Scientific Methods for the Humanities
| University of Munich
| University of Utrecht
| Federal University of Rio de Janeiro
Here is a much needed introductory textbook on empirical research methods for the Humanities. Especially aimed at students and scholars of Literature, Applied Linguistics, and Film and Media, it stimulates readers to reflect on the problems and possibilities of testing the empirical assumptions and offers hands-on learning opportunities to develop empirical studies. It explains a wide range of methods, from interviews to observation research, and guides readers through the choices researchers have to make. It discusses the essence of experiments, illustrates how studies are designed, how to develop questionnaires, and helps readers to collect and analyze data by themselves. The book presents qualitative approaches to research but focuses mostly on quantitative methods, detailing the workings of basic statistics. At the end, the book also shows how to give papers at international conferences, how to draft a report, and what is involved in the preparation of a publishable article.
[Linguistic Approaches to Literature, 13] 2012. xxii, 328 pp.
Publishing status: Available
© John Benjamins Publishing Company
Table of Contents
|
List of Figures, Tables and Graphs
|
xiii–xviii
|
|
Acknowledgements
|
xix
|
|
Foreword
|
xx–xxii
|
|
Chapter 1. A new beginning
|
1–22
|
|
Interlude. Some misconceptions about scientific and empirical research of culture
|
23–30
|
|
Chapter 2. Basic insights from the philosophy of science
|
31–52
|
|
Chapter 3. Research methodology and design
|
53–68
|
|
Chapter 4. Methods of data collection
|
69–98
|
|
Chapter 5. How to construct a questionnaire
|
99–122
|
|
Chapter 6. Experiment
|
123–147
|
|
Chapter 7. How to enter and manipulate data in SPSS
|
148–167
|
|
Chapter 8. Descriptive statistics
|
168–198
|
|
Chapter 9. Inference statistics: Preliminaries
|
199–224
|
|
Chapter 10. Inference statistics: Test Selection, t-test and non-parametric equivalents
|
225–245
|
|
Chapter 11. Inference statistics: ANOVA
|
246–274
|
|
Chapter 12. Communicating results
|
275–309
|
|
Epilogue
|
310–316
|
|
Bibliography
|
317–320
|
|
Notes on contributors
|
321–322
|
|
Author index
|
323–324
|
|
Subject index
|
325–328
|
|
Bibliography
|
“The idea that there is an impenetrable divide between science and the arts is happily dying. In its place the authors have written this valuable book, which is equally open to scientists and artists. It shows how empirical methods can be used not just to analyze, but to illuminate works of literature and the other arts. Wonderfully thoughtful and helpfully instructive, this will become the preferred book for everyone who wants to approach the arts in a spirit of inquiry.”
Keith Oatley, Professor Emeritus, University of Toronto
“A breath of fresh, crisp air and a model of modesty. This book does not invite students and their teachers into an elite school of impressive obscurities. Instead, through clear language, patient explanation, vivid analogies, accessible examples and the steady development of skills, it empowers anyone who wants to learn how to investigate cultural and especially literary matters in scientific ways. Enough of the fug of endless circular discussion: time for the invigorating breeze of honest inquiry along new trails of step-by-step discovery.”
Brian Boyd, University of Auckland
“This book is an important and all-encompassing resource for encouraging not only students, but also our colleagues, to see the humanities and the methods used in the sciences as complementary rather than in opposition.”
Joan Peskin, in Scientific Study of Literature 2(2): 326-329, 2012
Cited by
Cited by 33 other publications
No author info given
2014.
In Creative Confluence [Linguistic Approaches to Literature, 16],
No author info given
2018.
In Cognitive Rhetoric [Linguistic Approaches to Literature, 31],
Alber, Jan, Jessica Jumpertz & Axel Mayer
2020. How professional readers process unnatural narrators.
Scientific Study of Literature 10:2 ► pp. 193 ff.
Bruhn, Mark J.
2018. Citation analysis.
Scientific Study of Literature 8:1 ► pp. 77 ff.
Castiglione, Davide
2017. Difficult poetry processing: Reading times and the narrativity hypothesis.
Language and Literature: International Journal of Stylistics 26:2 ► pp. 99 ff.
Castiglione, Davide
2019.
In Difficulty in Poetry,
► pp. 65 ff.
Castiglione, Davide
2019.
In Difficulty in Poetry,
► pp. 169 ff.
Chesnokova, Anna & Willie van Peer
2021.
In International Handbook of Love,
► pp. 807 ff.
Chesnokova, Anna & Willie van Peer
2020.
In Znaki czy nie znaki? Tom 3. Struktura i semantyka utworów lirycznych,
Da Sylva, Lyne
2018. Towards linked data: Some consequences for researchers in the social sciences and humanities.
Proceedings of the Association for Information Science and Technology 55:1 ► pp. 94 ff.
Fogal, Gary G
2015. Pedagogical stylistics in multiple foreign language and second language contexts: A synthesis of empirical research.
Language and Literature: International Journal of Stylistics 24:1 ► pp. 54 ff.
Hakemulder, Frank, Olivia Fialho & Matthijs P. Bal
2016.
In Scientific Approaches to Literature in Learning Environments [Linguistic Approaches to Literature, 24],
► pp. 19 ff.
Herrero-Zorita, Carlos
2013. A Statistical Study of the Usage of No-Negation and Not-Negation in Spoken Academic English.
Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 95 ► pp. 482 ff.
Jang, JooYoung & Bo Feng
2018. The Effects of Gain- and Loss-Framed Advice Messages on Recipients’ Responses to Advice.
Journal of Language and Social Psychology 37:2 ► pp. 181 ff.
Johnson, Anna Maria & Nusrat Jahan
2021. Assessing the Impact on Critical Reading and Critical Thinking.
Pedagogy 21:2 ► pp. 277 ff.
Kuzmičová, Anežka & Katalin Bálint
2019. Personal Relevance in Story Reading.
Poetics Today 40:3 ► pp. 429 ff.
Liu, Shisheng, Zhijun Zhang & Cuiling Zhang
2016.
In Scientific Approaches to Literature in Learning Environments [Linguistic Approaches to Literature, 24],
► pp. 125 ff.
Marques-Schäfer, Gabriela & Ebal Sant’Anna Bolacio Filho
2020. Der Beitrag einer vom DAAD finanzierten Studienreise zur Ausbildung von angehenden DaF-Lehrenden.
Informationen Deutsch als Fremdsprache 47:5 ► pp. 570 ff.
McIntyre, Dan
2013. The year’s work in stylistics 2012.
Language and Literature: International Journal of Stylistics 22:4 ► pp. 333 ff.
Neroni, Maria Adriana, Alfred Oti & Nathan Crilly
2021. Virtual Reality design-build-test games with physics simulation: opportunities for researching design cognition.
International Journal of Design Creativity and Innovation 9:3 ► pp. 139 ff.
Peer, Willie & Anna Chesnokova
2019. What literature does to our emotions, and how do we know? Empirical studies will tell.
Synopsis: Text, Context, Media :1(25)
Rodríguez-Sabiote, Clemente, José Álvarez Rodríguez, Juan Antonio López Núñez & María Natalia Campos Soto
2018. Análisis y establecimiento de una jerarquía de valores del alumnado de ciclos formativos de grado medio-superior de formación profesional mediante un proceso de triangulación analítica.
Revista Complutense de Educación 30:1 ► pp. 109 ff.
Sklar, Howard
2017.
In The Palgrave Handbook of Affect Studies and Textual Criticism,
► pp. 451 ff.
Stockwell, Peter
2021.
In Style and Reader Response [Linguistic Approaches to Literature, 36],
► pp. 165 ff.
Vaessen, Julia Kristina & Sven Strasen
2021.
In Style and Reader Response [Linguistic Approaches to Literature, 36],
► pp. 81 ff.
van Peer, Willie & Anna Chesnokova
2021.
In International Handbook of Love,
► pp. 789 ff.
Velikovsky, J. T.
2016.
In Creative Technologies for Multidisciplinary Applications [Advances in Media, Entertainment, and the Arts, ],
► pp. 208 ff.
Velikovsky, J. T.
2018.
In Encyclopedia of Information Science and Technology, Fourth Edition,
► pp. 4666 ff.
Velikovsky, J. T.
2018.
In Technology Adoption and Social Issues,
► pp. 1590 ff.
Velikovsky, J. T.
2019.
In Advanced Methodologies and Technologies in Artificial Intelligence, Computer Simulation, and Human-Computer Interaction [Advances in Computer and Electrical Engineering, ],
► pp. 795 ff.
Zhang, Cong & Rui Yuan
2021. Toward a Quantitative Approach to the Specialness of Poetry: Taking Chang Hen Ge and Chang Hen Ge Zhuan as a Case Study.
SAGE Open 11:3 ► pp. 215824402110299 ff.
Zyngier, Sonia & Vander Viana
2016.
In Scientific Approaches to Literature in Learning Environments [Linguistic Approaches to Literature, 24],
► pp. 271 ff.
Марущак, Н. А.
2019. NARRATIVE PERSPECTIVE IN EDGAR POЕ’S POETICS: A LINGUISTIC ASPECT.
Studia Philologica :12 ► pp. 84 ff.
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 17 september 2021. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.
References
Bibliography
Aaftink, C.
2004 Pivotal reading: Reading related to pivotal life experiences. Utrecht University: Unpublished M.A. thesis.
American Psychological Association
(1994) Publication manual of the American Psychological Association, 4th (ed.) Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Andringa, E.
1986 Perspektivierung und Perspektivenübernahme: Zur Wahrnehmung literarischer Figuren. Spiel, 5, 135–146.
Bailey, K. M.
1990 The use of diary studies in teacher education programs. In J. C. Richards & D. Nunan (Eds), Second language teacher education (pp. 215–226). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Baker, R. & Wright, H.
1955 Midwest and its children. Evanston, IL: Row, Peterson.
Bales, R. & Cohen, S.
1979 SYMLOG: A system for multiple level observation of groups. New York, NY: Free Press.
Bandura, A., Ross, D. & Ross, S. A.
1963 Imitation of film-mediated aggressive models. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 66, 3–11.
Barros, H. S.
2003 Desfamiliarização ou Preferência? O Estranhamento na Cidade de Deus. Caderno de Letras 20, 121–127.
Bechtel, R.
1967 Hodometer research in museums. Museum News, March, 23–5.
Bechtel, R. B. & Zeisel, J.
1987 Observation: The world under a glass. In R. B. Bechtel, R. W. Marans & W. M. Michelson (Eds.), Methods in environmental and behavioral research (pp. 11–40). New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
Berlyne, D. E.
1971 Aesthetics and Psychobiology. New York, NY: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
Birdwhistell, R.
1970 Kinesics in context: Essays on body motion communication. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Bourg, T., Risden, K., Thompson, S. & Davis, E. C.
1993 The effects of an empathy-building strategy on 6th graders’ causal inferencing in narrative text comprehension. Poetics, 22, 117–133.
Bower, G. H.
1978 Experiments on story comprehension and recall. Discourse Processes, 1, 211–231.
Brace, N., Kemp, R. & Snelgar, R.
2003 SPSS for Psychologists; A guide to data analysis using SPSS for Windows. New York, NY: Palgrave.
Bronowski, J.
1976 The Ascent of Man. London: BBC.
Cantor, J., Ziemke, D. & Sparks, G.
1984 The effect of forewarning on emotional responses to a horror film. Journal of Broadcasting, 28, 21–31.
Carp, F. M. & Carp, A.
1981 The validity, reliability and generalizability of diary data. Experimental Aging Research, 7, 281–296.
Conrad, F. G. & Schrober, M. F.
2000 Clarifying question meaning in a household telephone survey. Public Opinion Quarterly, 64(1), 1–28.
Cook, Th. & Campbell, D. T.
1979 Quasi-experimentation: Design and analysis issues for field settings. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.
Cousins, N.
1985 Anatomy of an illness as perceived by the patient: Reflections on healing and regeneration. New York: Bantam Books.
Davis, S. & Andringa, E.
1995 Narrrative structure and emotional response. In G. Rusch (Ed.), Empirical approaches to literature (pp. 50–60). Siegen: Lumis.
Dawkins, R.
2006 The God delusion. London: Random House.
Denscombe, M.
2010 The good research guide: For small-scale social research projects. Columbus, OH: McGraw-Hill.
Descartes, R.
1637 [2006] A discourse on the method. New York, NY: Oxford University Press 2006.
Dilthey, W.
1985 Poetry and experience. Selected works, vol. V. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
1994 The hermeneutics of the human sciences. In K. Mueller-Vollmer (Ed.), The hermeneutics reader: texts of the German tradition from the enlightenment to the present. New York, NY: Continuum.
Earthman, E. A.
1992 Creating the virtual work: Readers’ processes in understanding literary texts. Research in the Teaching of English, 26, 351–384.
Field, A.
2005 Discovering statistics using SPSS. London: Sage.
Flerx, V. C., Filder, D. S. & Rogers, R. W.
1976 Sex role stereotypes: Developmental aspects and early intervention. Child Development, 47, 998–1007.
Flower, L. S. & Hayes, J. R.
1981 A cognitive process theory of writing. College Composition and Communication, 32(4), 365–387.
Freud, S.
1975 The psychopathology of everyday life. In J. Strachey (Ed. & Transl.). The Pelican Freud Library, vol. 5, Harmondsworth: Penguin.
1979 On psychopathology. In J. Strachey (Ed, & Transl.). The Pelican Freud Library, vol. 10, Harmondsworth: Penguin.
1984 On metapsychology: The theory of psychoanalysis. In J. Strachey (Ed, & Transl.). The Pelican Freud Library, vol. 11, Harmondsworth: Penguin.
Frost, W.
1969 The development of a technique for TV programme assessment. Journal of the Market Research Society, 11, 25–44.
Gadamer, H. G.
1975 Truth and method. New York, NY: Continuum.
Gerrig, R. J. & Prentice, D. A.
1991 The representation of fictional information. Psychological Science, 2¸ 336–340.
Gibbs, A.
n.d.). Focus Groups. Retrieved December 28, 2004, (http://www.soc.surrey.ac.uk/sru/SRU19.html).
Gibson, R., Aust, C. F. & Zillmann, D.
2000 Loneliness of adolescents and their choice and enjoyment of love-celebrating versus love-lamenting popular music. Empirical Studies of the Arts, 18(1), 43–48.
Goss, J. D. & Leinbach, T. R.
1996 Focus groups as alternative research practice. Area, 28(2), 115–123.
Hakemulder, J.
2000 The moral laboratory. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Harris, S.
2010 The moral landscape. How science can determine human values. New York, NY: Free Press.
Hawkes, D. L.
1990 Communicating your results: A guide for postgraduates. Pontypridd: The Polytechnic of Wales.
Hess, R. G. & Lieger, L. H.
(2004) Creating effective poster presentations. Retrieved June 6, 2005 from http://www.ncsu.edu/project/posters/
Holland, N.
1975 Five readers reading. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Hunt, M.
1993 History of psychology. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.
Iser, W.
1975 Die Appellstruktur der Texte. In R. Warning (Ed.), Rezeptionsästhetik – Theorie und Praxis (pp. 228–52). München: Fink.
1978 The Act of Reading: A Theory of Aesthetic Response. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Kelle, U.
(Ed.) 1995 Computer-aided qualitative data analysis: Theory, methods and practice. London: Sage.
Kinkade, R. G.
1974 Thesaurus of psychological index terms. Washington, DC: APA.
Kitzinger, J.
1995 Introducing focus groups. British Medical Journal, 311, 299–302.
Kreuger, R. A.
1988 Focus groups: A practical guide for applied research. London: Sage.
Lachenmann, J.
1999 Interviews mit Lesenden. Wirkungen von Literatur auf Musiker und Mediziner. [Interviews with readers. Effects of literature on musicians and physicians]. Unpublished MA-thesis, University of Munich.
Limbert, W. M. & Polzella, D. J.
1998 Influence of music style on observers’ perception of representational and abstract paintings. Empirical Studies of the Arts, 16(1), 33–39.
Martindale, C.
1990 The clockwork muse. New York, NY: Basic Books.
Mattos, M. J. & Mendes, M.
2002 Grupo de Enfoque na Ciência Empírica da Literatura: Atitude dos alunos em relação à literatura. Paper presented at the III ECEL (Encontro de Ciência Empírica da Literatura) in Rio de Janeiro.
McInerney, D. M.
2001 Publishing your psychology research: A guide to writing for journals in psychology and related fields. London: Sage.
McNamara, C.
n.d.). Basics of Conducting Focus Groups. Retrieved December 28, 2004, from http://www.mapnp.org/library/evaluatn/focusgrp.htm
Mendes, M. & Menezes, D.
2003 The influence of authorial prestige on Brazilian students. Paper Presented at the IV ECEL (Encontro de Ciência Empírica da Literatura) in Rio de Janeiro.
Miall, D. S.
1990 Readers’ response to narrative: Evaluating, relating, anticipating. Poetics, 19, 323–339.
Miall, D. S. & Kuiken, D.
1995 Aspects of literary response: A new questionnaire. Research in the Teaching of English, 29, 37–58.
Morgan, D. L., Kreuger, R. A. & King, J. A.
1998 The focus group kit. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Morris, D.
1977 Manwatching: A field guide to human behavior. London: Cape.
Patton, M. Q.
1990 Qualitative evaluation and research methods. Newsbury Park, CA: Sage.
Piaget, J.
1948 The moral judgment of the child. M. Gabain, (Transl.). Glencoe, IL: Free Press.
Plato
1906 The trial and death of Socrates. F. J. Church (Transl.), New York, NY: Macmillan.
Powell, R. A. & Single, H. M.
1996 Focus groups. International Journal of Quality in Health Care, 8(5), 499–504.
Radway, J. A.
1984 Reading the romance; Women, patriarchy, and popular literature. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.
Riessman, C. K.
1993 Narrative analysis. London: Sage.
Rogers, E. M. & Shoemaker, F. F.
1971 Communication of innovations: A cross-cultural approach. New York, NY: Free Press.
Rose, J.
2001 The intellectual life of the British working classes. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Saris, W. & Stronkhorst, H.
1984 Causal modelling in nonexperimental research. Amsterdam: Sociometric Research Foundation.
Schreier, M.
2001 Qualitative methods in studying text reception. In D. Schram & G. Steen (Eds), The psychology and sociology of literature (pp. 35–56). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Shaughnessy, J. J. & Zechtmeister, E. B.
1985 Research methods in psychology. New York: Knopf.
Sheets-Johnstone, M.
1999 The primacy of movement. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Shklovsky, V.
(1917/1965) Art as technique. In L. T. Lemon & M. Reis (Eds), Russian Formalist Criticism (pp. 3–24). Lincoln, NB: University of Nebraska Press.
Sinclair, J. McH.
(Ed.) 1987 Looking up. London: Collins ELT.
Skaife, A. M.
1967 The role of deviation and complexity in changing musical taste. Proceedings of the American Psychological Association, Vol. 2, pp. 25–26.
Slater, A., Quinn, P. C., Hayes, R. & Brown, E.
2000 The role of facial orientation in newborn infants’ preference for attractive faces. Developmental Science, 3(2), 181–185.
Snow, C. P.
(1959/1993) The two cultures. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Stern, D.
2010 Forms of vitality. Exploring dynamic experience in psychology, the arts, psychotherapy, and development. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Sternberg, R. J.
1988 The Psychologist’s Companion: A guide to scientific writing for students and researchers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Stolnitz, J.
1991 On the historical triviality of art. The British Journal of Aesthetics, 31, 195–202.
Van Peer, W.
2001 Justice in Perspective. In W. Van Peer & S. Chatman (Eds), New perspectives on narrative perspective, (pp. 325–38). Albany, NY: SUNY Press.
Van Peer, W. & Stöger, I.
2001 Psycho-analysts and day-dreaming. In G. Steen & D. Schram (Eds), The Psychology and Sociology of Literature (pp. 185–200). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Van Peer, W., Zyngier, S. & Hakemulder, F.
2007 Foregrounding: Past, present, future. In D. Hoover (Ed.), Prospect and retrospect. Papers from the poetics and linguistics association international conference, New York, 2004. Amsterdam: Rodopi West.
West, R. F., Stanovich, K. E. & Mitchell, H. R.
1993 Reading in the real world and its correlates. Reading Research Quarterly, 28(1), 34–50.
Windelband, W.
1894 Geschichte und Naturwissenschaft. Straßburg: Straßburger Rektoratsrede.
Zill, N. & Winglee, M.
1990 Who reads literature? Cabin John, MD: Seven Locks Press.
Zillmann, D. & Bryant, J.
1975 Viewer’s moral sanction of retribution in the appreciation of dramatic presentations. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 11, 572–582.
Zwaan, R. A.
1991 Some parameters of literary and news comprehension: Effects of discourse-type perspective on reading rate and surface structure representation. Poetics, 20, 139–156.
Zyngier, S., Chesnokova, A., & Viana, V.
(Eds.) 2007 Acting and connecting: Cultural approaches to language and literature. Berlin: LIT Verlag.
Zyngier, S., van Peer, W. & Hakemulder, J.
2007 Complexity and foregrounding: in the eye of the beholder? Poetics Today 28, 653–682.
Subjects & Metadata
Literature & Literary Studies
BIC Subject: DSA – Literary theory
BISAC Subject: LIT006000 – LITERARY CRITICISM / Semiotics & Theory