Table of contents
List of tables
11
Acknowledgements
12
Introduction
13
Chapter 1.Sentences: Communicative functions and typical patterns
1.1Introduction
15
1.2Declarative, interrogative, imperative and exclamatory sentence patterns
15
1.3Participants, process, attributes, and setting
17
1.4Subject, predicator, object, attribute, and adverbial
20
1.5Typical sentence patterns
22
1The running pattern (intransitive verbs)
24
2The being pattern (copula verbs)
24
3The doing/seeing pattern (monotransitive verbs)
25
4The giving/buying pattern (ditransitive verbs)
25
5The making/considering pattern (complex-transitive verbs)
27
1.6Same verb, different patterns
27
1.7English word order
29
1.8Summary
31
Chapter 2.Sentences: Simple, compound, and complex
2.1Introduction
32
2.2Sentences versus clauses
33
2.3Sentence types
34
1Simple sentences
34
2Compound sentences
34
3Complex sentences
36
4Compound-complex sentences
41
2.4Phrases
43
2.5Summary
44
Chapter 3.Verbs I
3.1Introduction
45
3.2Simple versus complex verb phrases
46
3.3Lexical versus auxiliary verbs
47
3.4Finite versus non-finite verb forms
47
1Finite verb forms
48
2Non-finite verb forms
50
3.5Auxiliary verbs
53
1Progressive be + present participle
53
2Perfect have + past participle
54
3Modals + (to) infinitives
54
4Passive be + past participle
56
5Do for questions, negation and emphasis
57
6Ordering of auxiliary verbs
58
3.6One form, several senses: Be, have and do
60
3.7Summary
61
Chapter 4.Verbs II
4.1Introduction
64
4.2Subtypes of lexical verbs
64
1Intransitive verbs (the running pattern)
65
2Copula verbs (the being pattern)
65
3Transitive verbs (the doing/seeing pattern)
65
4.3Subtypes of transitive verbs
67
1Monotransitive verbs (the doing/seeing pattern)
67
2Ditransitive verbs (the giving/buying pattern)
67
3Complex-transitive verbs (the making/considering pattern)
67
4.4Direct object forms
69
4.5Passive constructions
72
1Monotransitive verbs and passive constructions
73
2Ditransitive verbs and passive constructions
73
3Complex-transitive verbs and passive constructions
73
4Non-finite clauses and passive constructions
74
5Past participles as adjectives
77
4.6Identifying type of lexical verbs in complex sentences
78
4.7Multi-word verbs
80
4.8Summary
83
Chapter 5.Word classes
5.1Introduction
86
5.2Nouns
88
5.3Verbs
91
5.4Adjectives
92
5.5Adverbs
92
5.6Pronouns
95
1Personal pronouns
96
2Possessive pronouns
96
3Relative pronouns
96
4Interrogative pronouns
97
5Demonstrative pronouns
97
6Reflexive pronouns
98
7Reciprocal pronouns
98
8Indefinite pronouns
98
9So
99
5.7Numerals and articles
99
5.8Connectors
101
1Coordinators
101
2Subordinators
104
3Prepositions
108
5.9Interjections
111
5.10Summary
112
Chapter 6.Phrases
6.1Introduction
117
6.2Noun phrases
119
1Determiners
121
2Specifying versus classifying genitives
122
6.3Postmodifiers of nouns
124
1Restrictive versus non-restrictive postmodifiers
125
2Relative pronouns and adverbs
129
3Ellipsis in relative clauses
132
6.4Verb phrases
135
6.5Adjective phrase
136
6.6Adverb phrase
138
6.7Prepositional phrase
140
6.8Functions of phrases
142
6.9Summary
146
Chapter 7.Sentence constituents realized as clauses and non-canonical constructions
7.1Introduction
150
7.2Subjects, objects, and attributes
153
1Finite clauses
153
2Non-finite clauses
155
3Extraposed subject or object clauses
160
7.3Adverbials
161
7.4How to analyze non-canonical constructions
164
1Passive constructions
164
2Extraposed constructions
166
3Ellipsis
167
4Existential sentences with there
169
5Cleft constructions
170
7.5Summary
172
Chapter 8.How to analyze sentences at all levels
8.1Introduction
175
8.2How to go about analyzing long and complex sentences
175
8.3How to go about analyzing long and complex noun phrases
177
8.4How to go about analyzing sentences at different levels
184
8.5Analyzing sentences at different levels on your own
191
8.6Summary
197
Chapter 9.How to apply sentence construction knowledge to writing
9.1Introduction
198
9.2How to avoid sentence and clause errors
199
1Fragment
199
2Run-on sentence
199
3Comma splice
200
4Dangling modifier
201
9.3How to use commas
203
1Adverbials
203
2Restrictive and non-restrictive elements
204
3Coordinate constructions
207
9.4How to make sure each sentence is effective
210
1Use simple sentences effectively
210
2Avoid redundancy
210
3Avoid front-weighted sentences
211
4Avoid awkward and vague passive constructions
213
5Make sure constructions are parallel
214
9.5How to create coherence with sentence constructions
215
9.6Summary
218
Key to the exercises
219
Index
258
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