Cover not available
Part of
Earlier North American Englishes
Edited by Merja Kytö and Lucia Siebers
[Varieties of English Around the World G66] 2022
► pp. 1–18

Earlier North American Englishes

Recent advances and future prospects

| Uppsala University
| University of Duisburg-Essen
Article outline
  • 1.Introductory remarks
  • 2.Anglo-American Englishes
  • 3.Focus on varieties
  • 4.The corpus linguistic turn and novel analytical frameworks
  • 5.Canadian English
  • 6.Concluding remarks
  • References
Published online: 15 July 2022
DOI logo
https://doi.org/10.1075/veaw.g66.01kyt
References
Agha, A.
2003 The social life of cultural value. Language & Communication 23: 231–273. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2007 Language and Social Relations [Studies in the Social Life and Cultural Foundations of Language 24]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Alexander, H.
1928 The language of the Salem witchcraft trials. American Speech 3: 390–400. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Algeo, J.
(ed.) 2001 The Cambridge History of the English Language. Volume VI: English in North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Anderwald, L.
2012 Variable past-tense forms in nineteenth-century American English: Linking normative grammars and language change. American Speech 87: 257–293. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2013 Natural language change or prescriptive influence? Throve, dove, pled, drug and snuck in 19th-century American English. English World-Wide 34: 146–176. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Avis, W. S.
1967 Introduction. In Dictionary of Canadianisms on Historical Principles, Avis et al . (eds), xii–xv. See [URL] (23 January 2022).
Bailey, G., Maynor, N. & Cukor-Avila, P.
(eds) 1991 The Emergence of Black English. Text and Commentary. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Beal, J.
2009 Enregisterment, commodification and historical context: “Geordie” versus “Sheffieldish”. American Speech 84: 138–156. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Chalkey, L.
1912 Chronicles of the Scotch-Irish Settlement in Virginia: Extracted from the Original Court Records of Augusta County, 1745–1800. Rosslyn, VA: The Commonwealth Printing Company.Google Scholar
Chambers, J. K.
1994 An introduction to dialect topography. English World-Wide 15: 35–53. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2004 “Canadian dainty”: The rise and decline of Briticisms in Canada. In Legacies of Colonial English. Studies in Transported Dialects, R. Hickey (ed.), 224–241. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Davies, M.
2012a Expanding horizons in historical linguistics with the 400 million word Corpus of Historical American English. Corpora 7(2): 121–157. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2012b The 400 million word corpus of Historical American English (1810–2009). In English Historical Linguistics 2010, I. Hegedüs & A. Fodor (eds)217–250. Philadelphia: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Devitt, A.
1989 Genre as textual variable: Some historical evidence from Scots and American English. American Speech 64: 291–303. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Dollinger, S.
2006 Oh Canada! Towards the Corpus of Early Ontario English. In The Changing Face of Corpus Linguistics [Language and Computers: Studies in Practical Linguistics 55], A. Renouf & A. Kehoe (eds), 7–25. Amsterdam: Rodopi.Google Scholar
2012 Varieties of English: Canadian English in real-time perspective. In English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook, L. Brinton & A. Bergs (eds), 1858–1879. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.Google Scholar
2015 Emerging standards in the colonies: Variation and the Canadian letter writer. In Letter Writing and Language Change, A. Auer, D. Schreier & R. J. Watts (eds), 101–113. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
(ed.-in-chief) 2017 DCHP-2: The Dictionary of Canadianisms on Historical Principles Online. With the assistance of Margery Fee and Laurel Brinton. Second Edition. Vancouver, BC: University of British Columbia. [URL] (23 January 2022).
(ed.-in-chief), Brinton, L. J. & Fee, M. (eds) 2013 DCHP-1 Online: A Dictionary of Canadianisms on Historical Principles Online. Based on W. S. Avis et al (1967) (Online dictionary). Vancouver, BC: University of British Columbia. [URL].
Eliason, N.
1956 Tarheel Talk. An Historical Study of the English Language in North Carolina to 1860. Chapel Hill: North Carolina University Press.Google Scholar
Ellis, M.
2016 Mapping southern American English 1861–1865. Journal of Linguistic Geography 4: 1–14. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Ellis, M. & Montgomery, M.
2011 About ALL: Studies in nineteenth-century American English. American Speech 86(3): 340–354. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2012 LAMSAS, CACWL, and the South-South Midland dialect boundary in nineteenth-century North Carolina. American Speech 87(4): 470–490. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Fitzmaurice, S. M. & Taavitsainen, I.
(eds) 2007 Methods in Historical Pragmatics [Topics in English Linguistics 52]. Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Galinsky, H.
1979 Das Amerikanische Englisch: Seine innere Entwicklung und internationale Ausstrahlung [Erträge der Forschung 125]. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft.Google Scholar
Grund, P.
2007 From tongue to text: The transmission of the Salem witchcraft examination records. American Speech 82 (2): 119–150. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Grund, P., Hiltunen, R., Kahlas-Tarkka, L., Kytö, M., Peikola, M. & Rissanen, M.
2009 Linguistic introduction. In Records of the Salem Witch-Hunt, B. Rosenthal, G. A. Adams, M. Burns, P. Grund, R. Hiltunen, L. Kahlas-Tarkka, M. Kytö, M. Peikola, B. C. Ray, M. Rissanen, M. K. Roach & R. Trask (eds), 64–90. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Grund, P., Kytö, M. & Rissanen, M.
2004 Editing the Salem witchcraft records: An exploration of a linguistic treasury. American Speech 79: 146–167. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Hiltunen, R. & Peikola, M.
2007 Trial discourse and manuscript context: Scribal profiles in the Salem witchcraft records. Journal of Historical Pragmatics 8: 43–46. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Johnstone, B.
2011 Dialect enregisterment in performance. Journal of Sociolinguistics 15(5): 657–679. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Jucker, A. H.
(ed.) 1995 Historical Pragmatics: Pragmatic Developments in the History of English [Pragmatics & Beyond New Series 35]. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Jucker, A. H. & Taavitsainen, I.
(eds) 2010 Historical Pragmatics. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Kautzsch, A.
2002 The Historical Evolution of Earlier African American English. An Empirical Comparison of Early Sources. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2012 Earlier African American Vernacular English. In The Mouton World Atlas of Variation in English, B. Kortmann & K. Lunkenheimer (eds), 126–140. Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Kortmann, B. & Lunkenheimer, K.
(eds) 2012 The Mouton World Atlas of Variation in English. Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Krapp, G. P.
1960 [1925]  The English Language in America (I-II). New York: Frederick Ungar Publishing Co.Google Scholar
Kretzschmar, W. A., Jr.
2014 Complex systems in the history of English. In Developments in English: Expanding Electronic Evidence, I. Taavitsainen, M. Kytö, C. Claridge & J. Smith (eds), 251–264. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2015 Language and Complex Systems. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Kurath, H.
et al 1939 The Linguistic Atlas of New England. New York: AMS Press.Google Scholar
Kytö, M.
1991 Variation and Diachrony, with Early American English in Focus: Studies on can/may and shall/will . Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
2004 The emergence of American English: Evidence from 17th-century records in New England. In The Legacy of Colonial English: Studies in Transported Dialects, R. Hickey (ed.), 121–157. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
2020 English in North America. In The Cambridge Handbook of World Englishes, D. Schreier, M. Hundt & E. W. Schneider (eds), 160–184. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Lederer, R. M., Jr
1985 Colonial American English. Essex, Connecticut: A Verbatim Book.Google Scholar
Marckwardt, A. H.
1958 American English. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Mencken, H. L.
1963 [1919] The American Language. An Inquiry into the Development of English in the United States. The fourth edition and the two supplements, abridged, with annotations and new material, by Raven I. McDavid, Jr. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Montgomery, M.
1989 Exploring the roots of Appalachian English. English World-Wide 10(2): 227–278. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
1994 The evolution of verb concord in Scots. In Studies in Scots and Gaelic: Proceedings of the Third International Conference on the Languages of Scotland, A. Fenton & D. A. MacDonald (eds), 81–95. Edinburgh: Cannongate Academic.Google Scholar
1996 Was colonial American English a koine? In Speech Past and Present: Studies in English Dialectology in Memory of Ossi Ihalainen [University of Bamberg Studies in English Linguistics 38], J. Klemola, M. Kytö & M. Rissanen (eds), 213–235. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
1997 The Scotch-Irish element in Appalachian English: How broad? How deep? In Ulster and North America: Transatlantic Perspectives on the Scotch-lrish, C. Wood & T. Blethen (eds), 189–212. Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama Press.Google Scholar
Montgomery, M., Ellis, M. & Cooper, B.
2014 When did Southern American English really begin? In The Evolution of Englishes. The Dynamic Model and beyond, S. Buschfeld, T. Hoffmann, M. Huber & A. Kautzsch (eds), 331–348. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Montgomery, M., Fuller, J. M. & DeMarse, S.
1993 “The black men has wives and sweet harts [and third person plural ‑s] jest like the white men”: Evidence for verbal ‑s from written documents on 19th-century African American Speech. Language Variation and Change 5: 335–357. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Mufwene, S. S.
1996 The development of American Englishes: Some questions from a creole genesis perspective. In Focus on USA, E. W. Schneider (ed.), 231–264. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Orbeck, A.
1927 Early New England Pronunciation as Reflected in Some Seventeenth Century Town Records of Eastern Massachusetts. Ann Arbor, Michigan: G. Wahr.Google Scholar
Pederson, L.
1977 Studies of American pronunciation since 1945. American Speech 52: 262–327. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Poplack, S. & Tagliamonte, S.
2001 African American English in the Diaspora. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Poplack, S., Walker, J. A. & Malcolmson, R.
2006 An English “like no other”?: Language contact and change in Quebec. Canadian Journal of Linguistics 51 (2–3): 185–213.Google Scholar
Read, A. W.
1938 The assimilation of the speech of British immigrants in colonial America. The Journal of English and Germanic Philology 37: 70–79.Google Scholar
Rissanen, M.
1984 The choice of relative pronouns in seventeenth-century American English. In Historical Syntax, J. Fisiak (ed.), 417–435. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
1985 Periphrastic ‘do’ in affirmative statements in early American English. Journal of English Linguistics 18: 163–183. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
1997 ‘Candy no witch, Barbados’: Salem witchcraft trials as evidence of early American English. In Language in Time and Space. Studies in Honour of Wolfgang Viereck on the Occasion of his 60th Birthday, H. Ramisch & K. Wynne (eds), 183–193. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag.Google Scholar
Rosenthal, B., Adams, G. A., Burns, M., Grund, P., Hiltunen, R., Kahlas-Tarkka, L., Peikola, M., Ray, B. C., Rissanen, M., Roach, M. K. & Trask, R.
(eds) 2009 Records of the Salem Witch-Hunt. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Rudanko, J.
2011 Changes in Complementation in British and American English: Corpus-Based Studies on Non-Finite Complements in Recent English. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Schneider, E. W.
1989 American Earlier Black English. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.Google Scholar
2004 The English dialect heritage of the southern United States. In Legacies of Colonial English. Studies in Transported Dialects, R. Hickey (ed.), 262–309. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
2007 Postcolonial English. Varieties around the World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2012 Tracking the evolution of vernaculars: Corpus linguistics and earlier U.S. Englishes. In Corpus Linguistics and Variation in English, J. Mukherjee & M. Huber (eds), 185–212. Amsterdam: Rodopi.Google Scholar
Schneider, E. W. & Montgomery, M.
2001 On the trail of early nonstandard grammar: An electronic corpus of Southern U.S. Antebellum overseers’ letters. American Speech 76(4): 388–410. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Siebers, L.
2015 Assessing heterogeneity. In Letter Writing and Language Change, A. Auer, D. Schreier & R. Watts (eds), 240–263. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2019 “This is all answer soon”: African American vernacular letters from the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. In Keeping in Touch. Emigrant Letters across the English-Speaking World, R. Hickey (ed.), 213–237. Amsterdam: Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Stein, D.
1990 Functional differentiation in the emerging English standard language: The evolution of a morphological discourse and style marker. In Historical Linguistics 1987 [Current Issues in Linguistic Thoery 66], H. Andersen & K. Koerner (eds), 489–498. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Stephenson, E.
1956 Linguistic resources of the Southern Historical Collection. American Speech 31: 271–277. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Tagliamonte, S.
2008 So different and pretty cool: Recycling intensifiers in Toronto. English Language and Linguistics 12(2): 361–394. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Tagliamonte, S. A. & D. Denis
2014 Expanding the transmission/diffusion dichotomy: Evidence from Canada. Language 90: 90–136. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Thompson, R.
1994 Mobility & Migration. East Anglian Founders of New England, 1629–1640. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press.Google Scholar
Trudgill, P.
1986 Dialects in Contact [Language and Society 10]. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Van Herk, G. & Poplack, S.
2003 Rewriting the past: Bare verbs in the Ottawa Repository of Early African American Correspondence. Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 18 (2): 231–266. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Viereck, W.
1982 Das amerikanische Englisch in Forschung und Lehre. Zeitschrift für Dialektologie und Linguistik 49: 351–365.Google Scholar
1985 On the origins and developments of American English. In Papers from the 6th International Conference on Historical Linguistics [Current Issues in Linguistic Theory 34], J. Fisiak (ed.), 561–569. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Webster, N.
1828 An American Dictionary of the English Language. New York: S. Converse.Google Scholar