Cover not available
Part of
Bermudian English: A sociohistorical and linguistic profile
Nicole Eberle
[Varieties of English Around the World G64] 2021
► pp. 189–202

References

Primary data
Kortmann, B. & Lunkenheimer, K. 2011. The Electronic World Atlas of Varieties of English. <[URL]> (1 August 2017).Google Scholar
Secondary sources
Aceto, M. & Williams, J. P. (eds). 2003. Contact Englishes of the Eastern Caribbean [Varieties of English Around the World G30]. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Agar, M. H. 1996. The Professional Stranger. An Informal Introduction to Ethnography. San Diego CA: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Anderwald, L. 2001. Was/were variation in non-standard British English today. English World-Wide 22: 1–21. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Anttila, A. 2004. Variation and phonological theory. In Chambers, Trudgill & Schilling-Estes (eds), 206–243. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Ayres, H. M. 1933. Bermudian English. American Speech 8: 3–10. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Babel, M. 2010. Dialect divergence and convergence in New Zealand English. Language in Society 39: 437–456. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Baker, P. 1999. Investigating the origin and diffusion of shared features among the Atlantic English Creoles. In Baker & Bruyn (eds), 315–364.Google Scholar
Baker, P. & Bruyn, A. (eds). 1999. St Kitts and the Atlantic Creoles. London: University of Westminster Press.Google Scholar
Baker, P. & Huber, M. 2001. Atlantic, Pacific, and world-wide features in English-lexicon contact languages. English World-Wide 22: 157–208. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Baldacchino, G. 2007. Introducing a world of islands. In A World of Islands: An Island Studies Reader, G. Baldacchino (ed.), 1–29. Canada: Institute of Island Studies.Google Scholar
Barker, D. 2011. Geographies of opportunity, geographies of constraint. In The Caribbean. A History of the Region and Its Peoples, S. Palmié & F. A. Scarano (eds), 25–38. Chicago IL: The University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Bauer, L. 2008. A question of identity: A response to Trudgill. Language in Society 37: 270–273. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Bayley, R. 1994. Consonant cluster reduction in Tejano English. Language Variation and Change 6: 303–326. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Bermudian English: Vocabulary, Dialects and Borrowings. n.d. Ms, Bermudian National Library.
Bernhard, V. 1985. Bermuda and Virginia in the seventeenth century: A comparative view. Journal of Social History 19: 57–70. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
1988. Beyond the Chesapeake: The contrasting status of blacks in Bermuda, 1616–1663. The Journal of Southern History 54: 545–564. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
1999. Slaves and Slaveholders in Bermuda. 1616–1782. Columbia MO: University of Missouri Press.Google Scholar
2010. Religion, politics, and witchcraft in Bermuda, 1651–55. The William and Mary Quarterly 67: 677–708. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Bisang, W. 2004. Dialectology and typology – an integrative perspective. In Dialectology Meets Typology, B. Kortmann (ed.), 11–45. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Bowern, C. 2013. Fieldwork in contact situations. In The Handbook of Language Contact, R. Hickey (ed.), 340–357. Malden MA: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
Britain, D. 1997a. Dialect contact and phonological reallocation: ‘Canadian raising’ in the English Fens. Language in Society 26: 15–46. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
1997b. Dialect contact, focusing and phonological rule complexity: The koinéisation of Fenland English. University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics 4: 141–170.Google Scholar
2001a. If A changes to B, make sure A exists: A case study on the origins of New Zealand English. Essex Research Reports in Linguistics 38: 39–79.Google Scholar
2001b. Where did it all start? Dialect contact, the ‘founder principle’ and the so-called (-own) split in New Zealand English. Transactions of the Philological Society 99: 1–27. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2002a. Diffusion, levelling, simplification and reallocation in past tense BE in the English Fens. Journal of Sociolinguistics 6: 16–43. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2002b. Space and spatial diffusion. In Chambers, Trudgill & Schilling-Estes (eds), 603–637.Google Scholar
2006. Language/dialect contact. In Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics, Vol. 6, K. Brown (ed.), 651–656. Oxford: Elsevier. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2008. When is a change not a change? A case study on the dialect origins of New Zealand English. Language Variation and Change 20: 187–223. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2009a. One foot in the grave? Dialect death, dialect contact, and dialect birth in England. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 196/7: 121–155. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2009b. Language and space: The variationist approach. In Language and Space. An International Handbook of Linguistic Variation, P. Auer & J. E. Schmidt (eds), 142–163. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.Google Scholar
2010a. Supralocal regional dialect levelling. In Language and Identities, C. Llamas & D. Watt (eds), 193–204. Edinburgh: EUP.Google Scholar
2010b. Conceptualisations of geographic space in linguistics. In Language and Space: An International Handbook of Linguistic Variation, A. Lameli, R. Kehrein & S. Rabanus (eds), 69–97. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2010c. Dialect contact, focusing and phonological rule complexity: The koineisation of Fenland English. In The Sociolinguistics Reader, M. Meyerhoff & E. Schleef (eds), 231–247. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
2012a. Koineization and cake baking: Reflections on methods in dialect contact research. In Methods in Contemporary Linguistics, A. Ender, A. Leemann & B. Wälchli (eds), 219–237. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2012b. Countering the urbanist agenda in variationist sociolinguistics: Dialect contact, demographic change and the rural-urban dichotomy. In Dialectological and Folk Dialectological Concepts of Space, S. Hansen, C. Schwarz, P. Stoeckle & T. Streck (eds), 12–30. Berlin: De Gruyter. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2013a. Contact and dialectology. In The Handbook of Language Contact, R. Hickey (ed.), 208–229. Malden MA: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
2013b. Space, diffusion and mobility. In The Handbook of Language Variation and Change, 2nd edn, J. K. Chambers & N. Schilling (eds). Blackwell Reference Online. < [URL]> (2 July 2015). DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2013c. The role of mundane mobility and contact in dialect death and dialect birth. In English as a Contact Language, D. Schreier & M. Hundt (eds), 165–181. Cambridge: CUP.Google Scholar
Britain, D. & Fox, S. 2009. The regularisation of the hiatus resolution system in British English: A contact-induced “vernacular universal”? In Filppula, Klemola & Paulasto (eds), 177–205.Google Scholar
Britain, D. & Sudbury, A. 2002. There’s sheep and there’s penguins: Convergence, “drift” and “slant” in New Zealand and Falkland Island English. In Language Change: The Interplay of Internal, External and Extra-Linguistic Factors, M. C. Jones & E. Esch (eds), 209–240. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Britain, D. & Trudgill, P. 1999. Migration, new-dialect formation and sociolinguistic refunctionalisation: Reallocation as an outcome of dialect contact. Transactions of the Philological Society 97: 245–256. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Brockman, W. E. 2009. Bermuda: Growth of a Naval Base 1795–1932. In W. R. Cooke (ed.). Bermuda: Bermuda Maritime Museum Press.Google Scholar
Brubaker, R. 2005. The “diaspora” diaspora. Ethnic and Racial Studies 28: 1–19. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Census of Population and Housing. Final Results. 2010. Department of Statistics, Hamilton, Bermuda. <[URL]> (1 February 2016).Google Scholar
Chambers, J. K. 2002. Dynamics of dialect convergence. Journal of Sociolinguistics 6: 117–130. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2003. Sociolinguistic Theory: Linguistic Variation and Its Social Implications. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
2004. Dynamic typology and vernacular universals. In Dialectology Meets Typology, B. Kortmann (ed.), 127–145. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
2012. Global features of English vernaculars. In Areal Features of the Anglophone World, R. Hickey (ed.), 261–276. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Chambers, J. K., Trudgill, P. & Schilling-Estes, N. (eds). 2002/2004. The Handbook of Language Variation and Change. Malden MA: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Cheshire, J. & Fox S. 2009. Was/were variation: A perspective from London. Language Variation and Change 21: 1–38. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Cheshire, J., Fox, S., Kerswill P. & Torgersen, E. 2008. Ethnicity, friendship network and social practices as the motor of dialect change: Linguistic innovation in London. Sociolinguistica 22: 1–23. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Cheshire, J., Kerswill, P., Fox, S. & Torgersen, E. 2011. Contact, the feature pool and the speech community: The emergence of Multicultural London English. Journal of Sociolinguistics 15: 151–196. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Childs, B., Reaser, J. & Wolfram, W. 2003. Defining ethnic varieties in the Bahamas. Phonological accommodation in Black and White Enclave Communities. In Aceto & Williams (eds), 1–28. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Christian, D., Wolfram, W. & Dube, N. 1988. Variation and Change in Geographically Isolated Communities: Appalachian and Ozark English. Tuscaloosa AL: University of Alabama Press.Google Scholar
CIA. The World Factbook 2020. Washington DC: Central Intelligence Agency, <[URL]> (27 July 2020).
Collins, P. & Yao, X. 2012. Modals and quasi-modals in New Englishes. In Mapping Unity and Diversity World-Wide [Varieties of English Around the World G43], M. Hundt & U. Gut (eds), 35–53. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Conyers Dill and Pearman. 2013. Bermuda Status and Permanent Residents’ Certificates. <[URL]> (January 2016).Google Scholar
Coupland, N. 1984. Accommodation at work: Some phonological data and their implications. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 46: 49–70. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Coupland, N. & Giles, H. 1988. Introduction: The communicative contexts of accommodation. Language and Communication 3: 175–182. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Craven, W. F. 1937a. An introduction to the history of Bermuda, I/II. The William and Mary Quarterly 17: 176–215. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
1937b. An introduction to the history of Bermuda, III/IV. The William and Mary Quarterly 17: 317–362. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
1938. An introduction to the history of Bermuda, VI. The William and Mary Quarterly 18: 13–63. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Cutler, C. 2003. English in the Turks and Caicos Islands: A look at Grand Turk. In Aceto & Williams (eds), 51–80. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Cutler, C., Hackert, S. & Seymour, C. 2006. Bermuda and the Bahamas. In Sociolinguistics: An International Handbook of the Science of Language and Society, Vol. 3, 2nd edn, U. Ammon, N. Dittmar, K. J. Mattheier & P. Trudgill (eds), 2066–2073. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Daleszynska, A. n.d. Analysing linguistic variation with Rbrul – a step-by-step guide. <[URL]> (May 2017).
Davenport, M. & Hannahs, S. J. 2005. Introducing Phonetics and Phonology, 2nd edn. London: Hodder Arnold.Google Scholar
Davydova, J., Hilbert, M., Pietsch, L. & Siemund, P. 2011. Comparing varieties of English: Problems and perspectives. In Linguistic Universals and Language Variation, P. Siemund (ed.), 291–323. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Deuber, D. 2014. English in the Caribbean: Variation, Style and Standards in Jamaica and Trinidad. Cambridge: CUP. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Eberle, N. & Schreier, D. 2013. African Bermudian English and the Caribbean connection. English World-Wide 34: 279–304. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Eckert, P. 2000. Language Variation as Social Practice. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Eisikovits, E. 1991. Variation in subject-verb agreement in Inner Sydney English. In English around the World: Sociolinguistic Perspectives, J. Cheshire (ed.), 235–255. Cambridge: CUP. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Esman, M. J. 1996. Diasporas and international relations. In Ethnicity, J. Hutchinson & A. Smith (eds), 316–320. Oxford: OUP.Google Scholar
Fasold, R. W. 1972. Tense Marking in Black English: A Linguistic and Social Analysis. Arlington VA: Center for Applied Linguistics.Google Scholar
Feagin, C. 1979. Variation and Change in Alabama English: A Sociolinguistic Study of the White Community. Washington DC: Georgetown University Press.Google Scholar
Filppula, M., Klemola, J. & Paulasto, H. 2009. Vernacular universals and language contacts: An overview. In Filppula, Klemola & Paulasto (eds), 1–16. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
(eds). 2009. Vernacular Universals and Language Contacts. London: Routledge. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Fletcher, L. 2008. Reading the news: Pitcairn Island at the beginning of the 21st century. Island Studies Journal 3: 57–72.Google Scholar
Fubler, B. Forthcoming. PhD dissertation.
Games, A. 1997. The English Atlantic world: A view from London. Pennsylvania History 64: 46–72.Google Scholar
2006a. Atlantic history: Definitions, challenges, and opportunities. American Historical Review 111: 741–757. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2006b. Beyond the Atlantic: English globetrotters and transoceanic connections. The William and Mary Quarterly 63: 675–692.Google Scholar
Gillis, J. 2004. Islands of the Mind. How the Human Imagination Created the Atlantic World. New York NY: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Graff, G. & Phelan, J. (eds). 2000. William Shakespeare . The Tempest. A Case Study in Critical Controversy. Boston MA: Bedford/St. Martin’s.Google Scholar
Greene, J. M. 1901. Bermuda (alias Somers Islands). Historical sketch. Bulletin of the American Geographical Society 33: 220–242. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Gries, S. T. 2013. Statistics for Linguistics with R . A Practical Introduction, 2nd edn. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Guy, G. 1980. Variation in the group and the individual: The case of final stop deletion. In Locating Language in Time and Space, W. Labov (ed.), 1–36. New York NY: Academic Press.Google Scholar
1991. Explanation in variable phonology: An exponential model of morphological constraints. Language Variation and Change 3: 1–22. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Hackert, S. 2010. ICE Bahamas: Why and how? ICAME Journal 34: 41–53.Google Scholar
2012. Bahamian Creole. In The Mouton World Atlas of Variation in English, B. Kortmann & K. Lunkenheimer (eds), 180–196. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Hall, R. 2018. Staging Language in Bermuda: Phonology and Parodic Performance of Bermudian English. PhD dissertation, University of Oxford.Google Scholar
2019. The MOUTHS of others: The linguistic performance of race in Bermuda. Journal of Sociolinguistics 23: 223–243. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Hay, J. & Schreier, D. 2004. Reversing the trajectory of language change: Subject-verb agreement with BE in New Zealand English. Language Variation and Change 16: 209–235. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Hazen, K. 1998. The birth of a variant: Evidence for a tripartite negative past be paradigm . Language Variation and Change 10: 221–244. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2000. Subject-verb concord in a post-insular dialect: The gradual persistence of dialect patterning. Journal of English Linguistics 28: 127–144. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2014. A new role for an ancient variable in Appalachia: Paradigm leveling and standardization in West Virginia. Language Variation and Change 26: 77–102. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Hickey, R. 2003a. How do dialects get the features they have? On the process of new dialect formation. In Motives for Language Change, R. Hickey (ed.), 213–239. Cambridge: CUP. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2003b. How and why supraregional varieties arise. In Insights into Late Modern English, M. Dossena & C. Jones (eds), 351–373. Bern: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
2004. English dialect input to the Caribbean. In Legacies of Colonial English. Studies in Transported Dialects, R. Hickey (ed.), 326–359. Cambridge: CUP.Google Scholar
2012. Introduction. In Areal Features of the Anglophone World, R. Hickey (ed.), 1–19. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Higgins, C. 2017. Space, place, and language. In The Routledge Handbook of Migration and Language, S. Canagarajah (ed.), 102–116. New York NY: Routledge. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Holliday, N. R. 2016. Bermudian English: An acoustic analysis of vowels with implications for sociolinguistic variation. Proceedings of Meetings on Acoustics 29: 1–10. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Holm, J. 1986. The spread of English in the Caribbean area. In Focus on the Caribbean [Varieties of English Around the World G8], M. Görlach & J. Holm (eds), 1–22. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Holmes, J. & Bell, A. 1994. Consonant cluster reduction in New Zealand English. Wellington Working Papers in Linguistics 6: 56–82.Google Scholar
Huber, M. 1999. On the origin and diffusion of Atlantic English Creoles: First attestations from Krio. In Baker & Bruyn (eds), 365–378.Google Scholar
Hundt, M. 2014. Zero articles in Indian Englishes: A comparison of primary and secondary diaspora situations. In English in the Indian Diaspora [Varieties of English Around the World G50], M. Hundt & D. Sharma (eds), 131–170. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Imami, M. Forthcoming. PhD dissertation.
Jackson, J. H. 1988. Bermuda. Newton Abbot: David and Charles.Google Scholar
Jarvis, M. J. 2002. Maritime masters and seafaring slaves in Bermuda, 1680–1783. The William and Mary Quarterly 59: 585–622. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2010a. In the Eye of All Trade: Bermuda, Bermudians and the Maritime Atlantic World, 1680–1783. Chapel Hill NC: Published for the Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture, Williamsburg, Virginia, by the University of North Carolina Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2010b. The binds of the anxious mariner: Patriarchy, paternalism, and the maritime culture of eighteenth-century Bermuda. Journal of Early Modern History 14: 75–117. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Johnson, D. E. 2009. Getting off the GoldVarb standard: Introducing Rbrul for mixed-effects variable rule analysis. Language and Linguistics Compass 3: 359–383. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2010–2014. Progress in regression: Why natural language data calls for mixed-effects models. <[URL]> (August 2017).Google Scholar
Johnstone, B., Andrus, J. & Danielson, A. E. 2006. Mobility, indexicality, and the enregisterment of “Pittsburghese”. Journal of English Linguistics 34: 77–104. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Kerswill, P. 1993. Rural dialect speakers in an urban speech community: The role of dialect contact in defining a sociolinguistic concept. International Journal of Applied Linguistics 3: 33–56. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
1996. Milton Keynes and dialect levelling in South-Eastern British English. In English: History, Diversity and Change, D. Graddol, D. Leith & J. Swann (eds), 292–300. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
2004. Koineization and accommodation. In Chambers, Trudgill & Schilling-Estes (eds), 669–702. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2006. Migration and language / Migration und Sprache. In Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft. Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science, Vol. 3.3, E. Wiegand (ed.), 2271–2285. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.Google Scholar
2013. Contact and new varieties. In The Handbook of Language Contact, R. Hickey (ed.), 230–251. Malden MA: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
Kerswill, P. & Trudgill, P. 2005. The birth of new dialects. In Dialect Change: Convergence and Divergence in European Languages, P. Auer, F. Hinskens & P. Kerswill (eds), 196–220. Cambridge: CUP. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Kerswill, P. & Williams, A. 1992. Some principles of dialect contact: Evidence from the new town of Milton Keynes. In Working Papers 1992, I. Philippaki-Warburton & R. Ingham (eds), 68–90. Reading: Department of Linguistic Science, University of Reading.Google Scholar
2005. New towns and koineisation: Linguistic and social correlates. Linguistics 43: 1023–1048. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Kerswill, P., Cheshire, J., Fox, S. & Torgersen, E. 2013. English as a contact language: The role of children and adolescents. In English as a Contact Language, D. Schreier & M. Hundt (eds), 258–282. Cambridge: CUP.Google Scholar
Kirkpatrick, A. 2007. World Englishes . Implications for International Communication and English Language Teaching. Cambridge: CUP.Google Scholar
Kortmann, B. 2004. Introduction. In Dialectology Meets Typology, B. Kortmann (ed.), 1–10. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Kortmann, B. & Lunkenheimer, K. 2011. The Electronic World Atlas of Varieties of English. <[URL]> (August 2017).Google Scholar
2012. The Mouton World Atlas of Variation in English. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Kortmann, B. & Szmrecsanyi, B. 2004. Global synopsis – morphological and syntactic variation in English. In A Handbook of Varieties of English, Vol. II: Morphology and Syntax, B. Kortmann, E. W. Schneider, K. Burridge, R. Mesthrie & C. Upton (eds), 1122–1182. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2011. Parameters of morphosyntactic variation in World Englishes: Prospects and limits of searching for universals. In Linguistic Universals and Language Variation, P. Siemund (ed.), 264–290. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Kortmann, B., Schneider, E. W., Burridge, K., Mesthrie, R. & Upton, C. (eds). 2004. A Handbook of Varieties of English , Vol. II: Morphology and Syntax. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Labov, W. 1963. The social motivation of a sound change. Word 19: 273–307. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
(ed.). 1972. Sociolinguistic Patterns. Philadelphia PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar
1995. Resyllabification. In Proceedings of the International Workshop on Language Variation and Linguistic Theory, R. van Hout & F. Hinskens (eds). <[URL]> (2 January 2015).Google Scholar
2004. Quantitative analysis of linguistic variation. Quantitative Analyse sprachlicher Variation. In Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft. Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science, Vol. 3.1, E. Wiegand (ed.), 7–21. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Le Page, R. & Tabouret-Keller, A. 1985. Acts of Identity: Creole-Based Approaches to Language and Ethnicity. Cambridge: CUP.Google Scholar
Llamas, C., Watt, D. & Johnson, D. E. 2009. Linguistic accommodation and the salience of national identity markers in a border town. Journal of Language and Social Psychology 28: 381–407. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Mair, C. 2003. Kreolismen und verbales Identitätsmanagement im geschriebenen jamaikanischen Englisch. In Zwischen Ausgrenzung und Hybridisierung: Zur Konstruktion von Identitäten aus kulturwissenschaftlicher Perspektive [Identitäten und Alteritäten 14], E. Vogel, A. Napp & W. Lutterer (eds), 79–96. Würzburg: Ergon.Google Scholar
Mallinson, C. & Wolfram, W. 2002. Dialect accommodation in a bi-ethnic mountain enclave community: More evidence on the development of African American Vernacular English. Language in Society 31: 743–775. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Meechan, M. & Foley, M. 1994. On resolving disagreement: Linguistic theory and variation – there’s bridges. Language Variation and Change 6: 63–85. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Mesthrie, R. & Bhatt, R. M. 2010. World Englishes: The Study of New Linguistic Varieties. Cambridge: CUP.Google Scholar
Meyerhoff, M. 2006a. Introducing Sociolinguistics. New York NY: Routledge. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2006b. Linguistic change, sociohistorical context, and theory-building in variationist linguistics: New-dialect formation in New Zealand. English Language and Linguistics 10: 173–194. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Meyerhoff, M. & Walker, J. A. 2013. An existential problem: The sociolinguistic monitor and variation in existential constructions on Bequia (St Vincent and the Grenadines). Language in Society 42: 407–428. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Milroy, L. 1987. Observing and Analysing Natural Language: A Critical Account of Sociolinguistic Method. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Milroy, J., Milroy, L. & Hartley, S. 1994. Local and supra-local change in British English: The case of glottalisation. English World-Wide 15: 1–15. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Montgomery, M. 1989. Exploring the roots of Appalachian English. English World-Wide 10: 227–278. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Moore, E. 2011. Interaction between social category and social practice: Explaining was/were variation. Language Variation and Change 22: 347–371. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Mufwene, S. S. 1996. The founder principle in creole genesis. Diachronica 13: 83–134. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2000. Some sociohistorical inferences about the development of African American English. In The English History of African American English, S. Poplack (ed.), 233–263. Malden, MA: Blackwell.Google Scholar
2001. The Ecology of Language Evolution. Cambridge: CUP. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2007. Population movements and contacts in language evolution. Journal of Language Contact 1: 63–92. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2008. Colonization, population contacts, and the emergence of new language varieties: A response to Peter Trudgill. Language in Society 37: 254–258. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Myrick, C., Eberle, N., Schneier, J. & Reaser, J. 2019. Mapping linguistic diversity in the English-speaking Caribbean. In Handbook of the Changing World Language Map, S. D. Brunn & R. Kehrein (eds). New York, NY: Springer. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Neu, H. 1980. Ranking of constraints on /t,d/ deletion in American English: A statistical analysis. In Locating Language in Time and Space, W. Labov (ed.), 1–36. New York NY: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Packwood, C. O. 1975. Chained on the Rock: Slavery in Bermuda. Hamilton, Bermuda: E. Torres.Google Scholar
Patrick, P. 1991. Creoles at the intersection of variable processes: -t,d deletion and past-marking in the Jamaican mesolect. Language Variation and Change 3: 171–189. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2004. Jamaican Creole: Morphology and syntax. In A Handbook of Varieties of English, Vol. 2: Morphology and Syntax, B. Kortmann, E. W. Schneider, K. Burridge, R. Mesthrie & C. Upton (eds), 407–438. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Paul, M. 1983. Black Families in Modern Bermuda. Göttingen: Herodot.Google Scholar
R Core Team. 2012. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. <[URL]>.Google Scholar
Reaser, J. & Torbert, B. 2004. Bahamian English: Morphology and syntax. In A Handbook of Varieties of English, Vol. 2: Morphology and Syntax, B. Kortmann, E. W. Schneider, K. Burridge, R. Mesthrie & Upton, C. (eds), 391–406. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Rich, N. & Ives, V. A. 1984. The Rich Papers: Letters from Bermuda 1615–1645: Eyewitness Accounts Sent by the Early Colonists to Sir Nathaniel Rich. Toronto: Published for the Bermuda National Trust by the University of Toronto Press.Google Scholar
Richards, H. 2010. Preterite be: A new perspective? English World-Wide 31: 62–81. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Ronström, O. 2011. In or on? Island words, island worlds, II. Island Studies Journal 6: 227–244.Google Scholar
Ruch, H. 2015. Vowel convergence and divergence between two Swiss German dialects. In Proceedings of the 18th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences, The Scottish Consortium for ICPhS 2015 (ed.). Glasgow: The University of Glasgow.Google Scholar
Salih, S. (ed.). 2004. The History of Mary Prince. A West Indian Slave. London: Penguin.Google Scholar
Santa Ana, O. 1996. Sonority and syllable structure in Chicano English. Language Variation and Change 8: 63–89. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Schilling-Estes, N. 2002. On the nature of isolated and post-isolated dialects: Innovation, variation and differentiation. Journal of Sociolinguistics 6: 64–85. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Schilling-Estes, N. & Wolfram, W. 1994. Convergent explanation and alternative regularization patterns: Were/weren’t leveling in a vernacular English variety. Language Variation and Change 6: 273–302. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
1999. Alternative models of dialect death: Dissipation vs. concentration. Language 75: 486–521. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Schneider, E. W. 2003. The dynamics of New Englishes: From identity construction to dialect birth. Language 79: 233–281. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2004. Introduction: Varieties of English in the Americas and the Caribbean. In A Handbook of Varieties of English, Vol. 1: Phonology, B. Kortmann, E. W. Schneider, K. Burridge, R. Mesthrie & C. Upton (eds), 247–256. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
2007. Postcolonial English: Varieties around the World. Cambridge: CUP. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2008. Accommodation versus identity? A response to Trudgill. Language in Society 37: 262–267. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2011. English around the World. Cambridge: CUP.Google Scholar
2013. Contact Englishes and creoles in the Caribbean. In The Handbook of Language Contact, R. Hickey (ed.), 478–497. Malden MA: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
Schreier, D. 2002. Past be in Tristan da Cunha: The rise and fall of categoricality in language change. American Speech 77: 70–99. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2003. Isolation and Language Change: Sociohistorical and Contemporary Evidence from Tristan da Cunha English. New York NY: Palgrave Macmillan. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2005. Consonant Change in English Worldwide: Synchrony Meets Diachrony. New York NY: Palgrave Macmillan. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2008. St Helenian English. Origins, Evolution and Variation [Varieties of English Around the World G37]. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2009. How diagnostic are English universals? In Filppula, Klemola & Paulasto (eds), 57–79. Google Scholar
2010. The consequences of migration and colonialism II: Overseas varieties. In Language and Space: An International Handbook of Linguistic Variation, P. Auer & J. E. Schmidt (eds), 451–467. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.Google Scholar
2013. English as a contact language: Lesser-known varieties. In English as a Contact Language, D. Schreier & M. Hundt (eds), 149–164. Cambridge: CUP.Google Scholar
2014. Variation and Change in English. An Introduction. Berlin: Erich Schmidt.Google Scholar
2016a. A true split? Typological and sociolinguistic considerations on contact intensity effects. In Complexity, Isolation, and Variation, R. Baechler & G. Seiler (eds), 139–157. Berlin: De Gruyter. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2016b. Super-leveling, fraying-out, internal restructuring: A century of present be concord in Tristan da Cunha English. Language Variation and Change 28: 203–224. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2017. Dialect formation in isolated communities. Annual Review of Linguistics 3: 347–362. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Schreier, D., Eberle, N. & Perez, D. 2017. Settler varieties. In The Routledge Handbook of Migration and Language, S. Canagarajah (ed.), 243–257. London: Routledge. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Schreier, D., Trudgill, P., Schneider, E. W. & Williams, J. P. (eds). 2010. The Lesser-Known Varieties of English: An Introduction. Cambridge: CUP. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Sharma, D. 2014. Transnational flows, language variation, and ideology. In English in the Indian Diaspora [Varieties of English Around the World G50], M. Hundt & D. Sharma (eds), 215–242. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Sheller, M. 2011. Mobility. Sociopedia.isa.Google Scholar
Siegel, J. 1985. Koines and koineization. Language in Society 14: 357–378. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
1993. Dialect contact and koineisation. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 99: 105–121.Google Scholar
1997. Mixing, leveling and pidgin/creole development. In The Structure and Status of Pidgins and Creoles [Creole Language Library 19], A. K. Spears & D. Winford (eds), 111–149. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Siemund, P. 2009. Linguistic universals and vernacular data. In Filppula, Klemola & Paulasto (eds), 323–348.Google Scholar
2013. Varieties of English: A Typological Approach. Cambridge: CUP. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Slayton, M. I. (ed.). 2009. Four Centuries of Friendship. America-Bermuda Relations 1609–2009. Bermuda: Bermuda Maritime Museum Press.Google Scholar
Smith, P. A. & Barritt, F. M. 2005. Bermewjan Vurds. A Dictionary of Conversational Bermudian. Bermuda: Lizard Press.Google Scholar
Smith, J. & Tagliamonte, S. 1998. We was all thegither, I think we were all thegither: Was regularization in Buckie English. World Englishes 17: 105–126. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Strode, H. 1932. The Story of Bermuda. New York NY: Random House.Google Scholar
Sudbury, A. 2000. Dialect Contact and Koineization in the Falkland Islands: Development of a Southern Hemisphere Variety? PhD dissertation, University of Essex.Google Scholar
2001. Falkland Islands English: A southern hemisphere variety? English World-Wide 22: 55–80. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Szmrecsanyi, B. 2011. Corpus-based dialectometry: A methodological sketch. Corpora 6: 45–76. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Szmrecsanyi, B. & Kortmann, B. 2009a. The morphosyntax of varieties of English worldwide: A quantitative perspective. Lingua 119: 1643–1663. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2009b. Vernacular universals and angloversals in a typological perspective. In Filppula, Klemola & Paulasto (eds), 33–53.Google Scholar
Tagliamonte, S. A. 1998. Was/were variation across the generations: View from the city of York. Language Variation and Change 10: 153–191. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2009. There was universals; then there weren’t . A comparative sociolinguistic perspective on “default singulars”. In Filppula, Klemola & Paulasto (eds), 103–129.Google Scholar
2012. Variationist Sociolinguistics. Change, Observation, Interpretation. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
Tagliamonte, S. A. & Baayen, R. H. 2012. Models, forests, and trees of York English: Was/were variation as a case study for statistical practice. Language Variation and Change 24: 135–178. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Tagliamonte, S. A. & Smith, J. 1999. Analogical leveling in Samaná English: The case of was and were . Journal of English Linguistics 27: 8–26. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Tagliamonte, S. A. & Temple, R. 2005. New perspectives on an ol’ variable: (t,d) in British English. Language Variation and Change 17: 281–302. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Thomason, S. G. 2001a. Contact-induced typological change. In Language Typology and Language Universals. An International Handbook, M. Haspelmath, E. König, W. Oesterreicher & W. Raible (eds), 1640–1648. Berlin: De Gruyter.Google Scholar
2001b. Language Contact: An Introduction. Edinburgh: EUP.Google Scholar
Torbert, B. 2001. Tracing Native American language history through consonant cluster reduction: The case of Lumbee English. American Speech 76: 361–387. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Trudgill, P. 1986. Dialects in Contact. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
1989. Contact and isolation in linguistic change. In Language Change: Contributions to the Study of its Causes, L. E. Breivik & E. H. Jahr (eds), 227–237. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
1999. A window on the past: “Colonial lag” and New Zealand evidence for the phonology of nineteenth century English. American Speech 74: 227–239.Google Scholar
2002. The history of the lesser-known varieties of English. In Alternative Histories of English, R. Watts & P. Trudgill (eds), 29–44. London: Routledge. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2004a. New-Dialect Formation: The Inevitability of Colonial Englishes, 2nd edn. Edinburgh: EUP.Google Scholar
2004b. The impact of language contact and social structure on linguistic structure: Focus on the dialects of Modern Greek. In Dialectology Meets Typology, B. Kortmann (ed.), 435–451. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
2008. Colonial dialect contact in the history of European languages: On the irrelevance of identity to new-dialect formation. Language in Society 37: 241–280. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2009. Vernacular universals and the sociolinguistic typology of English dialects. In Filppula, Klemola & Paulasto (eds), 304–322.Google Scholar
2011. Sociolinguistic Typology: Social Determinants of Linguistic Complexity. Oxford: OUP.Google Scholar
Tucker, T. 2011. Treasure! A Diver’s Life. Bermuda: Capstan Publications.Google Scholar
1975. Bermuda. Today and Yesterday. 1503–1978. London: Robert Hale Limited.Google Scholar
Walker, J. A. 2007. There’s bears back there. English World-Wide 28: 147–166. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Watt, D., Llamas, C. & Johnson, D. E. 2010. Levels of linguistic accommodation across a national border. Journal of English Linguistics 38: 270–289. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Watts, E. 2006. Mobility-Induced Dialect Contact: A Sociolinguistic Investigation of Speech Variation in Wilmslow, Cheshire. PhD dissertation, University of Essex.Google Scholar
Werkin, H. 1977. Onion Patch English. In From Our Kitchen to Yours: A Collection of Recipes from the Elbow Beach Hotel, Bermuda, 91–95. Bermuda: Engravers.Google Scholar
Wilkinson, H. C. 1973. Bermuda from Sail to Steam: The History of the Island from 1784 to 1901. London: OUP.Google Scholar
Williams, J. P., Schneider, E. W., Trudgill, P. & Schreier, D. (eds). 2015. The Lesser-Known Varieties of English: Further Case Studies. Cambridge: CUP. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Winford, D. 1997. Re-examining Caribbean English creole continua. World Englishes 16: 233–279. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2009. The interplay of “universals” and contact-induced change in the emergence of New Englishes. In Filppula, Klemola & Paulasto (eds), 206–230.Google Scholar
Wolfram, W. 1984. Unmarked tense in American Indian English. American Speech 59: 31–50. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2004. The sociolinguistic construction of remnant dialects. In Sociolinguistic Variation, C. Fought (ed.), 84–106. Oxford: OUP.Google Scholar
2008. Urban African American Vernacular English: Morphology and syntax. In The Americas and the Caribbean, E. W. Schneider (ed.), 510–533. Berlin: de Gruyter.Google Scholar
2011. Fieldwork methods in language variation. In The SAGE Handbook of Sociolinguistics, R. Wodak, B. Johnstone & P. Kerswill (eds), 296–311. Thousand Oaks CA: Sage. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Wolfram, W. & Fasold, R. W. 1974. The Study of Social Dialects in American English. Englewood Cliffs NJ: Prentice Hall.Google Scholar
Wolfram, W. & Schilling-Estes, N. 1997. Hoi Toide on the Outer Banks . The Story of the Ocracoke Brogue. Chapel Hill NC: The University of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar
2003. Language change in “conservative” dialects: The case of past tense be in Southern enclave communities. American Speech 78: 208–227. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Wolfram, W. & Sellers, J. 1999. Ethnolinguistic marking of past be in Lumbee Vernacular English. Journal of English Linguistics 27: 94–114. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Wolfram, W. & Thomas, E. R. 2002. The Development of African American English. Malden MA: Blackwell. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Wolfram, W., Childs, B. & Torbert, B. 2000. Tracing language history through consonant cluster reduction: Evidence from isolated dialects. Southern Journal of Linguistics 24: 17–40.Google Scholar
Wolfram, W., Hazen, K. & Schilling-Estes, N. 1999. Dialect Change and Maintenance on the Outer Banks. Tuscaloosa AL: University of Alabama Press.Google Scholar
Young, R. & Bailey, R. 1996. VARBRUL analysis for second language acquisition research. In Second Language Acquisition and Linguistic Variation [Studies in Bilingualism 10], R. Bailey & D. Preston (eds), 253–306. Amsterdam: Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Zuill, W. S. 1983. The Story of Bermuda and her People, 2nd edn. London: Macmillan.Google Scholar
1999. The Story of Bermuda and her People, 3rd edn. Oxford: Macmillan.Google Scholar