Subject index
A
- adjunct
1–2, 15–31, 147, 151–152, 160–162, 164, 179, 212–213, 219, 250–251, 253–254, 264, 287–291, 330, 339
- temporal
75, 222, 254, 330
- agent
1, 12–14, 139, 172, 198
- agreement
8, 67, 80, 136–140, 326
- subject-verb
7, 10, 136, 309
- answer fragments
3–5, 73, 76, 78, 80–82, 92–93, 96, 123, 127, 349–351, 355, 372, 375, 379–385, 406
- antecedent
139–140, 356–357, 360–362, 366, 369–372, 374–375, 377, 380–381, 384, 386, 390–393, 395–396, 398–399, 401, 406–7
- antecedent containment
361, 370, 375, 391, 436
- argument
1–2, 15–25, 28–31, 74, 76, 132–135, 143–153, 159–166, 172, 181–185, 192–195, 197–198, 212, 251, 291–292
- arrows
49, 62–63, 147–148, 168, 189, 205
- article, definite
149, 256, 280, 283, 403
- attributive adjective
27–29, 31, 124, 132, 135, 138, 148, 211, 255–256, 274, 276–278, 357, 359
- auxiliary
75, 125, 133–135, 139, 144, 168, 182, 190, 218, 246–248, 251–252, 369, 404, 431
- modal
175, 182, 190, 192–193
- auxiliary verb
124–125, 127, 133–134, 138–139, 143–144, 149, 154–155, 159, 190–191, 217–219, 221, 311, 368, 370, 372–373
B
- backward string coordination
315–318, 320
- big mess construction (BMC)
255, 432, 437
- binary division
43, 57, 90–94, 120
- initial
40, 49, 53, 90, 92–93
- BMC (big mess construction)
255, 432, 437
- brackets
16, 59–63, 83, 165, 170, 197, 207, 302–3
- square
165–166, 322–323, 325
- branching
59, 65, 74, 95, 98
- strict binarity of
42, 98
C
- case government
123, 140–142
- catena
88, 106, 108–120, 130–131, 143–146, 153, 231, 270–271, 353–355, 381–382, 384–385, 388–389, 391, 403, 406
- Catena Condition
353, 381, 385
- child
37, 52, 64, 106, 110–112, 141–142, 155, 157, 210–211, 372
- clause, extraposed
183, 394
- clefting
3–5, 73, 75, 78, 80–82, 92, 96, 127, 133
- comparative coordination
409–410, 413–414, 416, 418, 421, 424, 426, 435
- comparative expression
265–266, 410–415
- comparative governor
412, 421, 424–425
- comparatives
407, 409–410, 412–413, 417–418, 433
- syntax of
266, 398–399, 409, 411–415, 417, 419, 421, 423–425, 437
- comparative subordination
409–411, 414, 421, 424, 426, 435
- conjunct
66, 297–300, 302, 304, 307–310, 312–316, 318–319, 322–323, 325–326, 329, 331–332, 334–340, 342, 426
- gapping
308, 334–336, 351, 353, 363–365, 367–368
- non-initial
302, 306, 308, 312, 331–332, 334–335, 337–340, 344, 364, 369, 414
- second
306, 310, 318, 326, 332, 336, 339
- conjuncts
- large
298, 305, 312, 314–315
- small
298, 300, 312, 314–315
- constituency
33, 36, 432, 435–436
- constituent ratio
113–116
- constituents
- diagnostics for
2, 5, 39, 82, 92, 96, 122, 125–126, 435
- tests for
73–74, 79–80, 82, 84, 91–94, 96–97, 436
- constituent structure
3, 5, 59, 62, 79, 84, 98, 430
- content word
143, 163, 367–368
- control
175–181, 183, 186–187, 431
- control predicate
175–177, 180–182
- coordination
73, 76–78, 83–85, 92–93, 297–303, 305, 307–9, 311, 313–317, 319–320, 323, 328, 330, 409–410, 413–416
- structure of
297, 321, 323, 325, 327, 329, 331, 333, 335, 337, 339, 341, 343, 345, 347
- coordinator
6, 66, 74, 297, 299, 302–3, 305–7, 312, 323, 337, 376, 411, 414, 437
- copular
190–191, 329, 403
- co-siblings
199, 211–212, 215
D
- dative
1, 11, 13, 123, 351
- Daughter-Dependency Grammar102
- definite pronoun
214, 222, 260, 262–263
- deletion
300, 314–315, 319, 407, 430–431
- deletion mechanism
300, 305, 311–312, 314, 319, 331
- dependency
- morphological
135–136, 140–142, 157
- one-to-one mapping of
40, 43, 46, 66
- prosodic
135–137, 139, 141, 143, 145, 147, 149, 151, 153–155, 157
- semantic
135–136, 143, 162
- dependency distance
103, 433
- dependency edge, dashed
116, 222, 224–225, 286
- dependency parsing
103, 433–434
- determiner
6, 28, 31, 124, 127–129, 132, 134–135, 138, 206–9, 211, 274, 276–278, 280, 332, 359
- discontinuities
69–70, 105, 116, 199–200, 204–6, 215–218, 222–223, 225, 231–232, 243–245, 249, 257–259, 261–263, 269–271, 280
- analysis of
199, 222, 241
- divalent
17, 160–161, 165, 195
- dominance
34–37, 64, 106–7, 117
- do-so-diagnostic
77, 85, 436
- do-so-substitution
73, 77–78, 85, 87, 93
- DP (determiner phrase)
6, 68, 95, 127–128, 132, 157, 431
E
- elided material
349, 352–355, 357–358, 362–363, 366, 369–372, 374–375, 377, 380–382, 384–386, 388–389, 391–392, 394–396, 398–400, 402–6
- endocentric
48–50, 54, 56, 68, 118
- equi-level
57–58, 66, 120, 303
- ergative
10, 121, 166, 169–170, 172
- existential there-constructions9
- exocentric
48–50, 53, 118
- exocentrism
48, 56, 68, 118
- experiencer
1–2, 12–13, 15
- extraposition
174, 199–200, 202, 204–5, 225, 244, 262–267, 269–270, 273–274, 277, 284, 287, 292–295, 417, 421–423
F
- FGD (Functional Generative Description)
102, 437
- finite verb
6–7, 9–10, 43, 120–122, 124–127, 133–137, 167–168, 196–197, 208–9, 217–221, 253, 285, 288–290, 293–294, 310–311
- position and uniqueness of125
- finite VP
43, 46, 77–78, 92–93, 436
- flat structures
43, 54, 61, 94, 96, 98, 216, 304
- focus, contrastive
252, 266
- fronting
74, 208, 252, 256–257, 277, 280, 283–285, 290, 382, 412, 420–421
- Functional Generative Description (FGD)
102, 437
- function word
143, 149, 196, 431
G
- gapping
308–312, 315, 317–320, 322, 331, 334–340, 344, 349–350, 361–369, 372, 375, 377–379, 433, 435, 438
- gapping coordination
307–310, 312, 315, 317, 319, 337, 345
- Germanic languages
33, 272
- gerund
167, 285, 287, 294
- government
- definition of
123–124, 133
- direction of
19, 124–125, 142
- governor
110–112, 123–125, 132, 134, 147, 202–5, 222–225, 229–231, 244–245, 261–264, 270–271, 275–276, 279, 405, 422–423
- grammatical relations
1–2, 7–8, 11–12, 23, 271, 432
H
- hierarchical order
64, 69, 200–201
- horizontal connector
322–323, 332
- horizontal dimension
35, 157, 402
I
- idiom
105, 130–131, 151, 435
- indentations convention64
- infinite regress
361, 373–375, 391
- infinitive
167, 208–9, 294, 299, 431, 438
- interrogative clause
292, 386–387, 404
- intransitive
139, 160–161, 172
- inversion
199, 206, 216–222, 245–246, 248–253, 262, 280
- island
244–245, 269, 271, 273–279, 281, 283–293, 295
- left branch
269, 274–275, 277–278, 280
- it-extraposition
173, 394
L
- LEE
See left edge ellipsis
- left edge ellipsis (LEE)
105, 349–350, 379, 384, 401–3, 406
- light verb
145, 159, 190, 193–194
- light verb construction
193–194
- linearization procedure36
- linear order
36, 69, 200, 211
M
- mapping
- one-to-one-or-more
37, 42–43, 65–67
- word-to-groupings-of-words69
- Meaning-Text Theory
See MTT
- Minimalist Program
127, 430
- monovalent
17, 160–161, 165
- morphological case
9–10, 13, 123, 142, 166, 350–351
- movement
71, 205, 221, 293, 431
- MTT (Meaning-Text Theory)
36, 102, 224, 301–2
N
- NCA (null complement anaphora)
349–350, 372, 375, 379, 384, 391–398
- negation
258–259, 312, 337, 351–352, 356–357, 362, 364, 366–369, 372, 377, 384, 386, 391, 398–399, 401
- nodes
37, 39–45, 53, 55, 58–59, 65–69, 72, 80, 88, 90, 108, 304
- nominative
10–11, 235, 351
- non-constituent conjuncts
300, 313–315, 319
- NP
25–29, 31, 47–49, 88, 127–128, 131–132, 251–253, 255–257, 266–267, 280–281, 283–284, 304, 329, 344–345, 392–393
- definite
280–281, 283–284
- indefinite
229, 256, 280–281
- NP-ellipsis
349–350, 357–361
- NP-internal fronting
225–226, 231, 243–244, 255–259, 263, 277
- null complement anaphora
See NCA
- null material
350, 352–353, 357–358, 360, 367, 394, 396–397
O
- object
1–2, 7–10, 12–13, 97–98, 170–172, 175, 177–179, 181–182, 184–185, 187, 250, 272–274, 327, 405, 425
- missing
186–187, 189, 404
- omission
18–23, 26, 124–125, 129
- one-substitution
73, 78, 88
P
- particle
6, 23, 166, 208–9, 215, 337, 370
- passive-active alternation12
- patient
1–2, 12–13, 172, 412
- PDT (Prague Dependency Treebank)103
- PFC (Principle of Full Clusivity)
342–343, 345–348
- phrases
1–3, 6–7, 23–24, 39, 68–69, 107–9, 155, 157, 165–166, 178, 221, 280, 415, 424, 430
- phrase structure
33–37, 39–47, 49–59, 61–69, 71–73, 79–80, 82, 91–93, 98–104, 115, 117–120, 201–2, 301–6, 319, 321–323
- one-to-one-or-more mapping of
40–41, 43
- phrase structure tree
37, 39–45, 47, 80–81, 83, 92
- pied-piping
276–277, 279–280, 386
- possessive
6, 128, 130, 280, 358–359
- possessive determiner
129, 131, 357–358
- possessive pronoun
128–129, 358
- postcedent
356, 362, 366, 369, 371–372, 377, 395, 401, 404
- Prague Dependency Treebank (PDT)103
- predicate
- embedded
175, 178, 181, 185, 279
- predicate logic
16, 18, 21, 165
- predicates
1–2, 15–19, 21, 25–26, 28–31, 40, 91, 132–136, 143–149, 151–154, 161–164, 173–175, 181–183, 192–197, 391–393
- predication
24, 31, 151–154, 179
- preposition, shared
345, 348
- preposition stranding
172, 189, 272, 348, 388
- Principle of Full Clusivity
See PFC
- proform substitution
3–5, 73, 76, 78, 80–82, 85, 92, 96, 127, 133
- projection line
37, 44, 203, 249
- projectivity
69, 199, 203–4, 206, 224, 229, 233
- projectivity violation
69, 204–6, 215, 224, 233
- pronoun
- relative
228–229, 249, 279
- pseudoclefting
3–5, 73, 75, 78, 80–82, 92, 96, 127, 133
- pseudogapping
349–350, 355, 362, 364, 375–379, 384, 396, 409, 438
- pseudopassive
171–172, 189
- p-stranding
272–274, 280, 287
Q
- quantifier
31, 128, 211, 357, 359
- question, direct
227, 238–239, 248, 387
R
- raising
175, 181–187, 436
- raising expression
175, 178, 181–184
- raising predicates
183–184, 187
- Reed-Kellogg diagrams
57–58, 99
- relative proforms
225, 229, 238
- remnant
308, 337, 352–357, 360, 362–364, 366–369, 371, 375, 377, 380–384, 386, 388, 391–392, 400, 406–7
- RES (Restriction on External Sharing)342
- Restriction on External Sharing (RES)342
- right node raising (RNR)
314–315
- risen catena
224–227, 229–231, 258, 263, 270–271, 273, 277–278, 286, 397
- rising catena
205, 224–225, 250, 270–271, 273, 277, 280–281, 283, 286–287, 289–291, 293–295, 394–397, 406
- Rising Principle
230–231, 258
- RNR (right node raising)
314–315
- root
6, 43–44, 110–111, 121–122, 125–127, 229–231, 240–241, 277–278, 292, 294–295, 322–324, 332–334, 338, 340, 342
- conjunct
332, 342–343, 346
- root node
40–41, 48, 72, 82
- Russian
5, 102, 122, 129, 249, 347–348, 434
S
- Saxon genitive
154–155, 157
- Scandinavian languages
272–273
- scope
30, 212, 259, 312, 338–339
- scrambling
199, 244, 259–262, 277, 280, 284
- selectee
110, 112, 132, 134, 136, 151
- selection
127, 132–134, 136, 140–141, 143–144, 146–149
- selector
106, 110, 112, 132, 134, 136, 143, 149–151
- semantic role
1–2, 12–14, 23, 172, 279, 285
- semantic valency
72, 163–164
- sentence, subject-less121
- sentence diagram
57, 99–100
- shared material
307–9, 314–316, 319, 325, 340, 342
- shift, heavy constituent
96–98, 214
- shifting
98, 199, 206, 212–216, 222, 274, 424
- sloppy identity
356–357, 360, 362, 365–366, 369–370, 375, 380–381, 384, 386, 389–393, 398–399, 401
- sluicing
105, 349–350, 372, 375, 379, 384–390, 396, 404, 406
- specificational copular sentence427
- specificity
281, 283–284, 295
- strikethrough
308, 350, 357
- string coordination
298, 302, 307–312, 315, 317–320, 343, 345, 425–426
- stripping
334, 336–337, 349–350, 355, 362, 364–366, 368–369, 372, 375, 377, 379, 384, 396, 409, 415–416
- Structural Parallelism Requirement
333–334, 337–339
- subcategorization
350, 352
- subject-auxiliary inversion
9, 216–221, 235–236, 245–247, 251
- subject NP
43, 48, 133–134, 259, 264, 389, 422
- subject-predicate division
48–49, 90–91, 99
- subject-verb inversion
218, 221–222, 246, 248, 253
- subordination
297, 319, 409–410, 412, 415
- subordinator
6, 17, 28, 30, 135, 161, 166, 190, 194–196, 208–210, 220, 228, 239–241, 278–279, 376
- sub-phrasal strings
73–76
- subscript
116, 165–166, 181, 183, 190, 192, 194, 222
- subtree
53, 108
- complete
40–41, 66, 107–9, 111, 126
- syntactic category
166, 190, 192, 207, 210, 269, 271, 298, 319, 325, 329–330, 411, 429
- syntactic valency
72, 162–165, 190
T
- tectogrammatical layer103
- tense
167, 356, 362, 364–365, 381
- than-clause
400, 417–418, 425
- than-string
409–410, 412, 414, 416–422, 424
- theme
2, 12–15, 172, 198, 285
- to-infinitive
174, 176, 179, 189
- topicalization
3–5, 73–75, 78, 80–82, 92, 96, 199–200, 204–5, 233–234, 243–244, 250–254, 262–263, 269–270, 284–288, 291–292
- transformational grammar
182, 434, 436
- transitive
160–161, 172, 187
- trivalent
17, 160–161, 165
U
- Universal Dependencies
103, 435
V
- valency
101, 159–161, 163–165, 167, 169–171, 173, 175–177, 179, 181, 183–185, 187, 189–191, 193–198, 324, 429
- valency frame
72, 165–170, 172, 174, 177–179, 181, 183, 189–198
- valent
161, 164–167, 170–171, 174–176, 178–179, 181–186, 190, 192–195, 198
- clausal
173–174, 182, 190, 196
- present participle
166, 176
- verb
- control
159, 163, 176, 181, 184, 194
- function
150, 159, 190, 197
- verb centrality
33, 65, 100, 102, 121
- vertical dimension
35, 157
- VP
28, 39, 43–44, 48–49, 66, 68, 77, 85, 87–88, 94–95, 118, 129, 298, 327, 373
- VP constituent
55, 85
- finite
43, 46, 55, 74, 93
- VP-ellipsis
9, 124, 195, 349–350, 357, 361–362, 364, 369–373, 375, 377–379, 384, 390, 396, 409
W
- wh-expression
249–250, 280, 290–292, 295, 330
- wh-fronting
199–200, 204–5, 219, 225, 231, 236, 243–245, 250, 269–270, 277–278, 281, 283–285, 287–292, 404, 406
- wh-word
225, 235, 249, 279–280, 291, 385, 387
- Word Grammar
68, 102, 432
- word order
69, 199–203, 205–207, 209–211, 213, 215, 217, 219, 221, 223, 225, 227, 229, 239–241, 260