Index
A
Acoustic analysis
114–115, 117, 122, 125–126, 130, 135–136, 145, 147–149, 152, 156, 159, 162
African
Englishes
111, 114, 285
;
see also East African English(es)
see also Namibian English
see also Nigeria
see also South African English(es)
see also Ugandan English
see also West Africa
National Congress (ANC)
36, 243, 280
Africanization, Africanisation
27, 268, 277
Afrikaans
5–7, 9, 21–36, 45, 49–54, 56, 59, 64, 66, 68–75, 78, 81–90, 93–95, 98–100, 102–105, 111, 113, 116, 127, 144, 149, 158–159, 174–175, 180–181, 186, 188, 208, 212, 245, 250, 257, 259–267, 277, 279–281, 285–286, 293
Afrikaner
7–8, 23–24, 29–30, 33–36, 52, 112, 174–175, 179, 181, 188, 242, 258, 277, 283, 286
American English (AmE)
170–171, 175–176, 179, 195, 198–201, 209, 212, 291
ANC
see African National Congress
Anglican(s)
23–24, 27, 34
Angloversals
35, 171, 285
Anti-apartheid struggle 36
see also Liberation struggle
see also Struggle for independence
see also Struggle of liberation
Apartheid
5, 8–9, 21, 25, 28–30, 36, 47, 50, 52, 59, 86, 100, 171, 219, 222, 224–226, 229, 231–233, 235, 237, 241, 243–245, 250, 258, 266–267
Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN)
279, 293
see Association of South East
Authenticity
137, 241–242, 245, 247, 266
Autobiography
219, 222–225, 250
B
Bantu
education
21, 25–26, 29–31, 34, 58–59
languages
5, 34–35, 59, 99, 101, 127, 157, 159, 163, 187
;
see also Mbukushu
see also Oshiwambo
see also Otjiherero
see also Rukwangali
see also Setswana
see also Thimbukushu
see also Zambezi
Basters
4, 7, 22, 26, 30, 32–33, 52, 113, 116, 118–119, 122, 124–127, 129, 158, 174–175, 179, 181, 184, 188–189, 286
Black South African English (BlSAfrE)
113, 129, 131, 171
BlSAfrE
see Black South African English
British English (BrE)
170–171, 175–176, 179, 209, 212, 293
C
Circles Model
see Three Circles Model
CMC
see Computer-mediated communication
CNamON
see Corpus of Namibian Online Newspapers
Code-switching, codeswitching
10–11, 35, 57, 59, 75–77, 86–87, 144, 248, 261, 266, 268, 281
Code-switching, functions of 248
Metaphorical
248, 261, 264, 266
Referential
248, 255, 261, 266
Colonial
1, 6–8, 12, 21–22, 24, 27–29, 59, 88, 196, 219–220, 228, 234–236, 244–245, 248, 268–269, 279–280, 289–290
Coloureds
25–26, 30, 32–35, 52, 87, 149, 174, 286
Communicative experiences
63–64, 66
Communicative practices
12, 63, 74, 77–78
Communities
6, 23, 25, 51, 59, 77, 90, 137, 189, 236, 291
Community
30, 56, 65, 68, 73, 77, 85, 87, 91, 96, 99–100, 135–136, 143, 146, 163, 173, 211, 222, 224–225, 227–229, 234–235, 253, 258, 262, 277, 280
Computer-mediated communication (CMC)
137, 160
Concentric Circles Model
see Three Circles Model
Corpus of Namibian Online Newspapers 11
Ctree analysis
174, 176–177, 183, 185, 190
Cultural identity
219, 233, 236, 290
Cultural model(s)
207, 210
D
Damaras
4–5, 22, 26, 32, 34, 49–50, 53, 59, 70, 113, 116, 118–123, 125–126, 144, 174–175, 179, 180–181, 186, 189, 208, 210
DCTs
see Discourse Completion Tasks
Dialogue Production Tasks (DPTs) 196
Diescho, Joseph
225–226, 241, 246, 249–250, 253–255, 257–258, 266–269
Differentiation
13, 129, 140, 290
Digital ethnography
11, 135
Discourse Completion Tasks (DCTs)
196, 199–200
Discourse markers
35, 86, 203
Double adjective comparatives 284
DPTs
see Dialogue Production Tasks
DRESS
34, 111–116, 118–121, 123, 125–130, 135, 150–152, 154–155, 157–159, 163, 278, 283, 286
Dynamic Model (DM)
10, 12–14, 112, 136, 191, 236, 268, 275, 289–292
E
East African Englishes
131, 278
EFL
see English as a foreign language
EIF
see Extra- and Intraterritorial Forces Model
Elimination
248, 262, 266
Endonormative stabilization, endonormative stabilisation
10, 12–13, 136, 220, 276, 278, 290, 292
English
1, 5–7, 9–14, 21–37, 45–78, 81, 83–90, 93–96, 98–105, 111–115, 125, 127, 129–130, 135–137, 141, 144–145, 148, 153–154, 157–160, 163, 169–172, 174–175, 178, 180–181, 183, 186–192, 195–202, 208–212, 219–220, 225, 236, 241, 245–246, 250–253, 257–262, 265–269, 275–293
as a foreign language (EFL)
169, 281, 287–288
as a native language (ENL)
287, 288
as a second language (ESL)
169, 281, 287–288
Language Proficiency Programme 31
see also Varieties of English
ENL
see English as a native language
ESL
see English as a second language
Ethnic
identity 189
formation
11, 220, 241–242, 249–250, 264, 269, 277
Exile
28, 36, 222–225, 231–233, 246, 250, 269, 280, 293
Expanding Circle
169, 171, 196, 288–289
Extra- and Intraterritorial Forces Model (EIF)
13–14, 135, 289–290, 292
Extradiegetic communication 247
F
Fanakalo
254–256, 266–267
Ficto-linguistics
241–242, 246–247, 269, 277
Finnish Lutheran missionaries 7
Five vowel system
34, 157–158, 163
FLEECE
34, 130–131, 150–152, 157, 282
FOOT
34, 131, 150–152, 155, 157, 282
Founder principle
62, 293, 296–297
Functions of code-switching
see Code-switching, functions of
G
German
5–8, 21–24, 26–29, 68–70, 75, 78, 82–83, 85–86, 89, 93–95, 98–99, 101, 103, 111, 113, 116, 118, 122, 125–127, 174–175, 180–181, 186, 188, 195, 198, 209, 212, 224, 242, 245, 250, 281, 285
Germans
8, 23–24, 181, 231
Germany
8, 22, 24, 101, 242
GOOSE
34, 130–131, 150–152, 154–155, 157, 282–283
GOOSE fronting
34, 130, 151, 154–155, 157, 283
H
Hangula, Vickson Tablah
221, 223, 230–231
Healthcare
12, 63–78, 277
Herero
4, 22, 26, 50, 59, 86, 104, 116, 118–119, 121–123, 126–127, 174–175, 179, 181, 187, 231, 243
Heterogeneity
144, 159, 278
Homeland
9, 25, 50, 225, 258, 264
Home language(s)
32, 45, 46, 49, 85, 88–89, 100, 102–103, 148, 163, 175, 207–208, 261
;
see also Afrikaans
see also German
see also Khoekhoegowab
see also Mbukushu
see also Namibian English (NamE)
see also Oshiwambo
see also Otjiherero
see also Rukwangali
see also San
see also Setswana
see also Zambezi
Homogeneity
56, 156, 191, 278, 290–291
I
Identity
9, 11, 13, 86, 89, 129, 137, 146–147, 172, 174, 180, 189–190, 219–220, 222–223, 229, 232–236, 241–242, 247, 249–250, 264, 266, 269, 277–278, 281, 290
Independence
1, 6, 8–9, 11, 13, 21–22, 27, 30–31, 33, 36, 45–47, 54, 58, 60, 63–64, 83–85, 88–89, 96, 104–105, 111, 144, 163, 174, 196, 219–220, 222–226, 229–230, 232–233, 235–236, 241–243, 245, 250, 264, 266–267, 269, 276–277, 279–280, 288, 293
Interethnic communication
83, 85–87, 89, 99, 101–105, 287, 290
Interrogative patterns 284
Interview
58, 86–87, 93, 115–119, 122, 125–126, 159
Interviews
11, 45–48, 51–52, 57, 59–60, 84, 87, 91–93, 100, 104, 139, 145, 158, 173, 203, 230
Intradiegetic communication 247
K
Kahengua, Kavevangua
234–236
Kavango
3–6, 22, 49, 53, 258, 262–263, 265–266
Khoekhoe
see Khoekhoegowab
Khoekhoegowab
5, 7, 26, 32, 34–35, 99, 186
Khoesan languages
5–6, 22, 35, 83, 111, 113–114, 116, 127, 131, 175, 180–181, 184–185, 187–188
;
see also Khoekhoegowab
see also San
Kinship term(s)
252, 261KIT 34, 112–113, 129, 131, 135, 150–152, 154–155, 157–158, 163, 282, 286
KIT split
154–155, 157–158, 163, 282, 286
L
Language
attitude(s)
10–11, 36, 45, 85, 88, 138, 189–190, 276
contact
170, 262, 275, 281
ideology
13, 31–32, 48, 88, 241–242, 249, 269, 277
of wider communication
89, 256
policy
12, 21–22, 27–31, 36, 47, 65, 84–85, 88–90 92, 103, 144–145, 241, 245, 259, 275–276, 279–280, 286, 288, 293
use
11–12, 25, 45–48, 51, 60, 65, 83–88, 90–92, 99–100, 103–104, 147, 209–210, 242, 246, 258, 277
Lexical set(s)
113, 114, 115–119, 121, 124, 125, 127–129, 131, 150–151, 156–157
;
see also DRESS
see also FLEECE
see also FOOT
see also GOOSE
see also KIT
see also NURSE
see also START
see also STRUT
see also THOUGHT
see also TRAP
see also WORK
Liberation movement(s)
9, 21, 223, 241, 243–244, 250–251, 256–258, 266
Liberation Struggle
21, 219, 222, 236, 241, 245, 249, 251, 256–257, 279
;
see also Anti-apartheid struggle
see also Struggle for independence
see also Struggle of liberation
Lingua franca
6, 9, 21–22, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35–36, 50, 54, 56, 59, 64–65, 71–72, 74, 83, 144, 175, 188
Linguistic
and communicative practices
74, 77–78
diversity
4, 13, 63–64, 67, 88, 241–242, 246, 248–249, 269, 277
landscape
83–84, 89–90, 93, 164
landscaping
10–11, 83–85, 90, 136, 164
soundscape
83–84, 91, 99 soundscaping 83–84, 92
London Missionary Society 7
M
Mbukushu
252–253
;
see also Thimbukushu
MCTs
see Multiple Choice Tasks
Medium of Instruction (MoI)
9, 21–31, 45–46, 52–55, 57–60, 65, 67–68, 73, 81–82, 88–89, 145, 259, 276, 279
Metalinguistic
138, 143–144, 162, 247, 249, 253, 255–256, 258–259, 261, 267, 269
Metaphorical
248, 249, 261, 264, 266
Meta-pragmatic
195, 197, 203, 205, 207, 210–211
Missionaries
7, 21–23, 228
MOI
see Medium of Instruction
Molapong, Keamogetsi
221, 231–235
Monophthong(s)
117, 131, 149–150
Monophthongization, monophthongisation 34
Morphological
175, 188, 246
Mother tongue education (MTE)
25, 29, 45–47, 52, 55, 58–59
MTE
see Mother tongue education
Multilingual
4, 10, 12, 35, 45–46, 49, 58–59, 63–67, 70–71, 76–78, 83, 90–91, 93–94, 98, 101, 105, 137, 160, 169, 195, 197, 209, 211–212, 246, 248, 262, 266–268, 277–278, 280–281, 288, 291–292
Multilingualism
6, 21, 63, 66, 68, 76, 78, 88, 241–242, 246, 248–249, 255, 257, 266, 275–276, 292
Multilingual repertoire(s)
12, 63–64, 71, 137, 169
Multinormative stabilization 292
Multiple Choice Tasks (MCTs) 196
N
Nama
4–5, 8, 22, 26, 32, 49, 53, 70, 113, 116, 144, 174, 186, 257
NamE
see Namibian English
Namibian Authors 225
see also Andreas, Neshani
see also Diescho, Joseph
see also Hangula, Vckson Tablah
see also Kahengua, Kavevangua
see also Molapong, Keamogetsi
see also Nyathi, Francis Sifiso
see also Thaniseb, Axaro W.
Namibian Broadcasting Corporation (NBC)
144–145, 147–150, 156–159, 163
Namibian English (NamE)
10–13, 21, 33–35, 49, 54, 58, 63, 85, 91, 95, 96, 111–112, 114–116, 129, 131, 135–136, 138–139, 142, 146, 149, 154, 161, 169–173, 175–176, 178–191, 195–197, 199–202, 207–212, 220, 235, 241, 275–287, 289–291, 293
Namibian ethnicities
see also Afrikaner
see also Basters
see also Boer
see also Bushmen
see also Caprivians
see also Coloureds
see also Damaras
see also Herero
see also Kavango
see also Oorlam
see also Ovambo
see also San
see also Tswana
see also Zambezi
Namibian languages
12, 29, 46, 64, 68–69, 71, 75, 77–78, 144, 210, 212, 256–257, 266
;
see also Afrikaans
see also German
see also Khoekhoegowab
see also Mbukushu
see also Namibian English
see also Namlish
see also Oshiwambo
see also Otjiherero
see also Rukavango
see also Rukwangali
see also San
see also Setswana
see also Thimbukushu
see also Zambezi
Namibianism(s)
11, 209, 278
Namibian YouTuber(s)
135–136, 142, 142–146, 148, 150, 153, 159–160, 163, 277
National
language(s)
30, 277, 279, 293
Nativization, nativisation
10, 12, 21, 36, 112, 169–170, 172–173, 175, 189–191, 276, 278, 289, 295
NBC
see Namibian Broadcasting Corporation
NO PROBLEM
198–201, 205, 208
North-to-south migration
22, 32, 36
NURSE
34, 111–116, 118, 121–122, 124–127, 128–130, 135, 150–151, 153–159, 163, 278, 282, 286, 290, 293
NURSE-WORK split
111, 112, 114, 116, 122, 125–127, 129, 130, 153, 155–156, 158, 163, 278, 282, 290, 293
Nyathi, Francis Sifiso
221, 228
O
Odendaal Commission
25, 28
Official language(s)
1, 6, 9–10, 12, 21–23, 27–28, 30, 45–47, 52, 58, 63, 68, 73, 76, 83, 88, 90, 111, 196, 241, 245, 267, 279–281
OPC
see Ovambo People’s Congress
OPO
see Ovamboland People’s Organisation
Oshiwambo
5–6, 23, 26, 32–35, 49–50, 53, 56, 58–59, 69–76, 78, 81–82, 93–95, 98–99, 113, 116, 144, 148–149, 155, 157, 212, 243, 257, 281–282, 285, 290, 293
Otjiherero
5–6, 8, 26, 32, 34, 49, 53, 69–70, 78, 81, 113, 116, 257
Outer Circle
169, 190, 196, 288
Ovambo
4, 22–23, 26, 28, 32–33, 35, 50, 52–53, 55–56, 58, 101, 104, 116, 118–120, 122, 124, 126–128, 148, 174–175, 179, 181, 226, 228
Ovambo People’s Congress (OPC) 243
Ovamboland People’s Organisation (OPO) 243
Overgeneralization
35, 188
P
PCE
see Postcolonial English(es)
Performance
104, 139–140, 207, 209, 211, 221, 230, 291
Personal identity
89, 222–223
Phases of the Dynamic Model (DM)
see also Differentiation
see also Endonormative stabilization
see also Exonormative stabilization
see also Foundation
see also Nativization
Phonetic
11, 34, 111, 115, 117, 129, 135, 147–148, 150, 153, 158–159, 161, 170, 267, 278, 282
Phonetics
111, 116–117, 129, 135, 150, 164
Phonological
112, 115, 121, 127, 129–130, 161, 278, 282, 290, 293
Phonology
12, 131, 135, 159, 282, 285
PLEASURE
199–201, 204–208, 210–211, 278
Pluralization 283Pluricentric languages
195, 292
Poetry
219–221, 229, 231–236
Portuguese
5, 7–8, 49, 68–70, 74–75, 78, 81–82, 93, 98, 175, 244, 267
Postcolonial English(es) (PCE)
35, 169, 196, 213, 236, 289–291
Postcolonial pragmatic(s)
196, 207
Post-independence
6, 13, 22, 31, 45–46, 58, 83–84, 88, 104, 219, 226, 230
Prestige
9, 21–22, 25, 27, 32, 35–36, 60, 84–85, 87–88, 90, 94, 101, 103, 105, 276, 281
Prestige language
21–22, 27, 32, 35–36, 276
Progressive marking
12, 169–170, 172, 175, 179, 184–186, 188–190, 278
Q
QEU
see Questionnaire on English Usage
Questionnaire on English Usage (QEU)
196, 199–200, 208
R
Realism
245, 249, 262, 266
Realization types
198–201, 205, 207–209
;
see also ANYTIME
see also BLANK
see also DON’T MENTION IT
see also DON’T WORRY
see also NO PROBLEM
see also OKAY
see also PLEASURE
see also REJECT
see also SURE
see also THANKS
see also WELCOME
see also YEAH
Reconciliation
9, 220, 223, 230, 233, 245
Reference
Temporal reference
181, 183, 187
Referential
248, 255, 261, 266
Resistance
8–9, 15, 25, 27, 38, 88, 225, 232, 237, 243, 245, 250, 256, 260, 269, 271
Response(s) to thanks
12, 16, 194–201, 202, 204, 207–213, 215, 296
;
see also Realization types
see also Reference action
see also Requests
Resumptive pronouns
35, 284
Role-plays
195, 197, 202–204, 206–210
Role plays
see role-plays
Rukwangali
70, 78, 253, 260, 262–265
S
Setswana
5, 49, 69, 77, 82, 174, 254, 257, 279
Signalization, signalisation
248–249, 262, 266, 268
South Africa
2, 7–9, 21–23, 25–31, 33, 47, 65, 67, 73, 82, 84, 111, 113, 222, 224, 241–245, 251, 253–254, 258, 260–262, 264, 266–268, 275–276, 278–280, 285–286, 290, 292
South African English
1, 33–36, 96, 111–113, 154, 171, 268, 275, 277–278, 283, 292
South African Englishes
12, 111, 154, 268, 278
;
see also Black South African English (BlSAfrE)
see also White South African English (WSAfrE)
Southern Hemisphere English(es)
34, 129–130, 278, 282, 283, 286
South West Africa (SWA)
8, 23–29, 33, 36, 242–243, 258, 261, 285
South West Africa People’s Organisation (SWAPO)
9, 21, 28–32, 36, 104, 222–223, 243–245, 258, 279
South West Africa Progressive Association 243
Speaker strategy
198, 201
Speaker strategy types 201
Stance
223, 230, 257, 269
St Mary’s High School
24, 26–27, 29
Structural nativization, structural nativisation
12, 112, 169–170, 172–173, 175, 190–191, 278, 289
Struggle for independence
9, 241
;
see also Anti-apartheid struggle
see also Liberation struggle
see also Struggle of liberation
Struggle of liberation 269
see also Anti-apartheid struggle
see also Liberation struggle
see also Struggle for independence
Style shifting
see style-shifting
Style-shifting
125, 140, 162, 241–242, 247–248
SWA
see South West Africa
Swahili
68, 77, 81–82, 279
SWAPO
see South West Africa People’s Organisation
T
Temporal reference
see reference
Thaniseb, Axaro W.
231, 234–236
Thimbukushu 254 –257
see also Mbukushu
Three Circles Model 288
see also Expanding Circle
see also Inner Circle
see also Outer Circle
Transfer(s)
34, 35, 157, 170, 188, 285
Transnational Attraction
280, 289
TRAP
111–116, 118–121, 123, 125––130, 135, 150–152, 154–155, 157, 159, 163, 278, 283, 286
TRAP-DRESS merger
111–114, 118–119, 125–127, 129, 155, 159, 278, 283
TRAP-DRESS-NURSE merger
126–127, 157, 163
Triangulation
45, 48, 117, 145,159, 195, 197, 202
Turnhalle Conference
22, 28
Tswana
4, 22, 70, 78, 174–175, 179–181
V
Variational pragmatic(s)
194–195, 197, 211
Variationist linguistics
164, 285
Varieties of English
1, 112, 129–130, 135–137, 145, 169, 171–172, 178, 189–190, 195–198, 200–201, 210–212, 220, 236, 276, 281–285, 292
;
see also African English
see also African Englishes
see also American English (AmE)
see also Australian English
see also Black South African English (BlSAfrE)
see also British English (BrE)
see also East African English
see also East African Englishes
see also Indian English
see also Jamaican English
see also Malaysian English
see also Namibian English
see also New World varieties
see also New Zealand English
see also Nigeria
see also Postcolonial English(es)
see also South African English
see also South African Englishes
see also Southern Hemisphere English(es)
see also Ugandan English
see also West Africa
see also White South African English (WSAfrE)
Vlog(s)
139–140, 143, 145–146, 148, 151–152, 155, 161
Vowel
12, 34, 112–114, 116–119, 121–122, 124–125, 128–131, 148, 150–159, 163, 275, 282–283, 286
fronting
see also GOOSE fronting
see also KIT fronting
see also NURSE fronting
see also WORK fronting
merger
113, 151
;
see also TRAP-DRESS merger
see also TRAP-DRESS-NURSE merger
shift 130
see also Chain shift
space
117, 122, 129, 131, 150–158
split
114, 122, 129, 130, 275
;
see also KIT split
see also NURSE-WORK split
Vowels
34, 111–112, 115, 117, 119, 129–131, 135, 148, 151–155, 157, 277, 282
W
Walvis Bay
3, 7, 22–23, 28, 144
WELCOME
198–201, 206, 208–209
White South African English (WSAfrE)
1, 34, 36, 112–113, 130
Word final consonant devoicing
112, 283
WORK
111–112, 114–116, 118, 121–122, 124–127–130, 150–151, 153–158, 163, 278, 282, 286, 290, 293
World Englishes
1, 11–13, 111–112, 135–138, 160, 170, 195, 210,275, 278, 287
World system of Englishes 291
WSAfrE
see White South African English
Y
YouTube
12, 135–149, 158–164, 278