Table of contents
List of figures
List of tables
Abbreviations
Acknowledgments
Chapter 1.
Introduction
Chapter 2.
Describing Saipanese English
The theoretical framework
2.1
Lesser-known varieties of English
2.2
Existing models for the categorization of World Englishes
2.3
Language variation and change
2.3.1
The variationist approach
2.3.2
(Socio)linguistic change
Chapter 3.
English in Saipan
Historical, cultural, and sociolinguistic development
3.1
The pre-Anglophone historical period
3.1.1
The ancient Chamorros and first Western contacts
3.1.2
The Spanish period
3.1.3
The German period
3.1.4
The Japanese period
3.2
The Anglophone historical period
3.2.1
US Navy military government
3.2.2
The Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands
3.2.3
The Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands
3.3
Current demography
3.4
Indigenous languages
3.4.1
The Chamorro language
3.4.2
The Saipanese Carolinian language
3.5
Culture
3.5.1
Chamorros
3.5.2
Saipan Carolinians
3.6
The education system
3.7
The media
3.8
Languages in the Marianas
3.9
Language attitudes
Chapter 4.
Fieldwork and data from Saipan
4.1
Introduction
4.2
The speech community
4.2.1
Planned sample population
4.2.2
Actual sample population
4.3
Preparatory steps
4.3.1
Pre-fieldwork
Social media
4.3.2
Selecting informants
4.3.3
Exploratory activities and access to informants
4.4
Sociolinguistic interviews
4.4.1
Equipment
4.4.2
Procedure of conducting an interview
4.4.3
Extra-linguistic factors
4.4.4
Topics of conversation and the observer’s paradox
4.4.5
Data management
4.4.6
Additional data
4.5
Ethics
4.5.1
Ethical approach
4.5.2
Linguistic gratuity
4.6
Data processing
4.6.1
The corpus
4.6.2
Transcription
Chapter 5.
A qualitative description of Saipanese English
5.1
Lexis
5.2
Morphology and syntax
5.2.1
Pronouns, pronoun exchange, nominal gender
5.2.2
The noun phrase
5.2.3
Adjectives
5.2.4
The verb phrase
5.2.5
Word class change
5.2.6
Negation
5.2.7
Agreement
5.2.8
Relativization and complementation
5.2.9
Adverbs and prepositions
5.2.10
Discourse organization and word order
5.3
Phonetics and phonology
5.3.1
Vowels
5.3.2
Consonants
5.3.3
Prosody
5.4
Summary
Chapter 6.
The Saipanese English future temporal reference system
6.1
Historical overview of the variable and previous research
6.2
Data
6.3
Extra-linguistic factors
6.4
Constraints on the variable context
Future temporal reference
6.4.1
Exclusions
6.4.2
Other comments on inclusion/exclusion
6.5
Intra-linguistic factors
Future temporal reference
6.5.1
Sentence type
6.5.2
Clause type
6.5.3
Proximity
6.5.4
Type of subject
6.5.5
Lexical aspect
6.5.6
Transitivity
6.5.7
Temporal adverbials
6.5.8
Quote
6.5.9
Sentence length
6.5.10
Summary of intra-linguistic factors
Future temporal reference
6.6
Results
Future temporal reference
6.6.1
Distributional results
6.6.2
Multinomial results
6.7
Discussion of the future temporal reference system
in Saipanese English
Chapter 7.
The Saipanese English quotative system
7.1
Historical overview of the variable and previous research
7.2
Data and extra-linguistic factors
7.3
Constraints on the variable context
Quotatives
7.4
Intra-linguistic factors
Quotatives
7.4.1
Content of the quote
7.4.2
Type of subject
7.4.3
Tense and temporal reference
7.4.4
Mimesis
7.4.5
Addressee
7.4.6
Summary of intra-linguistic factors
Quotatives
7.5
Results
Quotatives
7.5.1
Distributional results
7.5.2
Multinomial results
7.6
Discussion of the quotative system in Saipanese English
Chapter 8.
Summary and conclusion
8.1
The description of Saipanese English
8.2
Main findings and their implications
8.3
Placing Saipanese English on the map of World Englishes research
8.4
The future of Saipanese English
References
Appendix
Appendix A.
Participant information sheet
Appendix B.
Transcription conventions
Appendix C.
Comparison of rates of be like
Index