Language index
A
- Afroasiatic
3–4, 7, 16, 22, 218, 228–233
;
See also Proto-Afroasiatic
- Albanian
271, 281, 296, 300–301
;
See also Proto-Albanian
- Aleut
10, 14, 47–57, 61–62, 64, 67, 69, 218
- Alor-Pantar
162, 167–169, 180
- Altaic
2, 12, 15–16, 93–94, 97–100, 132, 219, 225, 229
;
See also Proto-Altaic, Transeurasian
- Alutiiq
14–15, 18, 47–51, 62–70
- Anatolian
270, 272, 292–293, 296, 306–307
- Armenian
261–262, 266, 268–269, 274, 276, 301, 310–311
;
See also Old Armenian
- Atkan (Unangam Tunuu)
50, 55, 60, 66
- Australian
21, 156, 158, 175, 178–179, 181
- Austroasiatic
1, 3–4, 7, 9, 16, 19–20, 183, 187, 192, 200–208, 217
;
See also Proto-Austroasiatic
- Austronesian
1, 7, 9, 16, 21, 156, 158–159, 168–169, 175, 178, 180, 217, 222, 293
;
See also Proto-Austronesian
- Avestan
265, 271–272, 276, 279, 282, 286, 297, 311
;
See also Old Avestan, Late Avestan
- Aymara
4, 19–20
;
See also Proto-Aymara
- Aymaran
2, 25–35, 37, 41–42
- Bantu
1, 3–4, 11, 17–20, 22, 158, 235–258
;
See also Central-Western Bantu, Eastern Bantu, Kwilu Bantu, North-Western Bantu, Proto-Bantu, South-Western Bantu, West-Coastal Bantu
- Bao’an
105, 107, 113–114, 118
- Basque
16, 215, 222–224, 229, 231, 233
;
See also Proto-Basque
- Bomberai
162, 180
;
See also Proto-Bomberai
- Bosavi173
See also Proto-Bosavi
- Bulgar
127, 129–131, 133–134, 137, 142, 153
- Buriat
105, 107, 113, 118
C
- Celtic
110, 262–263, 281, 286, 296, 308–309, 311
;
See also Common Celtic
- Central-Western Bantu
242, 246, 248, 253
- Chadic
225–230, 233
;
See also Proto-Chadic
- Chinese
14, 134, 137, 201
;
See also Middle Chinese, Old Chinese
- Chuvash
118, 126, 129–130, 134, 141
- Common Indo-Iranian
271, 307
- Common Turkic
127, 129, 133–134, 136, 141
- Core Indo-European
291, 300, 303, 307
- Cushitic228
See also Proto-Cushitic
D
- Dagur
105, 107, 113, 118, 120
- Dravidian
2, 21, 215–216, 230, 232
;
See also Proto-Dravidian
E
- Eastern Bantu
244, 248, 253
- Eastern Iranian
128, 131, 134, 281, 283–284
- English
18, 118, 120, 184, 262, 266, 268, 274, 280
;
See also Old English
- Eskimo
10, 14–15, 18–20, 47–62, 64–69
;
See also Proto-Eskimo
- Eskimo-Aleut
2–4, 14–15, 19–20, 47–57, 61–62, 64, 69–70, 218
;
See also Proto-Eskimo-Aleut
- Euskaro-Caucasian
16, 223–224, 228–229
F
- Finisterre-Huon
167, 171, 173, 180
G
- Germanic
110, 216, 232, 263, 266, 282–283, 292, 298, 300, 308
;
See also Common Germanic
- Gothic
110, 263, 266, 309
- Greek
261–263, 267–270, 281, 283, 286–287, 290, 295, 298, 300–303, 305, 308
;
See also Homeric Greek, Mycenaean Greek
H
- Hittite
261–262, 264, 268–269, 271, 273, 280, 282, 287, 291, 295–296, 299, 307
- Hmong-Mien
3–4, 7, 9, 14, 16, 20, 183, 186–190, 195, 200–203, 205–207
;
See also Proto-Hmong-Mien
- Hungan
237–238, 244, 247, 250, 256
I
- Indo-Aryan
275–277, 280–285, 295, 307
;
See also Middle Indo-Aryan, Old Indo-Aryan
- Indo-European
1–4, 7, 9, 12, 14, 16–22, 72, 90, 110, 131, 134–135, 159, 176, 179, 215–218, 224–225, 229–233, 259, 275, 279–281, 286–290, 306, 310-311
;
See also Core Indo-European, Proto-Indo-European
- Indo-Iranian
3–4, 12, 14, 17, 271–272, 275–280, 282, 286–290, 293, 295, 297–299, 303–304, 307–309
;
See also Common Indo-Iranian, Proto-Indo-Iranian
- Indo-Uralic
219, 232
;
See also Proto-Indo-Uralic
- Inuit
47, 50, 53, 55, 59–61, 65, 71
;
See also Alaskan Inuit, Proto-Inuit
- Iranian
3–4, 12, 14, 17, 146, 271–272, 275–289, 293, 295, 297–299, 303–305, 307–310
;
See also Common Iranian, Eastern Iranian, Middle Iranian, Old East Iranian, Old Iranian, Proto-Iranian, Western Iranian
- Irish262
See also Middle Irish, Old Irish
- Ishigaki (Yaeyama)
104, 115
- Italic
262–263, 272, 308
;
See also Common Italic
J
- Japanese
15, 83–92, 97, 101, 103, 106–107, 110, 116, 119–120, 142–143, 205, 207–208, 232
;
See also Middle Japanese, Old Japanese, Proto-Japanese
- Japano-Koreanic
3–4, 12, 19–20, 75–78, 80, 83, 86, 90–91, 99–100, 103–104, 124–125, 135
- Japonic
15, 76, 87–88, 90, 93–95, 100–102, 104–105, 107, 111–116, 118, 125, 141, 218
K
- Kalmuck
105, 107, 113, 118, 141
- Karakhanid (Old Turkic)
104, 115
- Khasi-Aslian
195, 197, 202
- Khotan Saka
128, 131, 141, 289
- Khotanese
276, 279, 282–283, 309
- Kikongo Language Cluster
238, 243–245, 248–250, 253, 255
- Kimbundu
243–244, 247–248
- Korean
11, 15, 86–90, 97, 100–103, 105, 110, 114, 119–120, 141–143, 205, 207, 218, 232
;
See also Middle Korean, Old Korean, Proto-Korean
L
- Latin
110, 223, 261–264, 267–269, 282, 284, 302–303
- Lezghian10
See also Proto-Lezghian
- Lithuanian
110, 261, 269, 300, 309
M
- Madang
167, 177
;
See also Proto-Madang
- Manchu
106–108, 114–115, 118–120, 134, 137–138, 143, 152, 221
- Middle Japanese
76, 79, 118
- Middle Korean
12, 76–78, 80–81, 83–86, 88, 92, 108–109, 118
- Middle Mongolian
105, 118
- Middle Persian
276, 282, 309
- Mienic
187–188
;
See also Proto-Mienic
- Mongolic
12, 15, 18, 93–97, 104–105, 107, 109, 111–116, 123–126, 132, 134–140, 146, 148, 151, 218, 220–221
;
See also Proto-Mongolic
- Monguor
104–105, 107, 113–115, 118
- Mpiin
237–238, 244, 248–250, 256
N
- Nakh
10, 216
;
See also Proto-Nakh
- Nakh-Daghestanian
216, 223
;
See also Proto-Nakh-Daghestanian
- Nanai
106–107, 114, 118, 138, 152
- Negidal
106–107, 114, 118
- Ngong
237–238, 244–245, 250, 256
- North Caucasian
10–11, 13, 215–216, 221, 226, 230, 233
;
See also Proto-North Caucasian
- North-Western Bantu
246–247, 253
- Nostratic
3–4, 12, 16, 217–221, 225, 229, 231–232
;
See also Proto-Nostratic
- Nsong
237–238, 243–245, 247, 249–250, 256
- Ntandu
243–245, 248–250, 254
- Nzebi
239, 243–244, 248–250
- Nzebi-Mbete-Teke
239, 243–244, 248–250
O
- Old Chinese
89, 91, 127–128, 135, 143, 187–189, 195, 205, 208, 211, 222, 281
- Old Church Slavonic
110, 309
- Old English
110, 261, 269, 309
- Old Irish
110, 261, 268, 309
- Old Japanese
75–82, 84, 86, 88, 109, 114, 118
- Old Persian
276, 280, 286
- Old Turkic
118, 126, 143
;
See also Karakhanid (Old Turkic), Old Uyghur
- Ordos
105, 111, 113, 115, 127, 141
- Otomanguean
21–22
;
See also Proto-Otomanguean
P
- Pacific Coast Yupik
47–49
- Papuan
16, 155–156, 158–160, 168–169, 171, 174, 176–177, 179–181
- Persian
278, 281, 309
;
See also Middle Persian, Old Persian
- Proto-Afroasiatic
215, 225–227, 229–231
- Proto-Altaic
98, 123–126, 134–141, 145, 150, 152–153, 218, 220–221, 223, 231
- Proto-Austroasiatic
195–198, 206
- Proto-Aymara
14, 25–39, 41–42, 44
- Proto-Bantu
240–244, 246–247, 251, 254
- Proto-Eskimo
53–54, 58, 70–71
- Proto-Eskimo-Aleut
53, 71
- Proto-Indo-European
11, 18, 42, 44, 141, 220, 223, 230, 232, 260–274, 276–277, 291–293, 295–296, 298–299, 302–303, 307–309
- Proto-Indo-Iranian
3, 275–278, 286–287, 308
- Proto-Iranian
141, 278, 286
- Proto-Japanese
78–81, 85, 220–221
- Proto-Japonic
87, 90, 100–102, 114, 118, 141
- Proto-Japono-Koreanic
77, 98, 104, 125
;
See also Proto-Korean-Japanese
- Proto-Korean
75, 77–78, 82–85, 87–91, 221
;
See also Proto-Koreanic
- Proto-Korean-Japanese
75, 77, 82, 84–85, 87–91
;
See also Proto-Japono-Koreanic
- Proto-Koreanic
100, 114, 118, 141
;
See also Proto-Korean
- Proto-Mongolic
13, 118, 125, 137, 141, 220–221
- Proto-Nakh-Daghestanian224
- Proto-North Caucasian
16, 222–224, 229
- Proto-Nostratic
215, 218–219
- Proto-Quechua
11, 14, 25–42, 44
- Proto-Semitic
225–228, 266
- Proto-Sino-Caucasian
215, 222
- Proto-Sino-Tibetan
125, 208, 222
- Proto-Timor-Alor-Pantar
162, 167–168
- Proto-Trans-New Guinea
10, 157, 160–161, 163, 166–169, 173–174
- Proto-Transeurasian
15, 93–96, 98–99, 102–105, 109–110, 116–118, 123–125, 139, 232
- Proto-Tungusic
112, 115, 118, 125, 141, 221
- Proto-Turkic
11–13, 15, 110, 118, 123–141, 143–144, 220–221
- Proto-Turko-Mongolic
125, 136
- Proto-Uralic
219–220, 230, 232
- Proto-West-Coastal Bantu
17, 235, 237, 239, 241–252
Q
- Quechua
4, 19–20, 25–44
;
See also Proto-Quechua
- Quechua-Aymara
14, 27–30, 44
- Quechuan
2, 25–35, 37, 40–43
R
- Romance
29, 110, 223, 257, 302, 309
- Russian
53, 62, 66, 68, 99–100, 111, 119, 142, 215, 233
- Ryukyuan
87, 90, 119
;
See also Proto-Ryukyuan
S
- Saka
128, 131, 141, 276, 289
- Samoyed218
See also Proto-Samoyedic
- Sanskrit
110, 263, 269–271, 274, 276
;
See also Vedic Sanskrit
- Semitic
1, 7, 21, 215–216, 229–231, 306
;
See also Proto-Semitic
- Shuri (Okinawa)
104, 113–116
- Sinitic
2, 14, 96, 187, 201, 207
;
See also Proto-Sinitic
- Sino-Caucasian
4, 10, 16, 23, 221–223, 225, 231, 233
;
See also Proto-Sino-Caucasian
- Sino-Tibetan
1, 9–10, 16, 22, 158, 230, 232–233
;
See also Proto-Sino-Tibetan
- Slavic
110, 262, 283, 287, 308, 310
;
See also Common Slavic, Proto-Slavic
- South-Western Bantu
242–244, 246, 253
T
- Teke
129, 136, 152, 239, 243–244, 248–250, 255
- Tibetan
1, 9–10, 16, 22, 125, 158, 194, 205, 207–209, 211, 214, 222, 230, 232–233
- Timor-Alor-Pantar169
See also Proto-Timor-Alor-Pantar
- Tocharian
127, 132, 278, 281, 297, 303, 306, 308–310
;
See also Common Tocharian, Proto-Tocharian, Tocharian B
- Tocharian B
271, 280, 289
- Trans-Himalayan
188, 193, 200–203, 205–207, 209
- Trans-New Guinea
2–4, 7, 9, 12–13, 16, 19–20, 155, 158–169, 178
;
See also Proto-Trans-New Guinea
- Transeurasian
2–4, 7–9, 12, 16, 18–20, 97, 100, 119–120, 126, 135–137, 140, 142–143, 219
;
See also Proto-Transeurasian
- Tungusic
12, 15, 93–97, 100, 102, 105, 107, 109–116, 120, 123–126, 132, 135–138, 140–143, 148, 151, 218–219, 232
;
See also Proto-Tungusic
- Turkic
2, 18–19, 93–98, 104–105, 113–116, 120, 142-153, 218, 232, 279, 281, 285
;
See also Common Turkic, Middle Turkic, Proto-Turkic
- Turko-Mongolic
124, 221
;
See also Proto-Turko-Mongolic
U
- Unangam Tunuu
14–15, 18, 47–50, 53–57, 60–71
- Unangan
47–48, 50–54, 56, 60–61, 64, 67–70
- Uralic
12, 218, 222, 278–281, 289–290, 310
;
See also Proto-Uralic
- Uighur
118, 129, 134, 141
V
- Vedic
272–273, 276, 283, 286, 290, 297–298, 307, 311
;
See also Vedic Sanskrit
- Vedic Sanskrit
264–265, 268, 309
W
- Welsh
110, 280–281
;
See also Old Welsh
- West-Coastal Bantu
3–4, 11, 19–20, 238, 253
;
See also Proto-West-Coastal Bantu
- Written Mongolian
105, 118, 139, 141
Y
- Yanzi
238, 243–245, 248–250
- Yareban169
See also Proto-Yareban
167–168
- Yeniseian
72, 128, 144, 221–222, 233
;
See also Proto-Yeniseian
- Yupik
14, 50–51, 53, 55, 61, 65–68
;
See also Pacific Coast Yupik, Proto-Yupik