Article outline

• 5.1be
  • 5.1.1Zero copula be
  • 5.1.2Present tense be leveling
  • 5.1.3Was/were variation
• 5.2do
  • 5.2.1Preverbal marker did
  • 5.2.2Habitual does
• 5.3have
  • 5.3.1Existential they have
  • 5.3.2have and time elapsed
• 5.4Modal expressions
  • 5.4.1was to
  • 5.4.2able to
• 5.5The expression of time reference
  • 5.5.3Past time reference
  • 5.5.2Present-tense agreement marking
• 5.6Summary: The kinships of Panamanian English
• Notes