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Part of
Historical Linguistics: A cognitive grammar introduction
Margaret E. Winters
[Not in series 227] 2020
► pp. 169–184

Chapter 8
Actuation and spread

Article outline
  • 1.Introduction
  • 2.Actuation
  • 3.Spread
    • 3.1Kinds of spread
    • 3.2The role of variation
      • 3.2.1Weinreich, Labov, and Herzog (1968)
      • 3.2.2Social marking
      • 3.2.3Martha’s Vineyard
      • 3.2.4Other determiners
  • 4.Lexical diffusion
  • 5.The role of frequency and cognitive salience
  • 6.When can we say that change has emerged from spread?
  • 7.Conclusion
  • Exercises
  • For further investigation
  • Notes