scholar
(ed.) 2011 Studies of Philippine English: Exploring the Philippine Component of the International Corpus of English. Manila: Anvil Publishing.Google Scholar
Bautista, M.L. & Bolton, K.
(eds) 2008 Philippine English: Linguistic and Literary Perspectives. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Benton, R
1996 The Philippine bilingual education program – Education for the masses or the preparation of a new elite? (1980). In M.L. Bautista (ed.), 308–326.
Bernardo, A
2013 Toward an Endonormative Pedagogic Model in the Teaching of English Grammar in Philippine Higher Education Institutions. PhD dissertation, University of Santo Tomas.Google Scholar
Biermeier, T
2011 Lexical trends in Philippine English. In M.L. Bautista (ed.), 223–247.
Bloomfield, L
1933 Language. New York NY: Holt Rinehart Winston.Google Scholar
Blount, J.H
1912 The American Occupation of the Philippines, 1898–1912. New York NY: G.P. Putnam’s Sons.Google Scholar
Bolton, K
2003 Chinese Englishes: A Sociolinguistic History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
2011 The study of Philippine English: The contribution of corpus linguistics. In M.L. Bautista (ed.), xi–xiv.
Bolton, K. & Butler, S
2008 Lexicography and the description of Philippine English vocabulary. In M.L. Bautista & K. Bolton (eds), 175–200.
Borlongan, A.M
2009a A survey on language use, attitudes, and identity in relation to Philippine English among young generation Filipinos: An initial sample from a private university. Philippine ESL Journal 3: 74–107.Google Scholar
2009b Tagalog-English code-switching in English language classes: Frequency and forms. TESOL Journal 1: 28–41.Google Scholar
2011a Relocating Philippine English in Schneider’s Dynamic Model. Paper presented at the 17th Conference of International Association for World Englishes, 23 to 25 November, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
2011b Some aspects of PhilE morphosyntax. In M.L. Bautista (ed.), 187–199.
2011c The preparation and writing of a grammar of the verb in Philippine English and the teaching of the English verb system in Philippine schools. Philippine ESL Journal 7: 120–122.Google Scholar
Bureau of Census and Statistics, Department of Commerce and Industry, Republic of the Philippines
1954 Summary and General Report on the 1948 Census of Population and Agriculture (Part I Population). Manila: Bureau of Printing.Google Scholar
Bureau of Education
1903 Reports of Division Superintendents and Principals of the Insular, Normal, Trade, and Nautical Schools for the Year Ending September 1, 1903. Manila: Bureau of Printing.Google Scholar
1908 8th Annual Report of the Director of Education, June 1, 1907 to June 30, 1908. Manila: Bureau of Printing.Google Scholar
Bureau of Public Schools
1954 Report of the General Superintendent for Education for the Philippine Islands for the period September 1, 1902 to September 30, 1903. In Annual School Reports 1901–1903. Manila: Bureau of Printing.Google Scholar
Chanco, A., Francisco, E. & Talamisan, T
1999 Code switching: A look into the language patterns of some television hosts in Metro Manila. In The Filipino Bilingual: A Multidisciplinary Perspective, M.L. Bautista & G.O. Tan (eds), 32–35. Manila: Linguistic Society of the Philippines.Google Scholar
Collins, P
2011 Variable agreement in the existential-there construction in Philippine English. In M.L. Bautista (ed.), 175–186.
Dayag, D
2002 Code-switching in Philippine print ads: A syntactico-pragmatic description. Philippine Journal of Linguistics 3(1): 33–52.Google Scholar
2007 Exploring the intelligibility of Philippine English. Asian Englishes 10(1): 4–23. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2012 Philippine English. In E.L. Low & A. Hashim (eds), 91–100.
Dita, S
2011 The grammar and semantics of adverbial disjuncts in Philippine English. In M.L. Bautista (ed.), 33–50.
Freer, W.B
1906 The Philippine Experiences of an American Teacher: A Narrative of Work and Travel in the Philippine Islands. New York NY: Charles Scribner’s Sons.Google Scholar
Friginal, E
2011 The modal verb would in spoken and written Philippine English. In M.L. Bautista (ed.), 51–74.Google Scholar
Gleeck, L. Jr.
1977 The Manila Americans (1901–1964). Manila: Carmelo and Bauermann.Google Scholar
Go, M.A. & Gustilo, L
2013 Tagalog or Taglish: The Lingua Franca of Filipino Urban Factory Workers. Philippine ESL Journal 10: 57–87.Google Scholar
Gonzalez, A
1972 Review of Teodoro Llamzon’s Standard Filipino English (1969). Philippine Journal of Language Teaching 7(1–2): 93–108.Google Scholar
1996 Evaluating bilingual education in the Philippines: Towards a multidimensional model of evaluation in language planning. In M.L. Bautista (ed.), 325–340.Google Scholar
1998 The language planning situation in the Philippines. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 19(5–6): 487–525. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2005 Philippine English. In Concise Oxford Companion to the English Language, T. McArthur (ed.), 438–440. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
2008 A favorable climate and soil: A transplanted language and literature. In M.L. Bautista & K. Bolton (eds), 13–28.Google Scholar
Gonzalez, A., Jambalos, T. & Romero, M.C
2003 Three Studies on Philippine English across Generations: Towards an Integration and some Implications. Manila: Linguistic Society of the Philippines.Google Scholar
Kachru, B
2005 Asian Englishes: Beyond the Canon. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.Google Scholar
Kirkpatrick, A.
(ed.) 2010. The Routledge Handbook of World Englishes. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Limoso, R.J
2002 Code Switching among Literature Teachers of Miriam College: Patterns, Functions, and Implications. MA dissertation, Ateneo de Manila University.Google Scholar
Llamzon, T
1969 Standard Filipino English. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press.Google Scholar
Low, E.L. & Hashim, A.
(eds) 2012 English in Southeast Asia: Features, Policy, and Language in Use [Varieties of English Around the World G42]. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Marcos, F
1977 Education and the realities of Pilipino life. FAPE Review 7: 4–5.Google Scholar
Martin, I.P
2006 Language in Philippine classrooms: Enfeebling or enabling? Asian Englishes Journal 9(2): 48–67. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2007 The literature Filipino students do not read. In English in Southeast Asia: Literacies, Literatures and Varieties, D. Prescott, A. Kirkpatrick, A. Hashim & I.P. Martin (eds), 290–318. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars.Google Scholar
2008 Colonial education and the shaping of Philippine literature in English. In M.L. Bautista & K. Bolton (eds), 245–260.Google Scholar
2010 Periphery ELT: The politics and practice of teaching English in the Philippines. In A. Kirkpatrick (ed.), 247–264.Google Scholar
2012 Diffusion and directions: English language policy in the Philippines. In E.L. Low & A. Hashim (eds), 189–205.Google Scholar
Mufwene, S
2001 The Ecology of Language Evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Nivera, G.C
2003 Spoken discourse in the tertiary mathematics classroom. Philippine Journal of Linguistics 34(2) and 35(1): 7–13.Google Scholar
Pascasio, E.M
1978 Dynamics of code switching in the business domain. Philippine Journal of Linguistics 9(1–2): 40–50.Google Scholar
Sandlin, R
2008 English remains the only hope of the Philippines [Letter to the editor]. /Philippine Daily Inquirer/, 2008-03-11. <http://​opinion​.inquirer​.net​/inquireropinion​/lettersto​-theeditor​/view​/20080311​-123952​/English​-remains​-the​-only​-hope​-of​-the​-Philippines> (11 May 2011).Google Scholar
Schneider, E.W
2007 Postcolonial English: Varieties around the World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2011 The subjective in Philippine English: An updated assessment. In M.L. Bautista (ed.), 159–173.Google Scholar
Sibayan, B
1996 The intellectualization of Filipino. In M.L. Bautista (ed.), 240–253.Google Scholar
Tayao, M.L
2008 A lectal description of the phonological features of Philippine English. In M.L. Bautista & K. Bolton (eds), 157–174.Google Scholar
Thompson, R
2003 Filipino English and Taglish: Language Switching from Multiple Perspectives [Varieties of English Around the World G31]. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Tope, L.R
2008 Negotiating language: Postcolonialism and nationalism in Philippine literature in English. In M.L. Bautista & K. Bolton (eds), 261–278.Google Scholar
Tupas, T.R
2006 Standard Englishes: Pedagogical paradigms and their conditions of (im)possibility. In English in the World: Global Rules, Global Roles, R. Rubdy & M. Saraceni (eds), 169–185. London: Continuum.Google Scholar
2010 Which norms in everyday practice and why? In A. Kirkpatrick (ed.), 567–579.Google Scholar
Cited by

Cited by 1 other publications

Schneider, Edgar W. & Anne Schröder
2021.  In The Dynamics of English in Namibia [Varieties of English Around the World, G65], ► pp. 275 ff. Crossref logo

This list is based on CrossRef data as of 26 april 2022. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.