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Historical Linguistics: A cognitive grammar introduction
Margaret E. Winters
[Not in series 227] 2020
► pp. 23–46

Chapter 2
Studying change

Article outline
  • 1.Overview
  • 2.Uniformitarianism
  • 3.Coincidence and universals
    • 3.1Pure coincidence
    • 3.2Universals
      • 3.2.1Absolute universals
      • 3.2.2Relative universals
  • 4.Genetic relationships and families
    • 4.1The Genealogical (Tree) model
    • 4.2The wave model
    • 4.3Contemporary approaches
  • 5.Contact among languages
    • 5.1Kinds of contact
    • 5.2Stratal influence
    • 5.3Areal influence
    • 5.4Pidgins and creoles
  • 6.Conclusion
  • Exercises
  • For further investigation
  • Notes