Standard Italian blu is unanimously glossed as “dark blue”. In comparison, azzurro is referred to as either “light blue” or “medium blue” in different studies. We explored diatopic variation (linguistic variation on a geographical level) in the denotata of blu, azzurro and celeste “sky blue” in a psycholinguistic experiment conducted in Verona (Veneto region) and Alghero (Sardinia). Participants named Munsell chips of the BLUE area. For each blue term, a referential volume of naming consensus colours was fitted by a convex hull visualized in CIELAB space. The referential extents of azzurro and celeste were found to differ markedly between the two regions: Verona participants used azzurro to denote “medium-and-light blue”; in contrast, for a similar colour space extent, Alghero participants used predominantly celeste, with azzurro being constrained to darker “medium blue”. The historical factors are discussed behind the more conservative colour naming in Sardinian dialects compared to mainland Standard Italian.
2017 “Color Names, Stimulus Color and their Subjective Links.” Color Research & Application 42: 89–101.
Barber, C. Bradford, David P. Dobkin, and Hannu Huhdanpaa
1996 “The Quickhull Algorithm for Convex Hulls.” ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software 22: 469–483.
Berlin, Brent, and Paul Kay
1969Basic Color Terms: Their Universality and Evolution. Berkeley & Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press.
Bimler, David, and Mari Uusküla
2014 ““Clothed in Triple Blues”: Sorting out the Italian Blues.” Journal of the Optical Society of America A 31: A332–A340.
Bimler, David, and Mari Uusküla
2017 “A Similarity-Based Cross-Language Comparison of Basicness and Demarcation of “Blue” Terms.” Color Research & Application 42: 362–377.
Boynton, Robert M., and Conrad X. Olson
1987 “Locating Basic Colors in the OSA Space.” Color Research and Application 12: 94–105.
Boynton, Robert M., and Conrad X. Olson
1990 “Salience of Chromatic Basic Color Terms Confirmed by Three Measures.” Vision Research 30: 1311–1317.
Caria, Marco
2014 “Alghero – L’Alguer, o i Catalani d’Italia [Alghero – L’Alguer, or the Catalans of Italy].” Bollettino dell’Atlante Linguistico Italiano, III Serie 38: 75–90.
Cerruti, Massimo
2011 “Regional Varieties of Italian in the Linguistic Repertoire.” International Journal of the Sociology of Language 210: 11–28.
Forbes, Isabel
1986 “Variation and Change in the Basic Colour Vocabulary of French.” Sigma 10: 81–103.
Frenzel-Biamonti, Claudia
2011 “Rosa Schätze – Pink zum Kaufen.” In New Directions in Colour Studies, ed. by Carole P. Biggam, Carole A. Hough, Christian J. Kay, and David R. Simmons, 91–103. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Frison, Guido, and Giulia Brun
2016 “Lapis Lazuli, Lazurite, Ultramarine ‘Blue’, and the Colour Term ‘Azure’ up to the 13th Century.” Journal of the International Colour Association 16: 41–55. [URL]
Giacalone Ramat, Anna
1967 “Colori Germanici nel mondo Romanzo [Germanic colour names in the Romance world].” Atti e Memorie dell’Accademia Toscana di Scienze e Lettere La Colombaria 32: 105–211.
Giacalone Ramat, Anna
1978 “Strutturazione della terminologia dei colori nei dialetti Sardi [Structure of colour terminology in Sardinian dialects].” In Italia linguistica nuova ed antica: Studi linguistici in memoria di Oronzo Parlangèli, vol. II, ed. by Vittore Pisani, and Ciro Santoro, 163–181. Galatina: Congedo.
n.d. “Blues Across Two Different Spanish-Speaking Populations” (unpublished manuscript). [URL]
González-Perilli, Fernando, Ignacio Rebollo, Alejandro Maiche, and Analia Arévalo
2017 “Blues in Two Different Spanish-Speaking Populations”. Frontiers in Communication 2:18.
Grossmann, Maria
1988Colori e lessico: Studi sulla struttura semantica degli aggettivi di colore in Catalano, Castigliano, Italiano, Romeno ed Ungherese. [Colours and lexicon: Studies on semantic structure of colour adjectives in Catalan, Castilian, Italian, Romanian and Hungarian].” Tübinger Beiträge zur Linguistik 310. Tübingen: Gunter Narr.
Grossmann, Maria, and Paolo D’Achille
2016 “Italian Colour Terms in the BLUE Area: Synchrony and Diachrony.” In Colour and Colour Naming: Crosslinguistic Approaches, ed. by João Paulo Silvestre, Esperança Cardeira, and Alina Villalva, 21–50. Lisbon: Universidade de Aveiro.
Harris, Martin
2003 “The Romance Languages.” In The Romance Languages, ed. by Martin Harris, and Nigel Vincent, 1–25. London: Routledge.
Ishihara, Shinobu
1973Test for Colour Blindness, 24 plate ed. Tokyo: Kanehara Shuppan.
Kaufmann, Caroline
2006Zur Semantik der Farbadjektive: Rosa, Pink und Rot. Eine Korpusbasierte Vergleichsuntersuchung Anhand des Farbträgerkonzepts. PhD Thesis. Munich: Herbert Utz. [URL]
Kay, Paul, Brent Berlin, Luisa Maffi, William R. Merrifield, and Richard Cook
2009The World Color Survey. Stanford, CA: CSLI Publications.
Kristol, Andres M.
1979 “Il colore azzurro nei dialetti italiani [The colour azzurro in Italian dialects].” Vox Romanica 38: 85–99.
Lillo, Julio, Fernando González, Lilia Prado-León, Anna Melnikova, Leticia Álvaro, José Collado, and Humberto Moreira
2007Le lingue dei Sardi: Una ricerca sociolinguistica [Sardinian languages: A sociological investigation]. Cagliari: Regione Autonoma della Sardegna. [URL]
Paggetti, Giulia, Guido Bartoli, and Gloria Menegaz
2011 “Re-Locating Colors in the OSA Space.” Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics 73: 491–503.
Paggetti, Giulia, and Gloria Menegaz
2013 “Exact Location of Consensus and Consistency Colors in the OSA-UCS for the Italian Language.” Color Research & Application 38: 437–447.
Paggetti, Giulia, Gloria Menegaz, and Galina V. Paramei
2016 “Color Naming in Italian Language.” Color Research & Application 41: 402–415.
Paramei, Galina V., Mauro D’Orsi, and Gloria Menegaz
2014 “ ‘Italian blues’: A Challenge to the Universal Inventory of Basic Colour Terms.” Journal of the International Colour Association 13: 27–35. [URL]
Paramei, Galina V., and Cristina Stara
2012 “The Blue Area Requires Multiple Colour Names in Italian.” Perception 41 (Supplement): 11.
Pastoureau, Michel
2001Blue: The History of a Color. Princeton & Oxford: Princeton University Press.
Ronga, Irene
2009 “L’eccezione dell’azzurro: Il lessico cromatico, fra scienza e società [The exception of azzurro: The chromatic lexicon, between science and society].” Cuadernos de Filología Italiana 9 (16): 57–79.
Sandford, Jodi L.
2012 “Blu, Azzurro, Celeste – What Color is Blue for Italian Speakers Compared to English Speakers?” In Colour and Colorimetry: Multidisciplinary Contributions, vol. VIII, ed. by Maurizio Rossi, 281–288. Rimini: Maggioli.
Società Linguistica Italiana
1995Dialetti e lingue nazionali [National dialects and languages]. Roma: Bulzoni.
Uusküla, Mari
2014 “Linguistic Categorization of Blue in Standard Italian.” In Colour Studies: A Broad Spectrum, ed. by Wendy Anderson, Carole P. Biggam, Carole A. Hough, and Christian Kay, 67–78. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Vejdemo, Susanne, Carsten Levisen, Cornelia van Scherpenberg, Þórhalla Guðmundsdóttir Beck, Åshild Naess, Martina Zimmermann, Linnaea Stockall, and Matthew Whelpton
2015 “Two Kinds of Pink: Development and Difference in Germanic Colour Semantics.” Language Sciences 49: 19–34.
Del Viva, Maria Michela, Serena Castellotti & Galina V. Paramei
2023. The Italian colour lexicon in Tuscany: elicited lists, cognitive salience, and semantic maps of colour terms. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications 10:1
Del Viva, Maria Michela, Ilaria Mariani, Carmen De Caro & Galina V. Paramei
2022. Florence “blues” are clothed in triple basic terms. i-Perception 13:5 ► pp. 204166952211249 ff.
Douven, Igor & Galina V. Paramei
2023. Optimality, Prototypes, and Bilingualism. In Trends and Challenges in Cognitive Modeling [STEAM-H: Science, Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Mathematics & Health, ], ► pp. 147 ff.
Lillo, Julio, Lilia R. Prado-León, Fernando Gonzalez Perilli, Anna Melnikova, Leticia Álvaro, José Collado & Humberto Moreira
2020. Color Categorization: Patterns and Mechanisms of Evolution. In Encyclopedia of Color Science and Technology, ► pp. 1 ff.
Paramei, Galina V.
2023. Color Categorization: Patterns and Mechanisms of Evolution. In Encyclopedia of Color Science and Technology, ► pp. 298 ff.
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 22 april 2024. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers.
Any errors therein should be reported to them.