Index
A
- acrolectal
- speakers14, 94, 96, 98–99, 157, 202, 205, 208, 214
- speech95–97, 100, 202, 205, 216
- addressee41, 76, 164–165, 173–174, 191–192, 201
- African American English10
- age16–17, 56–57, 69, 70–71, 81, 85, 105–106, 119, 128–130, 133, 135–137, 144–146, 148–149, 156–157, 166–167, 177–180, 183–184, 190, 193, 196–198, 200–202, 207–208
- apparent
- time approachSee apparent time model
- timeSee apparent time model
- time model16, 56, 104–105, 142, 148, 206
- America1, 7, 21, 42, 48, 56, 71–72, 104, 204, 207–208, 213
- American
- administration2, 5–6, 23–32, 204, 211–212, 214
- (colonial) controlSee American administration
- military (people)See American administration
- occupationSee American administration
- -orientedSee Western-oriented
- people23–27, 41–42, 45–46, 60, 100, 210–211, 213
- settlementSee American administration
- attitude41, 47, 53–54, 72–73, 103, 204–205, 208, 211–213, 215
- attitudinal space16, 150, 203, 205, 207, 208
- Australia2, 6, 11, 153, 154, 162, 167, 170, 201
- Austronesian2, 18, 19, 33
B
- basilectal
- speakers14, 94, 96–100, 202, 205, 208, 214, 216
- speechSee basilectal speakers
- British dialectsSee British English
- British English104, 106, 110, 117, 122, 135, 140, 154–157, 160, 162, 164, 169, 172, 174, 201, 207
C
- Canada154, 156, 162, 164, 167, 170, 172, 174, 178, 201
- Caroline Islands2, 18, 20, 38, 43, 51
- CarolinianSee Saipan Carolinian
- Carolinian languageSee Saipan Carolinian language
- Central CarolinesSee Caroline Islands
- Chamorro2, 19–28, 30, 32–33, 35, 37, 41–44, 47–48, 50–52, 54, 57, 61, 69–70, 72, 78, 81, 105, 127–129, 131, 145, 149–150, 153, 175–177, 181, 194–195, 200, 202–205, 207, 211, 213
- Chamorro language2, 18–19, 26, 33, 35–39, 41, 46–48, 50–54, 72, 83–84, 86–87, 90, 92, 99–100, 158, 202, 209, 212, 216
- Chuukic languages38–39, 98
- clause type111, 122–123, 138–139, 148
- CNMI Public School System48
- collocateSee collocations
- colonialism5–6, 11–12, 20, 22
- Commonwealth status29, 46, 212; see also political status
- community of practice16, 62
- consonant36, 38, 39, 94, 96, 97, 98
- consonant
- cluster reductionSee consonant clusters
- content of the quote169, 185, 201
- creole9–10, 13–14, 52, 93
D
- data collection55–56, 73, 79
- dependent variable15, 134–136, 145, 166, 182, 184
- diachronic9–10, 12, 16, 101, 164
- diffusion2, 7, 9, 10, 16, 51, 120, 128, 149, 152, 155–156, 161, 188, 193, 201–203, 207, 208
- diffusion of forms/variablesSee diffusion
- distribution
- variants106, 119, 121–123, 129–131, 149–150, 166, 169–170, 173, 179–180, 194, 201
- dynamic five-phase modelSee dynamic model
- dynamic model5–7, 12–13, 208, 211, 215
E
- economic statusSee socioeconomic status
- education5, 26–27, 50–51, 56, 71, 106, 131, 157, 181, 204, 210–212, 214
- education
- level16, 71, 131, 133, 181–182; see also education
- type131, 133, 181–182; see also education
- EFLSee English as a foreign language
- EIFSee Extra- and Intraterritorial Forces (model)
- electronic World Atlas of Varieties of English85–93
- emergence of new English varieties5, 10, 13, 51–52, 54, 100, 119, 146, 201, 203–204, 206, 208–210, 212, 214–216; see also localized Saipanese English
- emergent variety of Saipanese EnglishSee emergence of new English varieties
- endonormative stabilization phase6, 212–215
- English
- as a first language2, 7, 10, 52–53, 88–89, 93, 100, 149, 151, 154, 159, 169–170, 199, 201–203, 209–211
- as a foreign language10, 12, 208–210
- as a global language10, 204
- as a lingua franca45, 52, 212
- as an L1See English as a first language
- as an L2See English as a second language
- as a native language12, 208–210, 216; see also English as a first language
- as a second language2, 10, 12, 46, 88, 93, 100, 151–152, 154, 201–203, 208–210
- English in the UKSee British English
- English varieties in the Pacific9, 11, 87, 89, 94–99, 205–206
- ENLSee English as a native language
- ESLSee English as a second language
- ethnicity21, 23, 30, 33, 41, 48, 56–58, 69–70, 105, 127–131, 135, 145–146, 149–150, 157, 175–177, 181, 194–195, 201, 203, 208
- ethnic groupSee ethnicity
- ethnographic
- information and variablesSee ethnographic data
- observation55, 57, 77, 84
- evolution of varieties5, 9, 11–12, 208
- eWaveSee electronic World Atlas of Varieties of English
- exonormative stabilization phase5, 211
- Extra- and Intraterritorial Forces (model)13, 215
F
- Filipino/a20, 29, 33, 48, 52, 58, 212
- friend-of-a-friend approach61
G
- garment
- manufacturingSee garment industry
- gender33, 57, 62, 69–70; see also sex
- globalization11, 53, 204, 211, 214
- global
- economic changes29, 30, 50
- -orientationSee Western-oriented
- patternsSee global trends
- recessionSee global economic changes
- variables156; see also global variant(s)
- variant(s)17, 147, 149, 153, 199, 203, 206–207, 209–210
- (General) American English5, 54, 85, 94–96, 98, 100, 106, 110, 117, 122, 149–150, 154–157, 160, 162, 164, 167–170, 172, 174, 178, 201, 205, 209, 214, 216
- GenAmSee (General) American English
- grammatical
- change6, 101, 149, 201, 207
- person113–115, 160–161, 207
- grammaticalization17, 102, 104, 110, 113, 115, 120, 138–141, 148–150, 154, 156, 168, 190–191, 193, 201–202, 206–208
- Guam1–2, 11, 20–22, 25, 27–28, 31, 35, 52, 71–72, 81
- guest workers29–31, 33, 77; see also migrant workers
I
- IDG strandSee strand (indigenous)
- Indian English154–157, 167, 174, 201–202
- immigration28–31, 211–212
- independent variable15, 132, 134, 136–137, 152, 181–183, 192, 200–201
- inner circle English varieties86, 90, 93, 99
- innovative
- variant150, 153, 155–156, 197, 199, 202–203
- quotative variantSee innovative variant
- interview55, 61, 64–69, 73, 75–77, 80
- Irish English153–154, 178, 208
- island-oriented150, 176, 205, 208
J
- Joeten-Kiyu Public Library64, 66, 81
L
- language attitudeSee attitude
- language
- changeSee linguistic change
- layering of forms17, 103, 153–154, 206
- levelling of constraints148–149
- lexical aspect114–115, 124–125, 141, 148
- linguistic
- change6–7, 10, 16–17, 52, 127, 152, 155, 175, 192, 208, 211
- local
- English in SaipanSee localized Saipanese English
- indigenous languages46, 50, 53–54, 69, 73, 204, 210, 212; see also Chamorro language,Saipan Carolinian language
- variantsSee localized Saipanese English
- localized
- patterns of variablesSee localized Saipanese English
- Saipanese English10, 51, 54, 84, 100, 150, 202–203, 205–206, 208–211, 214
- lsmeansSee least-squares means
M
- mainland-orientedSee Western-oriented
- Marshall Islands2, 11, 21, 25
- Micronesia Project11, 58, 61–62, 64–65, 79–80, 82
- Micronesian
- languages2, 33, 35, 47, 50
- migration18, 49; see also immigration
- migrant workers29–30, 32, 49; see also guest workers
- mimesis163–164, 172–173, 190–191, 200–201, 207
- mobility16, 71, 130–131, 135–136, 146–147, 149, 180–181, 183, 198–201, 205
- multicollinearity131–132, 181–182
- multiculturalism48, 203, 213–214; see also multi-ethnic population
- multi-ethnic population32–33, 205, 210, 212–213, 216; see also ethnicity
- multilingualism52, 84, 205, 211, 213–214, 216
- multilingualSee multilingualism
- multinomial logistic regression134, 136, 184
N
- nativization5, 10, 13, 206, 209, 212, 214–216
- nativization phaseSee nativization
- Nauruan (Pidgin) English2, 11
- neoliberalism210, 212–213
- neoliberal economySee neoliberalism
- neutralizing linguistic effect156, 159–160, 186, 188, 193, 201–202, 207
- New Englishes2, 5, 12–14; see also World Englishes
- New Zealand6, 157, 176, 181
- New Zealand English10–11, 153–154, 160, 162, 164, 169–170, 172, 201
- non-standard variety10, 51, 91, 93
- non-standard dialectSee non-standard variety
- North American English trendSee (General) American English
- Northern Islands20, 24, 33
- Northern Marianas Trades Institute31; see also trade
- NZSee New Zealand or New Zealand English
O
- occupation
- type70, 177–178, 196–197, 200–202
- outer islandsSee Caroline Islands
P
- Pacific
- contact varietiesSee English varieties in the Pacific
- Palauan English2, 11, 97–99, 205–206
- PCESee postcolonial varieties of Englishes
- Peace Corps27, 46–47, 51, 204, 211–212
- Philippines5–6, 18–19, 49, 71–72, 77
- Philippine
- English94–95, 97–98, 154, 205
- PhlESee Philippine English
- physical mobility16, 100, 148, 180, 205, 207–208; see also mobility
- political
- administration2, 20–26, 32, 35, 38, 42–43, 45–46, 203–204, 211, 213–214
- administratorSee political administration
- status27, 71, 212, 214–215
- postcolonial varieties of Englishes5, 11, 12, 13, 215
- principle of accountability15
- proximity112–113, 123–124, 139–140, 147–149
R
- Refaluwasch38, 43; see also Saipan Carolinian
- Rota20, 26, 28–29, 32, 35, 46
S
- Saipan Carolinian2, 20–28, 32–33, 41, 43–44, 47–48, 51, 53, 57, 64, 69–70, 72, 81, 105, 127–129, 131, 145, 148–150, 175–177, 179, 181, 194–195, 200, 202–205, 211
- Saipan Carolinian language2, 38–41, 46–48, 51–52, 54, 72, 78, 83–87, 91–92, 98–100, 158, 202, 209, 212, 216
- Saipan community50, 60, 67, 78, 80, 205, 213
- Scottish English153–154, 156, 174
- sentence type109–111, 121–122, 137–138, 148
- sex16, 56–57, 69–70, 86, 106, 126–129, 136, 142–144, 149, 156, 174–180, 192–194, 201–202, 207–208; see also gender
- Singapore English154, 210
- socioeconomic status14, 23, 156–157, 181
- sociolinguistic interviewsSee interview
- specialization of variant contexts17, 142–143, 148–150, 203
- standard
- dialectSee standard variety
- EnglishSee standard variety
- orthography of indigenous languages47, 53
- variety2, 14, 36, 39, 87–88, 92–93, 98, 216
- STL strandSee strand (settler)
- substrate language interference5, 13, 83–84, 88
T
- technological mobility16, 50, 85, 100, 147–150, 180, 205, 207–208; see also mobility
- temporal adverbials102, 116, 123, 125–126, 141–142, 147–148
- tense and temporal reference162–163, 170–172, 184, 188–189, 201
- three concentric circles model7, 12
- tourism27, 29–32, 63, 205, 212
- tradition24, 41–44, 50, 62, 64, 69, 73, 75, 150, 202, 209
- traditionally-rootedSee island-oriented
- trajectory5, 7, 17, 101–103, 152, 154, 214–215
- trajectory
- of grammaticalizationSee trajectory
- type of subject113–114, 160–161, 169–170, 184, 186–188, 207
U
- United
- States Bilingual Education Act46, 212; see also education
- US
- EnglishSee (General) American English
V
- variationist
- methodsSee variationist sociolinguistics
- sociolinguistics6, 14–16, 55, 104, 136, 158
- vernacular46–47, 51, 53–54, 75
W
- Western-oriented150, 176, 181, 203, 205, 207–209
- World Englishes2, 5–7, 9, 11–13, 89, 93, 204–206, 208; see also New Englishes
- World English varietiesSee World Englishes