Cameroon Pidgin English

A comprehensive grammar

| University of Yaoundé 1
| University of Sussex
Hardbound – Available
ISBN 9789027238269 | EUR 110.00 | USD 165.00
 
Paperback – Available
ISBN 9789027262400 | EUR 36.00 | USD 54.00
 
e-Book –
ISBN 9789027266033 | EUR 110.00/36.00*
| USD 165.00/54.00*
 
Cameroon Pidgin English (CPE) is an English-lexified Atlantic expanded pidgin/creole spoken in some form by an estimated 50% of Cameroon’s population, primarily in the anglophone west regions, but also in urban centres throughout the country. Primarily a spoken language, CPE enjoys a vigorous oral presence in Cameroon, and the linguistic examples illustrating this description are drawn from a spoken corpus consisting of a range of text types, including oral narratives, radio broadcasts and spontaneous conversation. The authors’ typologically-framed investigation of the features of the language, from its phonetics, phonology and lexicon to its syntax and discourse structure, allows the reader a clear view of the linguistic character of CPE, offering a comprehensive description of the language that will be of interest to creolists as well as linguists interested in African languages, contact linguistics and comparative linguistics.
[London Oriental and African Language Library, 20]  2017.  xxi, 314 pp.
Publishing status: Available
© John Benjamins
https://doi.org/10.1075/loall.20
Table of Contents
Dedication
v
Acknowledgments
xv
List of maps and figures
xvii
List of tables
xix
Abbreviations and symbols
xxi
Chapter 1. Introduction
1–12
Chapter 2. History and sociolinguistics of CPE
13–29
Chapter 3. Phonetics, phonology and orthography
31–46
Chapter 4. The lexicon
47–78
Chapter 5. The syntax of the noun phrase
79–101
Chapter 6. Pronouns
103–131
Chapter 7. Tense, mood, modality, aspect and negation
133–157
Chapter 8. The simple sentence
159–194
Chapter 9. Complex predicates
195–214
Chapter 10. The complex sentence
215–240
Chapter 11. Information structure
241–261
Chapter 12. Selected texts
263–282
Appendix: Participant data
283–298
References
293–307
Subject index
309–314
“This is a thoroughly well-written and extensively researched monograph on the grammar of Cameroon Pidgin English. It is clearly the most ambitious of all grammars, few as they may be, that have been published so far. For me, it will be the reference grammar for CPE given the breadth of coverage and the copious number of examples used.”
“The thoughtful reader will find this grammar of Cameroon Pidgin English satisfying, reliable, and most laudably, thought-provoking.”
“This book tells us a great deal about the language, and incidentally shows us what can be extracted from a well-conducted corpus-based study and deserves to be emulated. There are many ways to write a good creole grammar, and this is one of the best.”
“This book and the corpus on which it is based [...] constitute an important advance for the description and documentation of African (contact) languages.”
References

References

Achu, Emmanuel
2008 Disturbing the Peace. Bamenda: Langaa Research and Publishing.Google Scholar
Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y.
2006 “Serial Verb Constructions in Typological Perspective.” In Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald and Robert M.W. Dixon (eds), Serial Verb Constructions: A Cross-Linguistic Typology, 1–68.Google Scholar
Aikenvald, Alexandra Y.
2015 The Art of Grammar: A Practical Guide. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Aikenvald, Alexandra Y., and Robert M. W. Dixon
(eds) 2006 Serial Verb Constructions: A Cross-Linguistic Typology. Oxford: OUP.Google Scholar
①
Alobwed’Epie, Charles
2005 The Lady with a Beard. Yaounde: Éditions CLÉ.Google Scholar
Arends, Jacques, Pieter Muysken, and Norval Smith
(eds) 1995 Pidgins and Creoles: an Introduction. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Anchimbe, Eric A.
(ed) 2012 Language Contact in a Postcolonial Setting: Tthe Linguistic and Social Context of English and Pidgin in Cameroon. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
① ② ③ ④ ⑤
2012 “Written and Oral Samples of Cameroon English and Cameroon Pidgin English.” In Eric A. Anchimbe (ed.), Language Contact in a Postcolonial Setting: Tthe Linguistic and Social Context of English and Pidgin in Cameroon, 299–312. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2013 Language Policy and Identity Construction: The Dynamics of Cameroon’s Multilingualism. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Aseh, Mildred
2014 The Forms and Uses of Cameroon Pidgin English in Creative Works in English in Cameroon. Unpublished MA Dissertation. University of Yaoundé 1.
Asong, Linus
2006 No Way to Die. Bamenda: Patron Publishing House.Google Scholar
Atindogbé, Gratien G., and Evelyn Fogwe Chibaka
2012 “Pronouns in Cameroon Pidgin English.” In Eric A. Anchimbe (ed.), Language Contact in a Postcolonial Setting: Tthe Linguistic and Social Context of English and Pidgin in Cameroon, 215–244. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
van der Auwera, Johan, and Andreas Ammann
2013a “Situational Possibility.” In Matthew S. Dryer and Martin Haspelmath (eds). Available at http://​wals​.info​/chapter​/74. Accessed 18/07/15.The World Atlas of Language Structures Online, Google Scholar
2013b “Epistemic Possibility.” In Matthew S. Dryer and Martin Haspelmath (eds). Available at http://​wals​.info​/chapter​/70. Accessed 18/07/15.The World Atlas of Language Structures Online, Google Scholar
van de Auwera, Johan, Nina Dobrushina, and Valentin Goussev
2013 “Imperative-Hortative Systems.” In Matthew S. Dryer and Martin Haspelmath (eds). Available at http://​wals​.info​/chapter​/72. Accessed 18/07/15.The World Atlas of Language Structures Online, Google Scholar
van der Auwera, Johan, and Ludo Lejeune, with Umarani Pappuswamy, and Valentin Goussev
2013a “The Morphological Imperative.” In Matthew S. Dryer and Martin Haspelmath (eds). Available at http://​wals​.info​/chapter​/70. Accessed 18/07/15.The World Atlas of Language Structures Online, Google Scholar
2013b “The Prohibitive.” In Matthew S. Dryer and Martin Haspelmath (eds). Available at http://​wals​.info​/chapter​/71. Accessed 18/07/15The World Atlas of Language Structures Online, .Google Scholar
Ayafor, Miriam
1996 “An Orthography for Kamtok.” English Today 12: 53–57. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2004 “Cameroon Pidgin English (Kamtok): Morphology and Syntax.” In A Handbook of Varieties of English, Vol. 2., ed. by Bernd Kortmann, Edgar W. Schneider, Kate Burridge, Rajend Mesthrie, and Clive Upton, 909–928. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
2016 “Serial Verb Constructions in Kamtok (Cameroon Pidgin English).” English Today. Available on CJO 2016. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
To appear. “CPE Orthography.” Proceedings of the 14th International Colloquium of Creole Studies , Aix-en-Provence, 29–31 October 2014.
Ayafor, Miriam, Melanie Green, and Gabriel Ozón
2016 A Spoken Corpus of Cameroon Pidgin English. Available at the Oxford Text Archive, http://​ota​.ox​.ac​.uk​/desc​/2563
Ayisi, Florence
, and Kim Longinotto (dir.) 2005 Sisters in Law [DVD]. London: Vixen Films.Google Scholar
Bakker, Peter
, Marike Post, and Hein van der Voort 1995 “TMA Particles and Auxiliaries.” In Jacques Arends, Pieter Muysken, and Norval Smith (eds), 247–258.Google Scholar
Bakker, Peter, Aymeric Daval-Markussen, Mikael Parkvall, and Ingo Plag
2011 “Creoles are Typologically Distinct from Non-Creoles.” Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 26: 5–42. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Baptista, Marlyse
2003 The Syntax of Cape Verdean Creole: The Sotavento Varieties. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Bartens, Angela
2011 “Substrate Features in Nicaraguan, Providence and San Andrés Creole Englishes: A Comparison with Twi.” In Claire Lefebvre (ed.) (2011a), Creoles, Their Substrates, and Language Typology, 201–244. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Bates, Elizabeth, Inge Bretherton, and Lynn Snyder
1988 From First Words to Grammar: Individual Differences and Dissociable Mechanisms. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Bazergui, Nives
1997 A Descriptive Account of Cameroonian Pidgin English: A Principles and Parameters Approach. PhD Thesis, University of Essex.Google Scholar
Bearth, Thomas
2003 “Syntax.” In The Bantu Languages, ed. by Derek Nurse and Gérard Philippson, 121–142. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Bellama, David, Solomon Nkwelle, and Joseph Yudom
1983 An Introduction to Cameroonian Pidgin. Cameroon Peace Corps/SIL.Google Scholar
Berlage, Eva
2014 “Opposite Developments in Composite Predicate Constructions: The Case of Take Advantage of and Make Use of .” In Late Modern English Syntax, ed. by Marianne Hundt, 207–223. Cambridge: CUP. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Besong, Bate
1990 Beasts of No Nation. Limbe: Nooremac Press.Google Scholar
Beyer, Klaus
2009 “Double Negation-Marking: A Case of Contact-Induced Grammaticalization in West Africa?” In Negation Patterns in West African Languages and Beyond, ed. by Norbert Cyffer, Edwin Ebermann, and Georg Ziegelmeyer, 205–222. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Bickerton, Derek
1981 Roots of Language. Ann Arbor: Karoma.Google Scholar
Bitjaa Kody, Zachée Denis, and Joseph Roger Ndjonmbog
2009 “The Involvement of Churches in the Development and Promotion of Cameroonian Languages Since 1960.” In The Role of Missionaries in the Development of African Languages, ed. by Kwesi Kwah Prah, 217–230. Cape Town: Centre for Advanced Studies of African Society.Google Scholar
Bruyn, Adrienne
2009 “Grammaticalization in Creoles: Ordinary and Not-So-Ordinary Cases.” Studies in Language 33: 312–337. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
BUCREP (Bureau Centrale des Recensements et des Etudes de Population)
Census data available at: http://​www​.bucrep​.cm. Accessed 03/08/16.
Butake, Bole
1986 Lake God. Yaoundé: Editions CLE.Google Scholar
Butt, Miriam
2010 “The Light Verb Jungle: Still Hacking Away.” In Complex Predicates: Cross-Linguistic Perspectives on Event Structure, ed. by Mengistu Amberber, Brett Baker, and Mark Harvey, 48–78. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Chafe, Wallace L.
1976 “Givenness, Contrastiveness, Definiteness, Subjects, Topics and Point of View.” In Subject and Topic, ed. by Charles N. Li and Sandra A. Thompson, 27–55. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Chomsky, Noam
1981 Lectures on Government and Binding. Dordrecht: Foris.Google Scholar
Comrie, Bernard
2013a “Alignment of Case Marking of Full Noun Phrases.” In Matthew S. Dryer and Martin Haspelmath (eds). Available at http://​wals​.info​/chapter​/98. Accessed 18/07/15.The World Atlas of Language Structures Online, Google Scholar
2013b “Alignment of Case Marking of Pronouns.” In Matthew S. Dryer and Martin Haspelmath (eds). Available at http://​wals​.info​/chapter​/99. Accessed 18/07/15.The World Atlas of Language Structures Online, Google Scholar
Comrie, Bernard, and Tania Kuteva
2013a “Relativization Strategies.” In Matthew S. Dryer and Martin Haspelmath (eds). Available at http://​wals​.info​/chapter​/98. Accessed 18/07/15.The World Atlas of Language Structures Online, Google Scholar
2013b “Relativization on Subjects.” In Matthew S. Dryer and Martin Haspelmath (eds). Available at http://​wals​.info​/chapter​/122. Accessed 18/07/15.The World Atlas of Language Structures Online, Google Scholar
2013c “Relativization on Obliques.” In Matthew S. Dryer and Martin Haspelmath (eds). Available at http://​wals​.info​/chapter​/123. Accessed 18/07/15.The World Atlas of Language Structures Online, Google Scholar
Corbett, Greville G.
2013 “Number of Genders.” In Matthew S. Dryer and Martin Haspelmath (eds). Available at http://​wals​.info​/chapter​/30. Accessed 12/05/2016.The World Atlas of Language Structures Online, Google Scholar
Costa, João, and Nancy C. Kula
2008 “Focus at the Interface: Evidence From Romance and Bantu.” In The Bantu-Romance Connection, ed. by Cécile de Cat and Katherine Demuth, 293-322. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Creissels, Denis, Gerrit J. Dimmendaal, Zygmunt Frajzyngier, and Christa König
2007 “Africa as a Morphosyntactic Area.” In A Linguistic Geography of Africa, ed. by Bernd Heine and Derek Nurse, 86–150. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Cristofaro, Sonia
2013a “Purpose Clauses.” In Matthew S. Dryer and Martin Haspelmath (eds). Available at http://​wals​.info​/chapter​/125. Accessed 18/07/15.The World Atlas of Language Structures Online, Google Scholar
2013b “ ‘When’ Clauses.” In Matthew S. Dryer and Martin Haspelmath (eds). Available at http://​wals​.info​/chapter​/126. Accessed 18/07/15.The World Atlas of Language Structures Online, Google Scholar
2013c “Reason Clauses.” In Matthew S. Dryer and Martin Haspelmath (eds). Available at http://​wals​.info​/chapter​/127. Accessed 18/07/15.The World Atlas of Language Structures Online, Google Scholar
2013d “Utterance Complement Clauses.” In Matthew S. Dryer and Martin Haspelmath (eds). Available at http://​wals​.info​/chapter​/128. Accessed 18/07/15.The World Atlas of Language Structures Online, Google Scholar
Cunningham, Irma A. E.
1992 A syntactic analysis of Sea Island Creole. University of Alabama Press.Google Scholar
Dahl, Östen, and Viveka Velupillai
2013a “Perfective/Imperfective Aspect.” In Matthew S. Dryer and Martin Haspelmath (eds). Available at http://​wals​.info​/chapter​/65. Accessed 18/07/15.The World Atlas of Language Structures Online, Google Scholar
2013b “The Past Tense.” In Matthew S. Dryer and Martin Haspelmath (eds). Available at http://​wals​.info​/chapter​/66. Accessed 16/05/2016.Google Scholar
2013c “The Future Tense.” In Matthew S. Dryer and Martin Haspelmath (eds). Available at http://​wals​.info​/chapter​/67. Accessed 18/07/15.The World Atlas of Language Structures Online, Google Scholar
Daniel, Michael
2013 “Plurality in Independent Personal Pronouns.” In Matthew S. Dryer and Martin Haspelmath (eds). Available at http://​wals​.info​/chapter​/35. Accessed 18/07/15.The World Atlas of Language Structures Online, Google Scholar
Devlin, Thomas, Sarah FitzGerald, and Melanie Green
In preparation. “Investigating Tone in a Spoken Corpus of Cameroon Pidgin English.” Ms., University of Sussex.
Diessel, Holga
2013a “Distance Contrasts in Demonstratives.” In Matthew S. Dryer and Martin Haspelmath (eds). Available at http://​wals​.info​/chapter​/41. Accessed 18/07/15.The World Atlas of Language Structures Online, Google Scholar
2013b “Pronominal and Adnominal Demonstratives.” In Matthew S. Dryer and Martin Haspelmath (eds). Available at http://​wals​.info​/chapter​/42. Accessed 18/07/15.The World Atlas of Language Structures Online, Google Scholar
Dike, K. Onwuka
1956 Trade and Politics in the Niger Delta, 1830–1885. Oxford: Clarendon.Google Scholar
Dixon, Robert M.W.
1977 “Where Have all the Adjectives Gone?” Studies in Language 1: 19–80. Revised version in Where Have All the Adjectives Gone? and Other Essays in Semantics and Syntax, ed. by Robert M. W. Dixon, 1982, 1–62. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Dixon, Robert M. W, and Alexandra Aikhenvald
(eds) 2004 Adjective Classes: A Cross-Linguistic Typological Study. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Dryer, Matthew S.
1992 “The Greenbergian Word Order Correlations.” Language 68: 81–138. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2013a “Negative Morphemes.” In Matthew S. Dryer and Martin Haspelmath (eds). Available at http://​wals​.info​/chapter​/112. Accessed 18/07/15.The World Atlas of Language Structures Online, Google Scholar
2013b “Negative Indefinite Pronouns and Predicate Negation.” In Matthew S. Dryer and Martin Haspelmath (eds). Available at http://​wals​.info​/chapter​/115. Accessed 18/07/15.The World Atlas of Language Structures Online, Google Scholar
2013c “Order of Subject, Object and Verb.” In Matthew S. Dryer and Martin Haspelmath (eds). Available at http://​wals​.info​/chapter​/81. Accessed 18/07/15.The World Atlas of Language Structures Online, Google Scholar
2013d “Expression of Pronominal Subjects.” In Matthew S. Dryer and Martin Haspelmath (eds). Available at http://​wals​.info​/chapter​/101. Accessed 18/07/15.The World Atlas of Language Structures Online, Google Scholar
2013e “Polar Questions.” In Matthew S. Dryer and Martin Haspelmath (eds). Available at http://​wals​.info​/chapter​/116. Accessed 18/07/15.The World Atlas of Language Structures Online, Google Scholar
Dryer, Matthew
2013f “Position of Interrogative Phrases in Content Questions.” In Matthew S. Dryer and Martin Haspelmath (eds). Available at http://​wals​.info​/chapter​/93. Accessed 18/07/15.The World Atlas of Language Structures Online, Google Scholar
Dryer, Matthew S.
2013g “Order of Relative Clause and Noun.” In Matthew S. Dryer and Martin Haspelmath (eds). Available at http://​wals​.info​/chapter​/90. Accessed 18/07/15.The World Atlas of Language Structures Online, Google Scholar
Dryer, Matthew S., and Martin Haspelmath
(eds) 2013 The World Atlas of Language Structures Online. Munich: Max Planck Digital Library. Available online at http://​wals​.info.Google Scholar
① ② ③ ④ ⑤ ⑥ ⑦ ⑧ ⑨ ⑩ ⑪ ⑫ ⑬ ⑭ ⑮ ⑯ ⑰ ⑱ ⑲ ⑳ ㉑ ㉒ ㉓ ㉔ ㉕ ㉖ ㉗ ㉘ ㉙ ㉚ ㉛ ㉜ ㉝ ㉞ ㉟ ㊱ ㊲ ㊳ ㊴ ㊵ ㊶ ㊷ ㊸ ㊹
Dwyer, David
1966 An Introduction to West African Pidgin English. Michigan State University: African Studies Center.Google Scholar
Egbokhare, Francis O.
2003 “The Story of a Language: Nigerian Pidgin in Spatiotemporal, Social and Linguistic Context.” In Studies in African Varieties of English, ed.by Lucko Peter, Peter Lothar, and Hans-Georg Wolf, 21–40. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
Encyclopaedia Brittanica Online
Cameroon.” Available at: https://​www​.britannica​.com​/place​/Cameroon. Accessed 03/08/16.
Essegbey, James
2004 “Auxiliaries in Serialising Languages: on COME and GO Verbs in Sranan and Ewe.” Lingua 114: 473–494. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
de Féral, Carole
1989 Pidgin English du Cameroun: Description Linguistique et Sociolinguistique. Paris: Peeters/SELAF.Google Scholar
Faraclas, Nicholas
1984 Rivers Pidgin English: Tone, Stress or Pitch-Accent Language? Studies in the Linguistic Sciences 14: 67-76.Google Scholar
1996 Nigerian Pidgin. London: Routledge. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Finney, Malcolm Awadajin
2004 “Substratal Influence on the Morphosyntactic Properties of Krio.” Linguistic Discovery 2: 58–83. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Foley, William A.
2010 “Events and Serial Verb Constructions.” In Complex Predicates: Cross-Linguistic Perspectives on Event Structure, ed. by Mengistu Amberber, Brett Baker, and Mark Harvey, 79–109. Cambridge: CUP. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Foley, William A., and Mike Olson
1985 “Clausehood and Verb Serialization.” In Inside and Outside the Clause: Some Approaches to Theory from the Field, ed. by Johanna Nichols and Anthony C. Woodbury, 17–60. Cambridge: CUP.Google Scholar
Fonka, Hans
2011 Evolution of Cameroon Pidgin English: status, functions and varieties. PhD thesis, University of Yaoundé 1.
Frajzyngier, Zygmunt
1997 Grammaticalization of the Complex Sentence: A Case Study in Chadic. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Gilman, Charles
1972 The Comparative Structure in French, English, and Cameroonian Pidgin English: An Exercise in Linguistic Comparison. PhD Thesis, Northwestern University.Google Scholar
Givón, Talmy
1974 “Serial Verbs and Syntactic Change: Niger-Congo.” In Word Order and Word Order Change, ed. by Charles Li, 47–112. Austin: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
1990 Syntax: A Functional-Typological Introduction. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Goedemans, Rob, and Harry van der Hulst
2013 “Fixed Stress Locations.” In Matthew S. Dryer and Martin Haspelmath (eds).Available at http://​wals​.info​/chapter​/14. Accessed 06/08/2016.The World Atlas of Language Structures Online, Google Scholar
Gud Nyus fo Ol Pipul: Nyu Testament fo Pidgin
2000 Yaounde: Bible Society of Cameroon.Google Scholar
Green, Melanie
2007 Focus in Hausa. [Publications of the Philological Society 40]. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Green, Melanie, and Gabriel Ozón
In press. “Valency and Transitivity in a Contact Variety: The Evidence from Cameroon Pidgin English.” In Valency and Transitivity in Contact: Theoretical and Empirical Issues ed. by Eitan Grossmann, Ilja Seržant, and Alena Witzlack-Makarevich Journal of Language Contact Special Issue
In press. “Information Structure in a Spoken Corpus of Cameroon Pidgin English.” In Information Structure in Lesser-Described Languages: Studies in Prosody and Syntax ed. by Evangelia Adamou, Katharina Haude, and Martine Vanhove Amsterdam John Benjamins Crossref
Greenberg, J. H.
1963 “Some Universals of Grammar with Particular Reference to the Order of Meaningful Elements.” In Universals of Language, 2nd ed. ed. by Joseph H. Greenberg, 73–113. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Greene, Laurie A.
1999 A grammar of Belizean Creole. Bern> : Peter Lang.Google Scholar
Güldemann, Tom
2008 Quotative Indexes in African languages: A Synchronic and Diachronic Survey. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Gwei, Solomon, N.
1966 History of the British Baptist Mission in Cameroon, with Beginnings in Fernando Po, 1841–1886. Zürich: Baptist Theological Seminary.Google Scholar
Hagemeijer, Tjerk, and Ota Ogie
2011 “Edo Influence on Santome: Evidence from Verb Serialisation.” In Claire Lefebvre (ed.) (2011a), Creoles, Their Substrates, and Language Typology, 37–60. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Hancock, Ian F.
1969 “A Provisional Comparison of the English-based Atlantic Creoles.” African Language Review 8: 7–72.Google Scholar
1980 “Lexical Expansion in Creole Languages.” In Theoretical Orientations in Creole Studies, ed. by Albert Valdman and Arnold Highfield, 63–88. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Harford, Carolyn
2008 “The Bantu-Romance Connection in Verb Movement and Verbal Inflectional Morphology.” In The Bantu-Romance Connection, ed. by Cécile de Cat and Katherine Demuth, 111-130. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Haspelmath, Martin
2013a “Coding of Nominal Plurality.” In Matthew S. Dryer and Martin Haspelmath (eds). Available at http://​wals​.info​/chapter​/33. Accessed 18/07/15.Google Scholar
2013b “Indefinite Pronouns.” In Matthew S. Dryer and Martin Haspelmath (eds). Available at http://​wals​.info​/chapter​/46. Accessed 18/07/15.The World Atlas of Language Structures Online, Google Scholar
2013c “Ditransitive Constructions: The Verb ‘Give’.” In Matthew S. Dryer and Martin Haspelmath (eds). Available at http://​wals​.info​/chapter​/105. Accessed 18/07/15.The World Atlas of Language Structures Online, Google Scholar
2013d “ ‘Want’ Complement Subjects.” In Matthew S. Dryer and Martin Haspelmath (eds). Available at http://​wals​.info​/chapter​/124. Accessed 18/07/15.The World Atlas of Language Structures Online, Google Scholar
2015 “The Serial Verb Construction: Comparative Concept and Cross-linguistic Generalizations.” Ms., Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.Google Scholar
Haspelmath, Martin and the APiCS Consortium
2013a “Definite articles.” In Susanne Maria Michaelis, Philippe Maurer, Martin Haspelmath, and Magnus Huber (eds). Available at http://​apics​-online​.info​/parameters​/28. Accessed 12/05/2016.Atlas of Pidgin and Creole Language Structures Online, Google Scholar
Haspelmath, Martin, and the APiCS Consortium
2013b “Position of Definite Article in the Noun Phrase.” In Susanne Maria Michaelis, Philippe Maurer, Martin Haspelmath, and Magnus Huber (eds). Available at http://​apics​-online​.info​/parameters​/9. Accessed 12/05/2016.Atlas of Pidgin and Creole Language Structures Online, Google Scholar
2013c “Position of Indefinite Article in the Noun Phrase.” In Susanne Maria Michaelis, Philippe Maurer, Martin Haspelmath, and Magnus Huber (eds). Available at http://​apics​-online​.info​/parameters​/10. Accessed 12/05/2016.Atlas of Pidgin and Creole Language Structures Online, Google Scholar
2013d “Indefinite Articles.” In Susanne Maria Michaelis, Philippe Maurer, Martin Haspelmath, and Magnus Huber (eds). Available at http://​apics​-online​.info​/parameters​/29. Accessed 12/05/2016.Atlas of Pidgin and Creole Language Structures Online, Google Scholar
2013e “Marking of Pronominal Possessors.” In Susanne Maria Michaelis, Philippe Maurer, Martin Haspelmath, and Magnus Huber (eds). Available at http://​apics​-online​.info​/parameters​/37. Accessed 12/05/2016.Atlas of Pidgin and Creole Language Structures Online, Google Scholar
2013f “Expression of Nominal Plural Marking.” In Susanne Maria Michaelis, Philippe Maurer, Martin Haspelmath, and Magnus Huber (eds). Available at http://​apics​-online​.info​/parameters​/23. Accessed 12/05/2016.Atlas of Pidgin and Creole Language Structures Online, Google Scholar
2013g “Occurrence of Nominal Plural Markers.” In Susanne Maria Michaelis, Philippe Maurer, Martin Haspelmath, and Magnus Huber (eds). Available at http://​apics​-online​.info​/parameters​/22. Accessed 12/05/2016.Atlas of Pidgin and Creole Language Structures Online, Google Scholar
2013h “Person Syncretism in Independent Personal Pronouns.” In Susanne Maria Michaelis, Philippe Maurer, Martin Haspelmath, and Magnus Huber (eds). Available at http://​apics​-online​.info​/parameters​/16 Accessed 13/05/2016.Atlas of Pidgin and Creole Language Structures Online, Google Scholar
2013i “Special Dependent Person Forms for Subject and Object.” In Susanne Maria Michaelis, Philippe Maurer, Martin Haspelmath, and Magnus Huber (eds). Available at http://​apics​-online​.info​/parameters​/17. Accessed 13/05/2016.Atlas of Pidgin and Creole Language Structures Online, Google Scholar
2013j “Interrogative Pronouns.” In Susanne Maria Michaelis, Philippe Maurer, Martin Haspelmath, and Magnus Huber (eds). Available at http://​apics​-online​.info​/parameters​/19. Accessed 13/05/2016.Atlas of Pidgin and Creole Language Structures Online, Google Scholar
2013k “Indefinite Pronouns.” In Susanne Maria Michaelis, Philippe Maurer, Martin Haspelmath, and Magnus Huber (eds). Available at http://​apics​-online​.info​/parameters​/21. Accessed 13/05/2016.Atlas of Pidgin and Creole Language Structures Online, Google Scholar
2013l “Position of Interrogative Phrases in Content Questions.” In Susanne Maria Michaelis, Philippe Maurer, Martin Haspelmath, and Magnus Huber (eds). Available at http://​apics​-online​.info​/parameters​/12. Accessed 19/05/2016.Atlas of Pidgin and Creole Language Structures Online, Google Scholar
2013m “Alignment of Case Marking of Full Noun Phrases.” In Susanne Maria Michaelis, Philippe Maurer, Martin Haspelmath, and Magnus Huber (eds). Available at http://​apics​-online​.info​/parameters​/58. Accessed 19/05/2016.Atlas of Pidgin and Creole Language Structures Online, Google Scholar
2013n “Ditransitive Constructions with ‘Give’.” In Susanne Maria Michaelis, Philippe Maurer, Martin Haspelmath, and Magnus Huber (eds). Available at http://​apics​-online​.info​/parameters​/60. Accessed 19/05/2016.Atlas of Pidgin and Creole Language Structures Online, Google Scholar
2013o “Polar Questions.” In Susanne Maria Michaelis, Philippe Maurer, Martin Haspelmath, and Magnus Huber (eds). Available at http://​apics​-online​.info​/parameters​/103. Accessed 19/05/2016.Atlas of Pidgin and Creole Language Structures Online, Google Scholar
2013p “Order of Relative Clause and Noun.” In Susanne Maria Michaelis, Philippe Maurer, Martin Haspelmath, and Magnus Huber (eds). Available at http://​apics​-online​.info​/parameters​/7. Accessed 18/07/16.Atlas of Pidgin and Creole Language Structures Online, Google Scholar
2013q “Instrument Relative Clauses.” In Susanne Maria Michaelis, Philippe Maurer, Martin Haspelmath, and Magnus Huber (eds). Available at http://​apics​-online​.info​/parameters​/94. Accessed 18/07/16.Atlas of Pidgin and Creole Language Structures Online, Google Scholar
2013r “Intensifiers and Reflexive Pronouns.” In Susanne Maria Michaelis, Philippe Maurer, Martin Haspelmath, and Magnus Huber (eds). Available at http://​apics​-online​.info​/parameters​/88. Accessed 28/07/2016.Atlas of Pidgin and Creole Language Structures Online, Google Scholar
2013s “Passive Constructions.” In Susanne Maria Michaelis, Philippe Maurer, Martin Haspelmath, and Magnus Huber (eds). Available at http://​apics​-online​.info​/parameters​/90. Accessed 28/07/2016.Atlas of Pidgin and Creole Language Structures Online, Google Scholar
Harries-Delisle, Helga
1978 “Contrastive Emphasis and Cleft Sentences.” In Universals of Human Language, Vol. 4, ed. by Joseph H. Greenberg, 419–486. Stanford: Stanford University Press,Google Scholar
Harris, Alice C., and Lyle Campbell
1995 Historical Syntax in Cross-Linguistic Perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
von Hagen, Gunther
1908 Kurzes Handbuch für Neger_Englisch an der Westküste Afrikas unter besonderer Berücksichtigung von Kamerun. Berlin: Dingledey and Werres.Google Scholar
Heine, Bernd, and Tania Kuteva
2002 World Lexicon of Grammaticalization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2005 Language Contact and Grammatical Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Heine, Bernd, and Mechthild Reh
1984 Grammaticalization and Reanalysis in African Languages. Hamburg: Buske Helmet.Google Scholar
Herbert, Robert K.
1985 “Gender Systems and Semanticity: Two Case Studies From Bantu.” In Historical Semantics – Historical Word-Formation, ed. by Jacek Fisiak, 171–198. Berlin: De Gruyter. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Holm, John
1988 Pidgins and Creoles, Vol. 1: Theory and Structure. Cambridge: CUP.Google Scholar
1988 Pidgins and Creoles, Vol. 2: Reference Survey. Cambridge: CUP.Google Scholar
2000 An Introduction to Pidgins and Creoles. Cambridge: CUP. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Hopper, Paul
2008 “Emergent Serialization in English: Pragmatics and Typology.” In Linguistic Universals and Language Change, ed. by Jeff Good, 253–284. Oxford: Oxford University Press. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Hopper, Paul J., and Elizabeth Closs Traugott
2003 Grammaticalization, 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Horn, Laurence R.
1989 A Natural History of Negation. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Huber, Magnus
1999 Ghanaian Pidgin English in its West African Context. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Huber, Magnus, and the APiCS Consortium
2013a “Order of Adjective and Noun.” In Susanne Maria Michaelis, Philippe Maurer, Martin Haspelmath, and Magnus Huber (eds). Available at http://​apics​-online​.info​/parameters​/3. Accessed 12/05/2016.Atlas of Pidgin and Creole Language Structures Online, Google Scholar
2013b “Order of Subject, Object, and Verb.” In Susanne Maria Michaelis, Philippe Maurer, Martin Haspelmath, and Magnus Huber (eds). Available at http://​apics​-online​.info​/parameters​/1. Accessed 19/05/2016.Atlas of Pidgin and Creole Language Structures Online, Google Scholar
Huttar, George L., and Mary L. Huttar
1994 Ndyuka. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Jumbam, Kenjo
1975 Lukong and the Leopard. London: Heinemann.Google Scholar
Iggesen, Oliver A.
2013 “Number of Cases.” In Matthew S. Dryer and Martin Haspelmath (eds). Available at http://​wals​.info​/chapter​/49. Accessed 12/05/2016.The World Atlas of Language Structures Online, Google Scholar
Keenan, Edward L., and Bernard Comrie
1977 “Noun Phrase Accessibility and Universal Grammar.” Linguistic Inquiry 8: 63–99.Google Scholar
Kihm, Alain
1994 Kriyol Syntax: The Portuguese-Based Creole Language of Guinea-Bissau. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Kiss, Katalin É.
1998 “Identificational Focus Versus Information Focus.” Language 74: 245–273. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Koenig, Edna L., Emmanuel Chia, and John Povey
(eds) 1983 A Sociolinguistic Profile of Urban Centres in Cameroon. Los Angeles: Crossroads Press.Google Scholar
König, Christa
2008 Case in Africa. Oxford: Oxford University Press. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
König, Ekkehard, and Peter Siemund with Stephan Töpper
2011 “Intensifiers and Reflexive Pronouns.” In Matthew S. Dryer and Martin Haspelmath (eds). Available at http://​wals​.info​/chapter​/47. Accessed 18/07/15.Google Scholar
Kortmann, Bernd, Edgar W. Schneider, Kate Burridge, Rajend Mesthrie, and Clive Upton
(eds) 2004 A Handbook of Varieties of English, Vol. 2. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Kouega, Jean-Paul
2008 A Dictionary of Cameroon Pidgin English Usage. Munich: Lincom.Google Scholar
Kouwenberg, Silvia
2008 “The Problem of Multiple Substrates: The Case of Jamaican Creole.” In Roots of creole Structures: Weighing the Contribution of Superstrates and Substrates, ed. by Susanne Michaelis, 1–28. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Kouwenberg, Silvia, and Darline LaCharité
2004 “Echoes of Africa: Reduplication in Caribbean Creole and Niger-Congo languages.” Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 19: 285–331. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Kuno, Susumo
1972 “Functional Sentence Perspective: A Case Study from Japanese and English.” Linguistic Inquiry 3: 269–320.Google Scholar
Kuteva, Tania, and Bernard Comrie
2005 “The Typology of Relative Clause Formation in African Languages.” In Studies in African Linguistic Typology, ed. by Erhard F. K. Voeltz, 209–229. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Lambrecht, Knud
1994 Information Structure and Sentence Form: Topic, Focus and the Mental Representations of Discourse Referents. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Lefebvre, Claire
(ed) 2011a Creoles, Their Substrates, and Language Typology. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
① ② ③
2011b “The Problem of the Typological Classification of Creoles.” In Claire Lefebvre (ed.) (2011a), Creoles, Their Substrates, and Language Typology, 3–33. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Lewis, M. Paul, Gary F. Simons, and Charles D. Fennig
(eds) 2016 Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 19th ed. Dallas: SIL International. Available at: http://​www​.ethnologue​.com/. Accessed 03/08/16.Google Scholar
Li, Charles N., and Sandra A. Thompson
(eds) 1976 Subject and Topic. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Lieven, Elena V. M.
1978 “Conversations Between Mothers and Young Children: Individual Differences and Their Possible Implication for the Study of Child Language Learning.” In The Development of Communication, ed. by Natalie Waterson and Catherine E. Snow, 173–187. Chichester: Wiley.Google Scholar
Lord, Carol
1975 “Igbo Verb Compounds and the Lexicon.” Studies in African Linguistics, Supplement 7: 145–155.Google Scholar
1976 “Evidence for Syntactic Reanalysis: From Verb to Complementizer in Kwa.” Paper Presented at the Parasession on Diachronic Syntax , Chicago Linguistic Society Annual Meeting, University of Chicago.
1993 Historical Change in Serial Verb Constructions. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Lucko, Peter, Peter Lothar, and Hans-Georg Wolf
(eds) 2003 Studies in African Varieties of English. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
Maddieson, Ian
2013a “Vowel Quality Inventories.” In Matthew S. Dryer and Martin Haspelmath (eds). Available at http://​wals​.info​/chapter​/2. Accessed 05/08/16.Google Scholar
2013b “Consonant Inventories.” In Matthew S. Dryer and Martin Haspelmath (eds). Available at http://​wals​.info​/chapter​/1. Accessed 05/08/16.Google Scholar
2013c “Syllable Structure.” In Matthew S. Dryer and Martin Haspelmath (eds). Available at http://​wals​.info​/chapter​/12. Accessed 05/08/16.The World Atlas of Language Structures Online, Google Scholar
2013d “Tone.” In Matthew S. Dryer and Martin Haspelmath (eds). Available at http://​wals​.info​/chapter​/13. Accessed 05/08/16.The World Atlas of Language Structures Online, Google Scholar
Marten, Lutz
2007 “Focus Strategies and the Incremental Development of Semantic Representations: Evidence from Bantu.” In Focus Strategies in African Languages: The Interaction of Focus and Grammar in Niger-Congo and Afro-Asiatic, ed. by Enoch O. Aboh, Katharina Hartmann, and Malte Zimmermann, 113-135. New York: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Maslova, Elena, and Vladimir P. Nedjalkov
2013 “Reciprocal Constructions.” In Matthew S. Dryer and Martin Haspelmath (eds). Available at http://​wals​.info​/chapter​/106. Accessed 18/07/15.The World Atlas of Language Structures Online, Google Scholar
Maurer, Philippe
2009 Principense: Grammar, Text and Vocabulary of the Afro-Portugese Creole of the Island of Principe, Gulf of Guinea. London: Battlebridge.Google Scholar
Maurer, Philippe, and the APiCS Consortium
2013a “Order of Demonstrative and Noun.” In Susanne Maria Michaelis, Philippe Maurer, Martin Haspelmath, and Magnus Huber (eds). Available at http://​apics​-online​.info​/parameters​/5. Accessed on 12/05/2016.Atlas of Pidgin and Creole Language Structures Online, Google Scholar
2013b “Distance Contrasts in Demonstratives.” In Susanne Maria Michaelis, Philippe Maurer, Martin Haspelmath, and Magnus Huber (eds). Available at http://​apics​-online​.info​/parameters​/33. Accessed on 12/05/2016.Atlas of Pidgin and Creole Language Structures Online, Google Scholar
2013c “Gender Distinctions in Personal Pronouns.” In Susanne Maria Michaelis, Philippe Maurer, Martin Haspelmath, and Magnus Huber (eds). Available at http://​apics​-online​.info​/parameters​/13. Accessed on 13/05/2016.Atlas of Pidgin and Creole Language Structures Online, Google Scholar
2013d “Position of Tense, Aspect, and Mood Markers in Relation to the verb.” In Susanne Maria Michaelis, Philippe Maurer, Martin Haspelmath, and Magnus Huber (eds). Available at http://​apics​-online​.info​/parameters​/43. Accessed on 16/052016.Atlas of Pidgin and Creole Language Structures Online, Google Scholar
2013e “Tense-Aspect Systems.” In Susanne Maria Michaelis, Philippe Maurer, Martin Haspelmath, and Magnus Huber (eds). Available at http://​apics​-online​.info​/parameters​/49. Accessed on 16/05/2016.Atlas of Pidgin and Creole Language Structures Online, Google Scholar
2013f “Present Reference of Stative Verbs and Past Perfective Reference of Dynamic verbs.” In Susanne Maria Michaelis, Philippe Maurer, Martin Haspelmath, and Magnus Huber (eds). Available at http://​apics​-online​.info​/parameters​/51. Accessed on 16/05/2016.Atlas of Pidgin and Creole Language Structures Online, Google Scholar
2013g “Uses of the Progressive Marker.” In Susanne Maria Michaelis, Philippe Maurer, Martin Haspelmath, and Magnus Huber (eds). Available at http://​apics​-online​.info​/parameters​/47. Accessed on 16/05/2016.Atlas of Pidgin and Creole Language Structures Online, Google Scholar
2013h “Negation and Tense, Aspect, and Mood Marking.” In Susanne Maria Michaelis, Philippe Maurer, Martin Haspelmath, and Magnus Huber (eds). Available at http://​apics​-online​.info​/parameters​/50. Accessed on 16/05/2016.Atlas of Pidgin and Creole Language Structures Online, Google Scholar
2013i “Internal Order of Tense, Aspect, and Mood Markers.” In Susanne Maria Michaelis, Philippe Maurer, Martin Haspelmath, and Magnus Huber (eds). Available at http://​apics​-online​.info​/parameters​/44. Accessed on 16/05/2016.Atlas of Pidgin and Creole Language Structures Online, Google Scholar
2013j “The Prohibitive.” In Susanne Maria Michaelis, Philippe Maurer, Martin Haspelmath, and Magnus Huber (eds). Available at http://​apics​-online​.info​/parameters​/56. Accessed on 19/05/2016.Atlas of Pidgin and Creole Language Structures Online, Google Scholar
2013k “ ‘Give’ Serial Verb Constructions.” In Susanne Maria Michaelis, Philippe Maurer, Martin Haspelmath, and Magnus Huber (eds). Available at http://​apics​-online​.info​/parameters​/86. Accessed on 17/07/16.Atlas of Pidgin and Creole Language Structures Online, Google Scholar
Maurer, Philippe and the APiCS Consortium
2013l “Instrumental expressions.” In Susanne Maria Michaelis, Philippe Maurer, Martin Haspelmath, and Magnus Huber (eds). Available at http://​apics​-online​.info​/parameters​/69. Accessed on 17/07/16.Atlas of Pidgin and Creole Language Structures Online, Google Scholar
Maurer, Philippe, and the APiCS Consortium
2013m “Comitatives and Instrumentals.” In Susanne Maria Michaelis, Philippe Maurer, Martin Haspelmath, and Magnus Huber (eds). Available at http://​apics​-online​.info​/parameters​/70. Accessed on 17/07/16.Atlas of Pidgin and Creole Language Structures Online, Google Scholar
2013n “Focusing of the Noun Phrase.” In Susanne Maria Michaelis, Philippe Maurer, Martin Haspelmath, and Magnus Huber (eds). Available at http://​apics​-online​.info​/parameters​/104. Accessed on 28/07/2016.Atlas of Pidgin and Creole Language Structures Online, Google Scholar
2013o “Verb Doubling and Focus.” In Susanne Maria Michaelis, Philippe Maurer, Martin Haspelmath, and Magnus Huber (eds). Available at http://​apics​-online​.info​/parameters​/105, Accessed on 28/07/2016.Atlas of Pidgin and Creole Language Structures Online, Google Scholar
2013p “Syllable Onsets.” In Susanne Maria Michaelis, Philippe Maurer, Martin Haspelmath, and Magnus Huber (eds). Available at http://​apics​-online​.info​/parameters​/118 Accessed 05/08/16.Atlas of Pidgin and Creole Language Structures Online, Google Scholar
2013q “Syllable Codas.” In Susanne Maria Michaelis, Philippe Maurer, Martin Haspelmath, and Magnus Huber (eds). Available at http://​apics​-online​.info​/parameters​/119. Accessed 05/08/16.Atlas of Pidgin and Creole Language Structures Online, Google Scholar
2013r “Tone.” In Susanne Maria Michaelis, Philippe Maurer, Martin Haspelmath, and Magnus Huber (eds). Available at http://​apics​-online​.info​/parameters​/120. Accessed 05/08/16.Atlas of Pidgin and Creole Language Structures Online, Google Scholar
Maurer, Philippe, Susanne Maria Michaelis, and the APiCS Consortium
2013 “Directional Serial Verb Constructions with ‘Come’ and ‘Go’.” In Susanne Maria Michaelis, Philippe Maurer, Martin Haspelmath, and Magnus Huber (eds). Available at http://​apics​-online​.info​/parameters​/84. Accessed 17/07/2016.Atlas of Pidgin and Creole Language Structures Online, Google Scholar
Mbassi-Manga, Francis
1973 English in Cameroon: A Study in Historical Contacts, Patterns of Usage and Current Trends. PhD Thesis, University of Leeds.Google Scholar
1976 “Pidgin English is Not a Tone Language.” Annals of the Faculty of Arts and Social Science (Yaounde) 6: 5-16.Google Scholar
Mgbangwana, Paul N.
1983 “The Scope and Role of Pidgin English in Cameroon.” In Edna L. Koenig, Emmanual Chia, and John Povey (eds), 79–91.Google Scholar
1992 “Some Grammatical Signposts in Cameroon Standard English.” In English in East Africa and Central Africa, Vol. 2, ed. by Josef Schmied, 93–102. Bayreuth: Gräbner.Google Scholar
McWhorter, John H.
1992 “Substratal Influence in Saramaccan Serial Verb Constructions.” Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 7: 1–53. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Menang, Thaddeus
1979 Trends in Cameroon Pidgin English Lexicology. Masters Thesis, University of Yaoundé.Google Scholar
2004 “Cameroon Pidgin English (Kamtok): Phonology.” In A Handbook of Varieties of English, Vol. 4, ed. by Bernd Kortmann, Edgar W. Schneider, Kate Burridge, Rajend Mesthrie, and Clive Upton, 902–917. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Michaelis, Susanne Maria, Philippe Maurer, Martin Haspelmath, and Magnus Huber
(eds) 2013a Atlas of Pidgin and Creole Language Structures Online. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. Available Online at http://​apics​-online​.info. Accessed 18/07/15.Google Scholar
① ② ③ ④ ⑤ ⑥ ⑦ ⑧ ⑨ ⑩ ⑪ ⑫ ⑬ ⑭ ⑮ ⑯ ⑰ ⑱ ⑲ ⑳ ㉑ ㉒ ㉓ ㉔ ㉕ ㉖ ㉗ ㉘ ㉙ ㉚ ㉛ ㉜ ㉝ ㉞ ㉟ ㊱ ㊲ ㊳ ㊴ ㊵ ㊶ ㊷ ㊸ ㊹ ㊺ ㊻ ㊼ ㊽ ㊾
Michaelis, Susanne Maria, and the APiCS Consortium
2013b “Predicative Noun Phrases.” In Susanne Maria Michaelis, Philippe Maurer, Martin Haspelmath, and Magnus Huber (eds). Available at http://​apics​-online​.info​/parameters​/73. Accessed 19/05/2016.Atlas of Pidgin and Creole Language Structures Online, Google Scholar
2013c “Predicative Adjectives.” In Susanne Maria Michaelis, Philippe Maurer, Martin Haspelmath, and Magnus Huber (eds). Available at http://​apics​-online​.info​/parameters​/74. Accessed 19/05/2016.Atlas of Pidgin and Creole Language Structures Online, Google Scholar
2013d “Predicative Locative Phrases.” In Susanne Maria Michaelis, Philippe Maurer, Martin Haspelmath, and Magnus Huber (eds). Available at http://​apics​-online​.info​/parameters​/75. Accessed 19/05/2016.Atlas of Pidgin and Creole Language Structures Online, Google Scholar
2013e “Complementizer with Verbs of Speaking.” In Susanne Maria Michaelis, Philippe Maurer, Martin Haspelmath, and Magnus Huber (eds). Available at http://​apics​-online​.info​/parameters​/95. Accessed 18/07/16.Atlas of Pidgin and Creole Language Structures Online, Google Scholar
2013f “Complementizer with Verbs of Knowing.” In Susanne Maria Michaelis, Philippe Maurer, Martin Haspelmath, and Magnus Huber (eds). Available at http://​apics​-online​.info​/parameters​/96. Accessed 18/07/16.Atlas of Pidgin and Creole Language Structures Online, Google Scholar
Michaelis, Susanne Maria, Martin Haspelmath, and the APiCS Consortium
2013g “ ‘Want’ Complement Subjects.” In Susanne Maria Michaelis, Philippe Maurer, Martin Haspelmath, and Magnus Huber (eds). Available at http://​apics​-online​.info​/parameters​/97. Accessed 18/07/16.Atlas of Pidgin and Creole Language Structures Online, Google Scholar
Michaelis, Susanne Maria, and the APiCS Consortium
2013h “Complements of ‘Think’ and ‘Want’.” In Susanne Maria Michaelis, Philippe Maurer, Martin Haspelmath, and Magnus Huber (eds). Available at http://​apics​-online​.info​/parameters​/98. Accessed 18/07/16.Atlas of Pidgin and Creole Language Structures Online, Google Scholar
Michaelis, Susanne Maria, Martin Haspelmath, and the APiCS Consortium
2013i “Subject Relative Clauses.” In Susanne Maria Michaelis, Philippe Maurer, Martin Haspelmath, and Magnus Huber (eds). Available at http://​apics​-online​.info​/parameters​/92. Accessed 18/07/16.Atlas of Pidgin and Creole Language Structures Online, Google Scholar
2013j “Object Relative Clauses.” In Susanne Maria Michaelis, Philippe Maurer, Martin Haspelmath, and Magnus Huber (eds). Available at http://​apics​-online​.info​/parameters​/93. Accessed 18/07/16.Atlas of Pidgin and Creole Language Structures Online, Google Scholar
Migge, Bettina
1998 “Substrate Influence in Creole Formation: The Origin of Give-Type serial Verb Constructions in the Surinamese Plantation Creole.” Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 13: 215–265. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Muysken, Pieter, and Norval Smith
1995 “Reflexives.” In Pidgins and Creoles: An Introduction, ed. by Jacques Arends, Pieter Muysken, and Norval Smith, 271–288. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Muysken, Pieter, and Tonjes Veenstra
1995 “Serial Verbs.” In Pidgins and Creoles: An Introduction, ed. by Jacques Arends, Pieter Muysken, and Norval Smith, 289–302. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Nelson, Gerald
1996 “The Design of the Corpus.” In Comparing English Worldwide. The International Corpus of English, ed. by Sidney Greenbaum, 27–35. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
New Living Translation Bible
2015 Carol Stream. Illinois: Tyndale House Publishers.Google Scholar
Ngefac, Aloysius
2014 “The Evolutionary Trajectory of Cameroonian Creole and its Varying Sociolinguistic Statuses.” In The Evolution of Englishes, ed. by Alexander Kautzsch, Thomas Hoffmann, Magnus Huber, and Sarah Buschfeld, 434–447. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Ngwa, Margaret S.
2006 Divine Love for Cleansing. Bamenda: Patron Publishing House.Google Scholar
Nichols, Johanna, and Balthasar Bickel
2013 “Possessive Classification.” In Matthew S. Dryer and Martin Haspelmath (eds). Available at http://​wals​.info​/chapter​/59. Accessed 18/07/15.The World Atlas of Language Structures Online, Google Scholar
Nkemleke, Daniel A.
2012 “The Expression of Modality in Cameroon Pidgin English.” In Eric A. Anchimbe (ed.). Language Contact in a Postcolonial Setting: Tthe Linguistic and Social Context of English and Pidgin in Cameroon, 29–62. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Nkengasong, J. Nkemngong
2016 A Grammar of Cameroonian Pidgin. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars.Google Scholar
2004 Across the Mongolo. Ibadan: Spectrum Books Limited.Google Scholar
Nnang, Agnes
2013 Redefining the Status of English in Yaounde: EFL, ESL or ENL? MA dissertation, University of Yaoundé I.Google Scholar
Noonan, Michael
2007b “Complementation.” In Language Typology and Syntactic Description, Vol. 3: Complex Constructions. 2nd ed. by Timothy Shopen, 52–150. Cambridge: CUP. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Nurse, Derek
2003 Aspect and tense in Bantu languages. In The Bantu Languages, ed. by Derek Nurse and Gérard Philippson, 90–102. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Ozón, Gabriel, Miriam Ayafor, Melanie Green, and Sarah FitzGerald
2016 “A Spoken Corpus of Cameroon Pidgin English: Pilot Study.” World Englishes 36:427–447. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Parkvall, Mikael
2000 Out of Africa: African Influences in Atlantic Creoles. London: Battlebridge Publications.Google Scholar
Payne, Thomas E., and David J. Weber
(eds) 2007 Perspectives on Grammar Writing. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Peter, Lothar, and Hans-Georg Wolf
2007 “A Comparison of the Varieties of West African Pidgin English.” World Englishes 26: 3–21. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Polinsky, Maria
2013 “Applicative Constructions.” In Matthew S. Dryer and Martin Haspelmath (eds). Available at http://​wals​.info​/chapter​/109. Accessed 17/07/16.The World Atlas of Language Structures Online, Google Scholar
Quirk, Randolph, Greenbaum, Sidney, Leech, Geoffrey, and Svartvik, Jan
1985 A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman.Google Scholar
Riedel, Kristina
2009 “Object Marking in Wh-Questions in Bantu.” In Selected Proceedings of the 39th Annual Conference on African Linguistics, ed. by Akinloye Ojo and Lioba Moshi, 67-76. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project.Google Scholar
Rochemont, Michael S.
1986 Focus in Generative Grammar. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Ross, John Robert
1967 Constraints on Variables in Syntax. PhD thesis, MIT.Google Scholar
Rubino, Carl
2013 “Reduplication.” In Matthew S. Dryer and Martin Haspelmath (eds). Available at http://​wals​.info​/chapter​/59. Accessed 18/07/15.The World Atlas of Language Structures Online, Google Scholar
Ryder, A. F. C.
1969 Benin and the Europeans 1485–1897. London: Longman.Google Scholar
Sala, Bonaventure M.
2014 “Writing in Cameroon Pidgin English: Begging the Question.” English Today 25: 11–17. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2012 “Reduplication in Cameroon Pidgin English: Formal and Functional Approaches.” In Eric A. Anchimbe (ed.). Language Contact in a Postcolonial Setting: Tthe Linguistic and Social Context of English and Pidgin in Cameroon, 191–214. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Sankoff, Gillian and Fernando Tarallo
1987 Relativization and anaphora in spoken language. DELTA 3: 197–214.Google Scholar
Schneider, Gilbert D.
1960 Cameroons Creole Dictionary. Manuscripts for a PhD dissertation, Hartford Seminary Foundation.Google Scholar
1966 West African Pidgin-English: A Descriptive Linguistic Analysis with Texts and Glossary from the Cameroon Area. Hartford Seminary Foundation.Google Scholar
1974 Masa Troki Tok Sey. Athens, Ohio: Ohio University.Google Scholar
Schröder, Anne
2003a Status, Functions and Prospects of Pidgin English: An Empirical Approach to Language Dynamics in Cameroon. Tübingen: Gunter Narr Verlag.Google Scholar
2003b “Aspect in Cameroon Pidgin English.” In Studies in African Varieties of English, ed. by Peter Lucko, Peter Lothar, and Hans-Georg Wolf, 83–100. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
2012 “Tense and Aspect in Cameroon Pidgin English.” In Anchimbe, Eric A. (ed.), 165–190.Google Scholar
2013 “Cameroon Pidgin English Structure Dataset.” In Susanne Maria Michaelis, Philippe Maurer, Martin Haspelmath, and Magnus Huber (eds). Available at http://​apics​-online​.info​/contributions​/18. Accessed 22/03/2015.Google Scholar
Schuchardt, Hugo
1914 Die Sprache der Saramakkaneger in Surinam. Amsterdam: Johannes Mueller.Google Scholar
Seiss, Melanie
2009 “On the Differences Between Auxiliaries, Serial Verbs and Light Verbs.” In Proceedings of the LFG09 Conference, ed. by Miriam Butt and Tracy Holloway King, 502–519. CSLI Publications.Google Scholar
Siewierska, Anna
2013a “Gender Distinctions in Independent Personal Pronouns.” In Matthew S. Dryer and Martin Haspelmath (eds). Available at http://​wals​.info​/chapter​/44. Accessed 18/07/15.The World Atlas of Language Structures Online, Google Scholar
2013b “Passive Constructions.” In Matthew S. Dryer and Martin Haspelmath (eds). Available at http://​wals​.info​/chapter​/107. Accessed 18/07/15.The World Atlas of Language Structures Online, Google Scholar
Simo Bobda, Augustin
1992 Aspects of Cameroon English Phonology. PhD dissertation, University of Yaounde.Google Scholar
2008 “Cameroon English: Phonology.” In A Handbook of Varieties of English, Vol. 1, ed. by Bernd Kortmann, Edgar W. Schneider, Kate Burridge, Rajend Mesthrie, and Clive Upton, 885–901. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Simo Bobda, Augustin, and Hans-Georg Wolf
2003 “Pidgin English in Cameroon in the New Millenium.” In Studies in African Varieties of English, ed. by Peter Lucko, Peter Lothar, and Hans-Georg Wolf, 101–117. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
Singler, John V.
1988a “The Story of O.” Studies in Language 12: 123-144. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Singler, John Victor
1988b “The Homogeneity of the Substrate in Pidgin/Creole Genesis.” Language 64: 27–51. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Song, Jae Jung
2013a “Periphrastic Causative Constructions.” In Matthew S. Dryer and Martin Haspelmath (eds). Available at http://​wals​.info​/chapter​/110. Accessed 18/07/15.The World Atlas of Language Structures Online, Google Scholar
2013b “Non-Periphrastic Causative Constructions.” In Matthew S. Dryer and Martin Haspelmath (eds). Available at http://​wals​.info​/chapter​/111. Accessed 18/07/15.The World Atlas of Language Structures Online, Google Scholar
Spencer-Walters, Tom
2006 “Creolization and Kriodom: (Re)visioning the ‘Sierra Leone Experiment’”. In New Perspectives on the Sierra Leone Krio, ed. by Mac Dixon-Fyle and Gibril Cole, 223–256. New York: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
Stassen, Leon
2013a “Zero Copula for Predicate Nominal.” In Matthew S. Dryer and Martin Haspelmath (eds). Available at http://​wals​.info​/chapter​/120. Accessed 18/07/15.The World Atlas of Language Structures Online, Google Scholar
2013b “Nominal and Locational Predication.” In Matthew S. Dryer and Martin Haspelmath (eds). Available at http://​wals​.info​/chapter​/119. Accessed 18/07/15.The World Atlas of Language Structures Online, Google Scholar
Szabolcsi, Anna
1981 “The Semantics of the Topic-focus Articulation.” In Formal Methods in the Study of Language, ed. by Jan Groenendijk, Theo Janssen, and Martin Stokhof, 513–541. Amsterdam: Mathematisch Centrum.Google Scholar
Thomason, Sarah G., and Terence Kaufman
1988 Language Contact, Creolization and Genetic Linguistics. University of California Press.Google Scholar
Todd, Loreto
1969 Pidgin English of West Cameroon. PhD thesis: Queen’s University Belfast.Google Scholar
1971 Review of West African Pidgin English. A Descriptive Linguistic Analysis with Texts and Glossary from the Cameroun Area by Gilbert Schneider. Lingua 28: 185–197. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
1974 Pidgins and Creoles. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
1979 Some Day Been Dey: West African Pidgin Folktales. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
1982 Cameroon. Heidelberg: Julius Groos Verlag. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
1984 Modern Englishes: Pidgins and Creoles. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
1991 Talk Pidgin. A Structured Course in West African Pidgin English. Leeds: Tortoise Books.Google Scholar
Todd, Loreto, and Martin Jumbam
1992 “Kamtok: Anatomy of a Pidgin.” English Today 8: 3–11. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Traugott, Elizabeth Closs
1999 “A Historical Overview of Complex Predicates.” In Collocational and Idiomatic Aspects of Composite Predicates in the History of English, ed. by Laurel J. Brinton and Minoji Akimoto, 239–260. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
UNdata
Cameroon.” Available at: http://​data​.un​.org​/CountryProfile​.aspx​?crname​=Cameroon. Accessed 03/08/16.
Velupillai, Viveka
2012 An Introduction to Linguistic Typology. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Watters, John
2003 “Grassfields Bantu.” In The Bantu Languages, ed. by Derek Nurse, and Gérard Philippson, 225–256. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Weber, David J.
Thoughts on Growing a Grammar.” In Thomas E. Payne and David J. Weber (eds) 173 198
Weber, Brigitte
2012 “German Colonial Influences on, and Representations of, Cameroon Pidgin English.” In Eric A. Anchimbe (ed.). Language Contact in a Postcolonial Setting: Tthe Linguistic and Social Context of English and Pidgin in Cameroon, 269–298. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Wichmann, Søren, and Jan Wohlgemuth
2008 “Loan Verbs in a Typological Perspective.” In Aspects of Language Contact. New Theoretical, Methodological and Empirical Findings with Special Focus on Romancisation Processes, ed. by Thomas Stolz, Dik Bakker, and Rosa Salas Palomo, 89–121. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Wohlgemuth, Jan
2009 A Typology of Verbal Borrowings. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Wolf, Hans-Georg
2001 English in Cameroon. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Yakpo, Kofi
2015 A Grammar of Pichi. Berlin: Language Science Press.Google Scholar
Zerbian, Sabine
2006 “Questions in Northern Sotho.” ZAS Papers in Linguistics 43: 257-280.Google Scholar
Cited by

Cited by 7 other publications

Ambele, Eric A. & Richard Watson Todd
2021. Translanguaging patterns in everyday urban conversations in Cameroon. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 0:0 Crossref logo
Caron, Bernard
2020.  In West African languages. Linguistic theory and communication, Crossref logo
Connell, Bruce, David Zeitlyn, Sascha Griffiths, Laura Hayward & Marieke Martin
2021. Language ecology, language endangerment, and relict languages: Case studies from Adamawa (Cameroon-Nigeria). Open Linguistics 7:1 ► pp. 244 ff. Crossref logo
FitzGerald, Sarah
2020. A corpus‐based method for identifying word class in an English lexified extended pidgin. World Englishes 39:2 ► pp. 348 ff. Crossref logo
Green, Melanie & Gabriel Ozón
2018.  In Information Structure in Lesser-described Languages [Studies in Language Companion Series, 199], ► pp. 329 ff. Crossref logo
Ozón, Gabriel, Sarah FitzGerald & Melanie Green
2019.  In Corpus Linguistics and African Englishes [Studies in Corpus Linguistics, 88], ► pp. 144 ff. Crossref logo
Yakpo, Kofi
2020.  In Advances in Contact Linguistics [Contact Language Library, 57], ► pp. 62 ff. Crossref logo

This list is based on CrossRef data as of 14 september 2021. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.

Subjects & Metadata

Linguistics

Creole studies
English linguistics
Sociolinguistics and Dialectology
Theoretical linguistics
BIC Subject: CF/2ZP – Linguistics/Pidgins & Creoles
BISAC Subject: LAN009000 – LANGUAGE ARTS & DISCIPLINES / Linguistics / General
ONIX Metadata
ONIX 2.1
ONIX 3.0
U.S. Library of Congress Control Number:  2017009503 | Marc record