Figure 2.1 Schematic family tree 30 Figure 2.2 The Indo-European family 31 Figure 2.3 Schematic wave 34 Figure 3.1 The linguistic sign 54 Figure 3.2 Radial set of ‘Cup’ 55 Figure 4.1 Articulators 74 Figure 4.2 Basic consonant chart 75 Figure 4.3 Basic vowel chart 75 Figure 4.4 The great vowel shift 78 Figure 4.5 Segment addition/loss 83 Figure 5.1 Radial set of /l/ 99 Figure 7.1 Structural approach to French negation 147 Figure 7.2 Changes in French negation 148