Chapter published in:
Creole Studies – Phylogenetic Approaches
Edited by Peter Bakker, Finn Borchsenius, Carsten Levisen and Eeva Sippola
[Not in series 211] 2017
► pp. 219–240

Dutch creoles compared with their lexifier

| Aarhus University
In this chapter, we compare lexical and grammatical data from three Dutch-based creoles: Virgin Islands Creole Dutch, Berbice Creole and Skepi Dutch of Guyana. We consider the lexicons, as well as phonological and typological patterns, and both synchronic and diachronic comparisons are made. Typologically, Berbice Creole appears closer to Dutch than the other two creoles, but lexically it is the farthest from Dutch. For some of the analyses, phylogenetic software was used to visualize connections and distances between each of the creoles and the lexifier Dutch. The conclusion is that the three creoles came into being independently. From a diachronic perspective, the documented forms of Virgin Islands Creole Dutch show mostly a gradual move away from Dutch and toward a more creole-like profile in the 20th century.
Available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives (CC BY-NC-ND) 4.0 license.

For any use beyond this license, please contact the publisher at rights@benjamins.nl.

Published online: 31 May 2017
https://doi.org/10.1075/z.211.10bak
References

References

Bakker, P.
1997 “A Language of our Own”. The Genesis of Michif – the Mixed Cree-French language of the Canadian Métis. Oxford: OUP.Google Scholar
2014 Three Dutch creoles in comparison. Journal of Germanic Linguistics 26(3): 191–222. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Forthcoming. εkε da boko jεrma. I am an Amerindian woman. A New View on the Genesis of Berbice Creole. Ms, Aarhus University.
Bakker, P., Post, M. & van der Voort, H.
1994 TMA particles and auxiliaries. In Pidgins and Creoles. An Introduction [Creole Language Library 15], J. Arends, P. Muysken & N. S. H. Smith (eds), 247–258. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Bakker, P., Daval-Markussen, A. & Plag, I.
2011 Creoles are typologically distinct from non-creoles. Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 26: 5–42. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Bartens, A. & Baker, P.
(eds) 2012 Black Through White: African Words and Calques which Survived Slavery in Creoles and Transplanted European Languages. London: Battlebridge.Google Scholar
Bickerton, D.
1981 Roots of Language. Ann Arbor MI: Karoma. Reprinted 2016, Language Science Press.Google Scholar
Bøegh, K. Friis, Daval-Markussen, A. & Bakker, P.
2016 A phylogenetic analysis of stable structural features in West African languages. Studies in African Linguistics 45(1–2): 61–94.Google Scholar
Bruyn, A. & Veenstra, T.
1993 The creolization of Dutch. Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 8: 29–80. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Daval-Markussen, A. & Bakker, P.
2011 A phylogenetic networks approach to the classification of English-based Atlantic Creoles. English World-Wide 32: 115–146. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Daval-Markussen, A.
2014 First steps towards a typological profile of creoles. Acta Linguistica Hafniensia 45(2): 274–295. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
De Josselin de Jong, J. P. B.
1926 Het Huidige Negerhollandsch. Teksten en Woordenlijst. Amsterdam: Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen.Google Scholar
De Kleine, C.
2007 Negerhollands (Creole Dutch). In Comparative Creole Syntax, J. Holm & P. Patrick (eds), 255–272. London: Battlebridge.Google Scholar
Dimmendaal, G. J.
2011 Historical Linguistics and the Comparative Study of African Languages. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Harry, O. G.
2003 Kalabari-Ijo. Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33(1): 113–120 CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Hinskens, F.
1998 18e eeuws ‘liturgisch’ Negerhollands: Hoe creools zijn de Deense en Duitse lecten? In Mengelwerk voor Muysken. Voor Pieter C. Muysken bij zijn Afscheid van de Universiteit van Amsterdam, A. Bruyn & J. Arends (eds), 201–210. Amsterdam: University of Amsterdam.Google Scholar
Holm, J. & Patrick, P. L.
(eds) 2007 Comparative Creole Syntax. London: Battlebridge.Google Scholar
Hulsman, L. A. H. C.
2009 Nederlands Amazonia; Handel met Indianen 1580–1680. PhD dissertation, University of Amsterdam.Google Scholar
Huson, D. H. & Bryant, D.
2006 Application of phylogenetic networks in Evolutionary Studies. Molecular Biology and Evolution 23: 254–267. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Kouwenberg, S. S.
1992 From OV to VO. Linguistic negotiation in the development of Berbice Dutch Creole. Lingua 88: 263–299. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
1993 Cliticization of pronouns in Berbice Dutch Creole and Eastern Ijo. In Atlantic Meets Pacific: A Global View of Pidginization and Creolization, F. X. Byrne & J. Holm (eds), 119–132. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
1994 A Grammar of Berbice Dutch Creole. Berlin: Mouton de Guyter. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2009 The invisible hand in creole genesis. Reanalysis in the formation of Berbice Dutch. In Complex Processes in New Languages [Creole Language Library 35], E. Aboh & N. S. H. Smith (eds), 115–158. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2012 The Ijo-derived lexicon of Berbice Dutch Creole: An a-typical case of African lexical influence. In Black Through White: African Words and Calques which Survived Slavery in Creoles and Transplanted European Languages, A. Bartens & P. Baker (eds), 135–144. London: Battlebridge.Google Scholar
Kouwenberg, S.
2013 Dutch creole in the Caribbean. In Language and Space. An International Handbook of Linguistic Variation, Vol. 3: Dutch, F. Hinskens & J. Taeldeman (eds), 879–896. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
2015 Dutch Guiana. Demographics and living conditions and the emergence of Dutch creoles during the first one hundred years 1580–1675 Journal of Language Contact 8(1): 1–21. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
McWhorter, J. H.
1998 Identifying the creole prototype. Vindicating a typological class. Language 74: 788–818. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2005 Defining Creole. Oxford: OUP.Google Scholar
Mufwene, S. S.
(ed.) 1993 Africanisms in Afro-American Language Varieties. Athens GA: The University of Georgia Press.Google Scholar
Muysken, P. C.
1995 Studying variation in older texts: Negerhollands. Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 10: 335–347. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2003 The grammatical elements in Negerhollands: Loss, retention, reconstitution. In Germania et Alia: A Webschrift for Hans den Besten, J. Koster & H. van Riemsdijk (eds), 1–13. Groningen: Rijksuniversiteit Groningen.Google Scholar
Muysken, P. C. & Smith, N. S. H.
1990 Question words in pidgin and creole languages. Linguistics 28: 883–903. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Oldendorp, C. G. A.
1996[1767–1768] Criolisches Wörterbuch. Erster zu vermehrender und wo nöthig zu verbessernder Versuch [1767/68]. Herausgegeben, eingeleitet und mit Anmerkungen versehen von Peter Stein. Sowie das anonyme, J. C. K. T. Kingo (J. C. Kingo) zugeschriebene, Vestindisk Glossarium. Herausgegeben, eingeleitet und mit Anmerkungen versehen von Hein van der Voort. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer.Google Scholar
Robertson, I. E.
1983 The Dutch linguistic legacy and the Guyana/Venezuela border question. Boletín de Estudios Latinoamericanos y del Caribe 34: 75–97.Google Scholar
1989 Berbice and Skepi Dutch. A lexical comparison. Tijdschrift voor Nederlandse Taal- en Letterkunde 105: 3–21.Google Scholar
Sabino, R.
2012 Language Contact in the Danish West Indies: Giving Jack his Jacket. Leiden: Brill. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Seuren, P.
1998 Western Linguistics: An Historical Introduction. Oxford: Blackwell. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Smith, N. S. H.
1987 The Genesis of the Creole Languages of Surinam. PhD dissertation, University of Amsterdam.Google Scholar
Smith, N. S. H., Robertson, I. E. & Williamson, K.
1987 The Ịjọ Element in Berbice Dutch. Language in Society 16: 49–90. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Sprauve, G.
2010 Some observations on validating Oldendorp in today’s Creolistics. In C. G. A. Oldendorp, Historie der caraibischen Inseln Sanct Thomas, Sanct Crux und Sanct Jan: Kommentarband, G. Meier, P. Stein, S. Palmié & H. Ulbricht (eds), 259–291. Herrnhut: Herrnhuter.Google Scholar
Stein, P.
2010a Oldendorp und das Kreolische. In C. G. A. Oldendorp, Historie der caraibischen Inseln Sanct Thomas, Sanct Crux und Sanct Jan: Kommentarband, G. Meier, P. Stein, S. Palmié & H. Ulbricht (eds), 207–247. Herrnhut: Herrnhuter.Google Scholar
2010b Einige Gespräche, die mündlich gehalten sind, woraus zu ersehen, was manche Schwarze, sonderlich verehlichte, für Streitigkeiten vor ihren Baas bringen, und sie von ihm schlichten lassen. In C. G. A. Oldendorp, Historie der caraibischen Inseln Sanct Thomas, Sanct Crux und Sanct Jan: Kommentarband, G. Meier, P. Stein, S. Palmié & H. Ulbricht (eds), 248–258. Herrnhut: Herrnhuter.Google Scholar
Stolz, T.
1986 Gibt es das kreolische Sprachwandelmodell? Frankfurt: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
1987 Kreolistik und Germanistik: Niederländisch-basierte Sprachformen in Übersee. Linguistische Berichte 110: 283–318.Google Scholar
Sørensen, C. & Bakker P.
2003 Negerhollands reduplications: A diachronic view. In Twice as Meaningful. Reduplication in Pidgins, Creoles and Other Contact Languages, S. Kouwenberg (ed.), 265–269. London: Battlebridge.Google Scholar
Szmrecsanyi, B. & Kortmann, B.
2009 The morphosyntax of varieties of English worldwide: A quantitative perspective. Lingua 119: 1643–1663. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Van den Berg, M.
2013 Skepi-nederlands: Is dit geen moye taal? http://​stemmenvanafrika​.nl​/skepi​-nederlands​-is​-dit​-geen​-moye​-taal/ (10 June 2015).
Van Diggelen, M.
1978 Negro-Dutch. Amsterdam Creole Studies 2: 69–100.Google Scholar
Van Rossem, C. & van der Voort, H.
1996 Die Creol Taal, 250 Years of Negerhollands Texts. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Van Sluijs, R.
2011 The Modal System of Negerhollands. MA thesis, Radboud University.Google Scholar
2014 Change or variation in historical data: A case study of the Virgin Islands Dutch Creole imperfective and prospective aspect marker. Linguistics in Amsterdam 7: 132–174.Google Scholar
Cited by

Cited by 1 other publications

Jacobs, Bart & Mikael Parkvall
2020. Skepi Dutch Creole. Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 35:2 ► pp. 360 ff. Crossref logo

This list is based on CrossRef data as of 13 september 2021. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.