Subject index

• accommodation 279, 307, 311, 357, 366

• ad hoc interpreters 247, 258–261, 267–268, 270–271

• adaptive systems 385, 387, 401

• adoption (child) 302–304, 311–313, 315–316

• adoption (costs) 372–373

• ageing489

• agent-based modelling 381–383, 389, 391–392, 396, 398, 401

• allocation 35–36

• allochthonous 144, 417

• approximation 300, 311, 313

• asylum seekers 162, 239, 254, 262–264, 267–268, 270, 418

• attitudes 15–16, 24, 30, 37, 77–78 111–112, 123–126, 141, 143, 178, 180–183, 185, 187–190, 199, 205–206, 208, 257–261, 264–265, 268, 271, 293, 303–304, 348, 375, 395, 400, 441–442, 475, 478, 480–481, 500, 513–514

• autochthonous 20, 72, 101, 130, 137, 140, 142, 144–145, 178, 201, 323, 350, 356, 365, 377, 409

• awareness 33, 112, 151, 163, 166–167, 173–174, 178, 188–191, 208, 210, 220, 229, 277, 300–301, 451, 542, 544

• Barcelona 129, 131–132, 137–140, 142–144

• Belgium 60, 112, 116, 119–120, 123, 125, 127, 200, 348, 409, 458, 461

• belonging (sense of) 9, 114–115, 151, 155, 157, 439, 441, 444, 475, 491, 493

• bilingualism 78–79, 116–117, 123, 132, 137, 141, 143, 178, 180, 224, 228, 304, 319, 321, 324, 335, 344, 398–399, 495, 509, 512–513, 515–517, 533

• Brussels 111–112, 116–127, 163, 302, 349–352

• capacity-building 195, 197–199, 202, 207, 209

• case law 47, 409, 451, 453, 456–459, 461–463

• Catalan 62–63, 131, 137–138, 140–143, 178, 186, 201, 207, 223–225, 237, 242–243, 245–247, 249–255

• Catalonia 59, 62–63, 131–132, 137, 140–142, 144, 240, 247, 252–254, 350–351

• Central and Eastern Europe 67, 100, 484

• Charter of Fundamental Rights 67, 90, 414, 452–454, 469

• citizens 9, 14, 18, 33–34, 56, 59, 61, 74, 95, 112, 114–118, 125–126, 129, 132–134, 136, 141, 164, 186, 188, 198, 237, 291, 331–332, 347, 350, 352, 361, 365–366, 371, 375, 377, 414–416, 418, 435, 438, 446, 453, 457, 475, 497

• citizenship 69, 102–103, 111, 114–115, 117–118, 120, 129–130, 132–136, 138, 144, 157, 198, 201, 244, 252, 366, 406–407, 414, 435, 439, 443, 492

• city, cities 27, 97, 112, 114, 115–117, 121–122, 127, 131–132, 140–142, 151–155, 157–166, 196, 387, 550

• classroom 124, 175, 188, 196, 198, 200, 202, 205–206, 208, 221, 229, 389, 480

• code-mixing 160, 182, 220, 225, 305–306, 311, 393, 512

• code-switching 159–160, 220, 225, 305–309, 311, 512

• cohesion 69, 115, 136, 143–144, 151–153, 155–158, 164–165, 168, 177, 186–187, 218, 229, 297, 313, 327, 356, 383, 407, 475–476, 489, 526

• CEFR, Common European Framework of Reference for Languages 56, 207, 226–227, 239, 285, 512, 519, 525

• communication 5, 7–9, 27, 30, 54, 57, 97, 99, 111, 114, 121, 130, 132–134, 139, 144–145, 156–157, 160, 163–164, 166, 174–175, 177, 182–183, 186, 191, 195, 198, 203, 205–206, 216–220, 223–225, 229–231, 239, 246–247, 258–259, 261, 263–268, 270–271, 276, 278, 288–289, 292–293, 297–299, 301, 303–308, 310–313, 323, 326, 331, 339, 346, 350, 352, 387, 393, 395–397, 399, 428, 436–437, 453, 475, 482, 484, 487, 490–491, 496–504, 511, 516, 526, 531–533, 541, 550–551

• community engagement 215–216

• community interpreting 257–258

• complex diversity 129–132, 134, 136, 144, 175–176, 178

• complexity 23–24, 26–27, 29–33, 38–39, 88, 113, 115, 117, 143, 166, 175–176, 187, 217, 219–220, 305, 371, 381–387, 391–393, 395–396, 399–401, 466–467

• computational models 382, 391

• consistency 30, 38–39, 465–467, 470

• constitutional law20

• constraint 10–12, 30–31, 33, 35, 39, 50, 167, 185, 362, 370, 393

• consumers; consumer law/legislation/protection 4, 7, 28, 451–453, 455–470, 483

• contractualism 362, 364, 370

• CRC, Convention on the Rights of the Child 409, 417, 420

• cooperation 45–46, 58–59, 64, 88, 93–94, 276, 313

• coping 158, 168

• corporate governance534

• cosmopolitanism 152, 154, 230

• cost-effectiveness analysis 319, 321, 328, 336

• CJE, Court of Justice of the European Union 409–410, 415–416, 419, 451–453, 455–456, 458, 461–462, 468

• Creativity 31, 478, 482, 509–527

• deliberation 201, 320, 346, 350, 362, 365, 367–369, 375, 377

• distribution 35–36, 114, 139, 218, 372, 465

• Dutch 57, 74–77, 79, 116, 119–126, 159–160, 348–350, 352–353, 410, 458, 461

• economic operators 18, 451, 457

• efficiency 35, 56, 58–59, 187, 373

• empathy310

• English 28, 30, 36–37, 47–50, 52–57, 77–78, 119–123, 126, 130, 132, 139–140, 159–161, 163–164, 181, 187, 215–218, 220, 223–230, 237, 239–240, 242–243, 245–252, 254, 262–263, 268–270, 275, 277–280, 282, 286–293, 302, 308–311, 331, 351, 353–354, 368, 371, 374–376, 395, 410–411, 416, 418, 487, 495, 497–504, 531–541, 544–550

• English as a lingua franca 132, 230, 239, 247, 277–279, 292, 302, 487, 501–502, 532

• equal protection of the law 405, 410, 420–421

• Erasmus, Erasmus+ 59, 181, 217, 223, 226, 242, 246–247, 275–280, 286–294

• ethics 480, 533, 535, 543–544, 546, 549, 551

• European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages 34, 70, 88, 408, 424

• European citizen 5, 10, 24–25, 27, 68, 118, 291, 446, 458

• European Convention on Human Rights, ECHR 91, 407–408, 410–411, 420–421

• European language policy 81, 291

• evaluation 6, 9, 25, 57, 79, 158, 180, 206, 208, 277, 286–287, 329, 401, 482, 484, 514, 518

• exit 57, 476, 487, 500–502

• family interactions297

• foreign language learning 7, 30, 208, 276, 286

• foreign language speaking 299–300

• Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities 70, 88, 92, 408

• France 56, 60, 73–74, 76–79, 100, 200, 223, 263–264, 269, 282, 289, 302, 332, 353, 409, 461, 480, 482

• free movement 57, 117, 163, 366, 460–463, 465, 468–469, 475

• French 47–50, 55–56, 61–62, 74–77, 100, 116, 118–127, 151, 159–160, 178, 182–183, 186, 207, 225, 243, 247–249, 262–264, 268, 270, 275, 279, 282, 286, 288–289, 293, 301, 348–353, 376, 412, 452, 458, 474, 480, 482, 532

• friction 173, 178, 433

• geography 151, 156, 158, 433

• geopolitics433

• globalisation 8, 20, 29–30, 112–113, 117, 121, 151, 217, 220, 229, 531–532, 550

• healthcare262

• Higher Education Language Policy, HELP 215, 216–218, 220–221, 227, 229–230

• humanistic geography 151, 166

• identification 4, 13, 27, 33, 37, 39, 101, 126, 140, 152–153, 155, 253, 435, 499, 503, 510

• identity 41, 74, 87, 89–91, 100, 104, 112, 114–116, 125, 129–131, 133–137, 140–145, 152–153, 156, 158–159, 167, 177, 184, 188, 190, 195, 198, 247, 276, 278–279, 303, 325, 347–350, 352, 361, 385, 409, 417, 420, 431, 436, 440, 460–461, 463, 474, 477–478, 489, 491, 503, 519–520

• immigrants 20, 27–28, 47, 50–53, 55–56, 61, 63, 70, 74–76, 78–79, 81, 92–93, 113, 117, 130, 132, 138, 140–141, 152, 163, 196, 237–238, 240, 243, 250, 252–255, 261–262, 313, 323, 347, 350, 356, 363, 365–366, 395, 488, 491–492, 495, 500, 504, 512–513, 524, 527

• immigrant languages see migrant languages

• immigration see migration

• incoming students 223, 229, 280–281, 293

• informal education 185, 201

• insecurity 30, 112, 174, 430 ; see also linguistic unease

• intercomprehension 220, 225, 227, 239, 247–248, 278, 297–303, 306–308, 310–313 501–502 ; see also receptive multilingualism

• interdisciplinarity 3, 6, 13, 23–27

• internal market 455, 457, 459–461, 463–464, 468–469

• International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, ICCPR 91, 407–413

• International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights 408–409

• international retirement migration 487–490, 502, 504

• interpreters, interpreting 6, 27, 29–30, 57, 165, 239, 243–247, 250, 254, 257–261, 263–271, 299–300, 408, 418, 420, 478, 480, 492, 497–499, 501, 526

• Ireland 203, 260, 282, 374–375, 409–410

• justificatory community 365, 370, 374–375, 377

• kin-state 80–81, 87–88, 90, 94, 97, 100–103

• language acquisition 18, 47, 53, 74–77, 79, 183–184, 284, 313, 323, 331, 474, 513

• language choice 116, 275, 279, 287, 288, 306–307, 310, 321, 339, 352, 366

• language cooperation45

• language diversity, linguistic diversity 4, 7–10, 13, 19–21, 29–32, 45–46, 48, 54, 56–57, 67, 72–73, 75, 81, 87–91, 96, 116, 120, 122, 124–126, 129–132, 136, 141, 143, 145, 151–152, 154, 157–158, 160–168, 173, 175, 191, 201, 205, 216–218, 220–221, 226–227, 229–230, 237–238, 254–255, 275, 277, 291, 293, 307, 343, 345–346, 353–354, 357, 361, 369, 398, 407, 451–454, 457, 459, 462–463, 469–470, 473, 490, 509–511

• language dynamics 254, 319–322, 324, 325, 330, 340, 400

• language ideology 159, 167–168

• language learning 7, 30, 57, 63, 70, 90, 92, 99, 115, 127, 162, 165, 178, 180, 185, 201, 205, 208, 225, 231, 239, 249, 254–255, 275–278, 284, 286–287, 290, 293, 297–298, 300, 303–304, 306, 312–313, 319, 323, 325–326, 372, 473, 475, 478–479, 481, 483–484, 504

• language politics 346, 351

• language regimes 48, 50, 81, 96, 175, 222, 254, 344–345, 348, 355, 357, 361–364, 366, 370, 372–377, 415–416, 468

• language rights 48, 67–69, 72, 75–76, 81, 87–89, 91–92, 96–98, 103, 134, 320, 344, 347–352, 363, 366–367, 374, 377, 422, 424, 506

• language skills 37, 61, 82, 100, 102, 121, 125, 139–141, 143, 153, 162–163, 166, 174, 180–181, 187, 189, 199, 207–208, 221, 226, 277–278, 282, 287, 293, 312–313, 319, 339, 376, 387, 399, 418, 525, 527, 533, 549

• language use 29, 34, 36, 73, 87–88, 97, 99, 103, 111–112, 119–122, 121, 126, 131, 136, 139, 159, 166, 189, 216, 220, 228, 276, 320, 325, 329, 332, 338, 465–466, 487–489, 504, 535, 545

• languaging219

• Latvia, Latvian 18, 28, 132, 137–144, 286, 293, 409, 427–429, 433–434, 436–445, 452

• law 20, 29, 47, 57, 87–88, 95–97, 99, 107, 136, 149, 162, 263, 281, 287, 290, 316, 340, 347–348, 352, 358–359, 394, 405–407, 409–412, 414–416, 418, 420–424, 434, 438, 443, 446, 451–459, 461–463, 466, 469–471

• lingua franca 7, 56–57, 132, 139, 180, 215–218, 220, 226, 230–231, 239–240, 244, 247, 249, 254, 262, 277–279, 289, 292–293, 299–300, 302, 311, 476, 487, 495, 500–504, 532, 544

• Lingua Receptiva 180, 297, 306, 311, 313

• Linguapass 45–46, 55, 61–64

• linguistic challenges 28, 487–490, 492–493, 496, 500

• linguistic coerciveness 343, 345, 352–354, 357

• linguistic diversity see language diversity

• linguistic environment 25–26, 29–30, 33, 38, 175, 218, 270, 319, 324–326, 330, 332, 334, 361, 364, 366, 503, 533, 545, 547

• linguistic exclusion 237–240, 248, 254

• linguistic hospitality 257, 271

• linguistic justice 28, 177, 345, 347, 351–352, 354, 361–365, 367–371, 374–375

• linguistic minority, minorities 50, 56, 59, 72, 90, 133–134, 165, 325, 356

• linguistic monism 343, 345, 353–354

• linguistic pluralism 104, 350, 353, 354–355, 367

• linguistic repertoire 132–133, 136, 166, 173, 176, 178–179, 182–183, 187, 207, 215, 219–220, 223, 225, 227–230, 330, 339, 369

• linguistic strategies 487–490, 493, 500, 501–502, 504

• linguistic subsidiarity 45, 47, 55, 59, 62–63

• linguistic unease 173–177, 184–185, 187–191 ; see also insecurity

• long-term migrants 239, 255, 257–258, 262–268, 270

• LUCIDE165

• mediation 154, 220, 237, 239–240, 242, 248–249, 251–252, 254–255, 257–258, 265, 278, 297–301, 303, 305, 311–313

• medium-term migrants 259, 263, 265, 267–271

• member states 7, 9, 27–28, 51, 56–58, 60–62, 64, 67–68, 70, 72, 80, 88, 90–91, 94, 103, 111, 115, 118–120, 153, 163–164, 167, 195, 198, 207, 277, 357, 361–362, 366, 375, 377, 406, 409–410, 414–417, 419–420, 427, 444, 451–454, 457–460, 462, 464–468, 475

• metalinguistic awareness 173–174, 188–191, 220

• migrant languages 67–69, 71, 73, 75–77, 80–82, 130, 132, 323, 350, 421, 491

• migration 7, 9, 46, 51–55, 57, 66, 82, 87–88, 93–94, 102–103, 111, 113, 118, 120, 129, 137, 139, 151, 153, 161–164, 175, 178–179, 181, 183–185, 197, 238, 258–259, 262, 271, 298, 301, 313, 319, 322, 325–327, 331–338, 396, 405–406, 407, 414, 421–422, 431, 433, 483, 487–495, 502–504

• minority languages 7, 27–28, 30, 34, 35, 47–48, 50, 53, 56–57, 59, 67–73, 80–81, 87–93, 96–100, 102–104, 120, 124, 126, 133–134, 142, 198, 252–253, 319–327, 328–339, 350, 354, 363–365, 374, 377, 395, 399–400, 408, 413, 438, 445, 510

• mobility and inclusion 3, 5, 8–12, 19, 24, 26, 45, 47, 49–51, 55, 5–58, 62, 6–69, 80–81, 88, 94, 129–133, 144–145, 151–154, 164, 166–168, 191, 195–198, 215–218, 221–223, 227–230, 277, 299, 321, 343–345, 356, 362–363, 383, 405–406, 414, 451, 463, 465, 470, 484, 534 ; see also trade-off model

• mother-tongue education 74–79, 405–406, 420–421

• motility 69–70, 74, 77–80, 82

• multi-level governance 56, 58, 60, 91, 161, 167

• multicultural experience 509, 517, 524–525, 527

• multiculturalism 28, 74–75, 82, 105, 152, 158, 227, 363

• multilingual competence 220, 222, 225, 227–228, 230

• multilingual education 5, 199, 202–203, 205–206, 209, 230

• multilingual federations45

• multilingual regions 87–88, 90, 189

• multilingualism 3–7, 9, 19–20, 28–30, 32, 59, 75, 79, 87, 89–90, 94–99, 104, 111–112, 115, 123–127, 129, 132, 140, 143–145, 151–152, 154–156, 173–176, 178, 182–183, 187–190, 205, 207, 210, 220–222, 224–225, 227, 239, 252, 275–277, 291, 293–294, 297, 303, 311, 344, 346, 355–356, 363, 367, 369, 376–377, 399, 427–432, 451–454, 457–458, 463, 466–470, 473, 475–478, 484, 487, 504, 509–513, 515–517, 519–527

• municipality 95, 97, 116, 124–126, 167, 198, 201, 344, 348, 494, 497, 499, 503

• mutual intelligibility see intercomprehension

• nation state 69, 71, 73, 113–114, 117, 129–130, 132, 134–135, 144, 159, 167, 175, 196–197, 429

• nation-building 101–102, 129, 134–135, 143–145, 320

• naturalisation 103, 118, 405–407, 414, 421

• neighbourhood 12, 115, 120–121, 124, 141, 151–153, 157, 160, 164, 182, 190, 196, 387, 391, 445

• Netherlands 37, 73–74, 76–77, 79, 116, 159, 169, 282, 301, 410, 414

• network 39, 47, 52, 70, 73, 100, 102, 111–115, 117, 127, 151, 154–156, 161, 163, 164–166, 180, 183, 201, 204, 210, 238, 253, 259, 279, 284, 382, 385, 390, 399, 437, 445, 495–497, 501, 503, 522, 537–539

• neutrality 367–368, 375, 377

• non-discrimination 405–407, 410, 412, 414, 418, 422, 452

• normative political theory see political philosophy

• occupational prestige 258–260

• official language 7, 9, 27–29, 45, 47, 52, 54, 57, 62, 67–69, 72–73, 80–81, 92, 104, 115–116, 119–120, 123, 127, 133, 142, 163, 186, 223, 252, 254, 263, 320, 331, 347, 352, 370, 372, 375,-377, 395, 405–408, 410, 412, 415–422, 428, 452, 454, 458–459, 461, 464, 466–467, 490–491, 495, 532, 541, 544

• official recognition 366, 371, 374

• Online Linguistic Support (OLS) 275, 286, 291, 293

• operational costs372

• outgoing students 280–281, 288

• parameter 174, 177, 181–182, 326–327, 329–331, 436, 523

• personality principle 67–71, 73, 80–82, 116, 344, 350, 354

• place 8–10, 14, 20,– 101, 113–114, 151–161 185, 277, 367 475, 483, 490–491

• place-making 151–152, 154–156, 158, 161, 168

• plausibility 23, 37–38, 515

• Poles, Polish 63, 73, 76–81, 118, 121, 140, 246, 264, 293, 376, 416–417, 438, 452, 535

• policy network 161, 165

• political geography151

• political legitimacy 367–368

• political philosophy 345–347, 351, 357, 362–364

• porosity (of multilingual spaces)159

• priority view 370–372, 374, 377

• professionals 185–186, 197, 199, 206, 209, 259–261, 457, 463, 465, 478, 490, 497, 535–538, 540, 549

• proficiency 51–53, 60–63, 69, 119–120, 127, 139, 141, 163, 166, 176, 207, 226, 258, 275–276, 278, 282, 284, 286, 289, 292, 302, 376–377, 396, 407, 410, 491, 512, 519–520

• proportionality 100, 388, 405–406, 411–413, 415, 420–421, 462–463, 467

• public justification 361–363

• public policy 13, 23, 29, 31, 54, 325, 412, 510

• public reason 362, 369

• public space 30, 121, 151, 153, 157, 160, 352

• reasonable rejectability 370–372, 374, 376

• receptive multilingualism 178, 183, 220, 225, 227, 297, 311 ; see also intercomprehension

• reciprocity 45, 47, 50, 55–56, 58–59, 61, 63–64, 101

• representation 24, 30, 33, 98–99, 112, 131, 142, 151, 155–156, 158, 161, 201, 219, 229, 302, 311, 320, 369

• residential tourism495

• resilience 427, 429, 436–437, 441, 444–446

• resistance 114, 165, 203, 310, 444

• Riga 129, 131–132, 137–142, 144, 439

• right to education 420–421

• Roma, Romani 94–95, 262, 473–484

• Romania, Romanian 71–73, 80–81, 94–96, 101–102, 118, 239, 244, 247–248, 262, 376, 410, 414, 452, 474, 477–478, 482, 484

• scale 35, 39, 56, 58, 60, 114, 131, 151–156, 158–159, 167, 218, 284, 382, 384, 388–389, 395, 398, 413, 420–421, 468, 489, 495, 504, 525, 545

• school, schooling 5, 47, 49, 52, 54–55, 72, 75, 97–98, 115, 119–120, 124, 132–134, 141, 157, 164, 173–175, 177–178, 180, 182–191, 195–2206, 208–210, 242–243, 250, 253–255, 258, 263–266, 270, 276, 289, 305–306, 321, 326–327, 332, 337–339, 347, 351–354, 363, 410, 412–413, 420–421, 430–431, 434, 436–438, 476, 510, 550

• securitisation430

• security 104, 113, 218, 226, 229, 407, 411, 414, 416, 419, 427–432, 434–436, 438–446, 452, 465, 497, 501

• segregation 114, 121, 124, 127, 153, 157, 254, 293, 350, 354, 390–391, 502

• short-term migrants 259, 262–263, 265–270

• simulation 208, 381–382, 385, 389, 390–392, 397, 401

• sliding scale see scale

• Slovak, Slovakia 71–73, 80–81, 94–97, 279, 414, 452

• Slovene, Slovenia, Slovenian 71, 239–240, 257–258, 262–270, 286, 410, 452

• social inclusion 46, 54, 57, 90–91, 97, 99–100, 111–112, 115–116, 140, 145, 157, 173–174, 187–188, 198–199, 207, 209, 237, 239, 277, 410, 418, 483

• social policy439

• social services 209, 238–239, 254, 258, 328, 405–406, 418–419, 422

• sociality114

• sociolinguistics 3–4, 8, 27, 34, 142, 176, 190, 218

• sociology of translators259

• sovereignty 101, 346, 414, 421, 427, 435, 443–444, 451, 457

• Spain, Spanish 19, 53, 56, 60, 121, 123, 132, 137–138, 140–143, 159, 178, 186, 200, 201, 207, 223, 225, 237, 242–255, 261–262, 264, 270, 275, 279, 282, 286, 288, 289, 293, 297, 304–306, 308–311, 319, 322–323, 331–333, 335, 337, 351, 376, 410, 452, 487–489, 490, 492–504

• student mobility 115, 228, 277

• Swede, Sweden, Swedish 28, 73–79, 178, 181, 261, 282, 302, 323, 348, 353, 414, 452, 488, 492–497, 500–503

• teacher 75, 79, 97, 115, 173–174, 176, 187–191, 195–200, 202–206, 209, 221, 223, 225, 227, 239, 249, 263–264, 270, 279, 289, 330, 410, 434, 438, 473, 475–478, 480, 483, 484, 503

• teacher education 195, 197–200, 202–205, 209

• terminology 34, 218, 225, 228, 231, 289, 364

• territoriality principle 67–70, 71, 73, 80–81, 92–93, 96, 116, 343–345, 347–349, 351, 352–357

• territory 11, 37, 47, 68–69, 71, 92–93, 96–97, 112, 121, 130, 133, 135, 154–156, 159, 161, 175, 186, 189, 217, 237, 248, 253, 259, 320–321, 331, 339, 343–344, 347–352, 355, 357, 363, 427, 409, 414, 443–445, 457, 550, 461, 468

• trade-off 3, 7, 9–16, 19, 26–27, 48–52, 55, 58, 67, 69, 73, 80–81, 88, 92, 129–132, 143–145, 151–152, 165–167, 195, 197, 215–218, 221, 230, 254, 299, 319, 321, 323, 328–329, 339, 383, 397, 527, 534 ; see also mobility and inclusion

• translanguaging 220–221, 225

• translation 3–4, 6, 29–30, 52–53, 98, 115, 165–166, 200, 225–226, 230, 239, 246–249, 254, 257–260, 265, 267, 278, 281, 291, 299, 301, 364, 366, 372, 376, 419, 487, 491, 498, 500–503, 516, 526

• transnational, transnational spaces 67–69, 70, 73, 76–78, 80–82, 117, 129–131, 144, 151, 155–156, 164, 276, 303, 311–312, 480, 489

• treaty, treaties 28, 58, 67, 70, 72, 89–90, 92–93, 111, 408–409, 413–415, 417, 452–453, 458, 461, 469

• Turk, Turkey, Turkish 73, 76–81, 118, 121, 249, 262, 421, 512

• Urban Agenda for the European Union 161–162

• urban multilingualism 151–152, 154–155, 158, 160–162, 165–166

• Vojvodina 87–90, 94–97, 103

• world Englishes see English as a lingua franca