Defining with Simple Vocabulary in English Dictionaries

| University of Applied Sciences in Nysa
Hardbound – Available
ISBN 9789027208590 | EUR 99.00 | USD 149.00
 
e-Book –
ISBN 9789027260000 | EUR 99.00 | USD 149.00
 
This book investigates an important but under-researched aspect of dictionary making: the use of a controlled vocabulary in definitions. The main concern of the author is the role of a definition vocabulary in how foreign learners understand and perceive dictionary definitions. The author takes the reader through a detailed historical account of controlled vocabularies and examines definitions in a range of English dictionaries with respect to their vocabulary loads. He performs a series of experiments with university students to reveal merits and shortcomings of restricted vocabularies. This monograph has been written with the aim to fill a gap in the literature on defining vocabulary. It is intended for lexicographers, dictionary editors, course designers, teachers, and students, as well as anyone who wishes to explain words in an intelligible way.
[Terminology and Lexicography Research and Practice, 22]  2021.  xv, 326 pp.
Publishing status: Available
© John Benjamins
https://doi.org/10.1075/tlrp.22
Table of Contents
List of tables
xi–xii
List of figures
xiii
Abbreviations used in the text1
xv
Acknowledgements
xvii
Introduction
1–9
Chapter 1. Pioneering research on vocabulary control
11–45
Chapter 2. Other major projects on vocabulary control
47–88
Chapter 3. Defining with a controlled vocabulary: Preliminary insights
89–136
Chapter 4. Quantitative analyses
137–169
Chapter 5. Qualitative analysis
171–225
Chapter 6. The defining vocabulary and the user
227–245
General conclusions
247–252
Appendix 1. The Core Defining Vocabulary (CDV)
253–262
Appendix 2. Word Familiarity Page
263–267
References
Index
References

References

Dictionaries

Printed dictionaries

Allen, Robert E.
1990 The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Current English. Oxford: Oxford University Press. (COD8)Google Scholar
Anderson, Sandra, Lynda Carey, Kay Cullen, Serenella Flackett, Alice Grandison
eds 1998 The Chambers Dictionary. Edinburgh: Chambers Harrap Publishers. (Chambers9)Google Scholar
Bailey, Nathaniel
1721 An Universal Etymological English Dictionary. London.Google Scholar
Bańko, Miroslaw
ed 2000 Inny Słownik Języka Polskiego PWN. [A Different Dictionary of the Polish Language PWN]. Vol. 1–2. Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN.Google Scholar
Berube, Margery S.
1982 The American Heritage Dictionary. Second College Edition. Boston: Houhgton Mifflin Co. (AHD)Google Scholar
Brookes, Ian
ed 2003 The Chambers Dictionary. New 9th edition. – Edinburgh: Chambers Harrap Publishers. (Chambers 9new)Google Scholar
Bullokar, John
1616 An English Expositor. London.Google Scholar
Cawdrey, Robert
1604 A Table Alphabeticall. London.Google Scholar
Cockeram, Henry
1623 The English Dictionarie: Or, an Interpreter of Hard English Words. London.Google Scholar
Cowie, Anthony P.
ed 1989 Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English, 4th edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press. (OALD4)Google Scholar
Crowther, Jonathan
ed 1995 Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English, 5th edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press. (OALD5)Google Scholar
Davidson, Thomas
ed 1901 Chambers’s Twentieth Century Dictionary of the English Language. Edinburgh: W & R. Chambers.Google Scholar
Deuter, Margaret, Jennifer Bradbery, Joanna Turnbull
eds 2015 Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English, 9th edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press. (OALD9)Google Scholar
Dubisz, Stanislaw
ed 2003 Uniwersalny Słownik Języka Polskiego. [Universal Dictionary of the Polish Language] (4 volumes). Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN.Google Scholar
Donald, James
ed 1867 Chambers’s Etymological Dictionary of the English Language. Edinburgh: W. & R. Chambers. (CED)Google Scholar
Flood, Walter E., and Michael West
1952 An Explaining and Pronouncing Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Words. Longmans.Google Scholar
1953 “Supplementary Scientific and Technical Vocabulary” In A General Service List of English Words with Semantic Frequencies and a Supplementary Word–List for the Writing of Popular Science and Technology, edited by Michael West, 583–588. London: Longmans.Google Scholar
Fowler, Henry W., and Francis G. Fowler
1911 The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Current English. Oxford: Clarendon Press. (COD1)Google Scholar
Fowler, Henry W., Herbert G. Le Mesurier, and Edward McIntosh
1934 The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Current English. Oxford: University Press. (COD3)Google Scholar
Funk, Isaac K.
ed 1893–1895 A Standard Dictionary of the English Language. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.Google Scholar
Gay, Heather, Brian O’Kill, Katherine Seed, Janet Whitcut
1984 Longman Dictionary of the English Language. Second Edition. Harlow: Longman. (LDEL)Google Scholar
Gove, Phillip B.
ed 1961 Webster’s Third New International Dictionary of the English Language Unabridged. Springfield: G. & C. Merriam. (Third New International)Google Scholar
Guralnik, David
1972 Webster’s New World Dictionary of the American Language: Compact School and Office Edition. New York: World Publishing. (WNWD)Google Scholar
Hanks, Patrick
1979 Collins English Dictionary. London: Collins. (CoED)Google Scholar
Hornby, Albert Sydney, and Anthony P. Cowie
eds 1974 Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English, 3rd edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press. (OALD3)Google Scholar
Hornby, Albert Sydney, Edward V. Gatenby, Harold Wakefield
eds 1942 Idiomatic and Syntactic English Dictionary. Tokyo: Kaitakusha. (ISED)Google Scholar
eds 1948 A Learner’s Dictionary of Current English, 1st edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press. (ALD1)Google Scholar
eds 1963 The Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English, 2nd edition. London: Oxford University Press. (ALD2)Google Scholar
Hornby, Albert S., and Eric C. Parnwell
1952a The Progressive English Dictionary. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
1952b An English Reader’s Dictionary. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Ilson, Robert
1983 “Etymological Information: Can it Help our Students?” ELT Journal 37, no. 1: 76–82. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
1984 Reader’s Digest Great Illustrated Dictionary. 2 vols. London: Reader’s Digest. (GID)Google Scholar
Johnson, Samuel
1755 A Dictionary of the English Language. London: W. Strahan. (Johnson)Google Scholar
Kaeding, Friedrich Wilhelm
1898 Häufigkeitwörterbuch der Deutschen Sprache. E.S. Mittler & Sohn: Selbstverlag des Herausgebers.Google Scholar
Kersey, John
1708 Dictionarium Anglo-Britannicum: Or a General English Dictionary. London.Google Scholar
Kirkpatrick, Elizabeth
1980 The Chambers Universal Learners’ Dictionary: International Students’ Edition. Edinburgh: W & R Chambers. (CULD)Google Scholar
Marr, Vivian
ed 2011 The Chambers Dictionary. 12th edition. Edinburgh: Chambers Harrap Publishers. (Chambers12)Google Scholar
Marvick, Karen C. et al.
2014 Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, 6th edition. Harlow: Pearson Longman. (LDOCE6)Google Scholar
Mayor, Michael
ed 2009 Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, 5th edition. Harlow: Pearson Longman. (LDOCE5)Google Scholar
McIntosh, Colin
ed 2013 Cambridge Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. 4th edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (CALD4)Google Scholar
Mish, Frederick
1983 Webster’s Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary. 9th edition. Springfield: Merriam-Webster Inc. (Collegiate9)Google Scholar
1993 Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary. 10th edition. Springfield: Merriam-Webster Inc. (Collegiate10)Google Scholar
2003 Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary. 11th edition. Springfield: Merriam-Webster Inc. (Collegiate11)Google Scholar
Mosiołek-Kłosińska, Katarzyna, and Anna Ciesielska
2001 W kilku słowach. Słownik frazeologiczny języka polskiego. [In a Few Words. A Phraseological Dictionary of Polish Idioms] Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Szkolne PWN.Google Scholar
Murray, James A. H.
1888 “Preface to Volume I. A and B” In A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles; Founded Mainly on the Materials Collected by the Philological Society, edited by James A. H. Murray et al.. Oxford: The Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Murray, James A. H., Henry Bradley, William A. Craigie, Charles T. Onions
1933 The Oxford English Dictionary, Being a Corrected Re-issue with an Introduction, Supplement, and Bibliography of A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles. Oxford: The Clarendon Press. (OED)Google Scholar
Pawelec, Radoslaw
1999 Wieża Babel. Słownik Wyrazów Obcych Nie Tylko Dla Gimnazjalisty. [Tower of Babel. A Dictionary of Borrowed Words, Not Only for Secondary School Pupils]. Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Szkolne PWN.Google Scholar
Pearsall, Judy
ed 1998 The New Oxford Dictionary of English. Oxford: Oxford University Press. (ODE1/NODE)Google Scholar
1999 Concise Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford: University Press. (COD10)Google Scholar
Pearsall, Judy, and Patrick Hanks
eds 2003 Oxford Dictionary of English. 2nd edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press. (ODE2)Google Scholar
Pearsall, Judy, and Bill Trumble
1996 Oxford English Reference Dictionary. 2nd edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press. (OERD)Google Scholar
Perrault, Stephen J.
2008 Merriam-Webster’s Advanced Learner’s English Dictionary, 1st edition. Springfield: Merriam-Webster. (MWALED)Google Scholar
Phillips, Edward
1671 [1658] The New World of English Words, 3rd edition. London.Google Scholar
Procter, Paul
ed 1978 Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, 1st edition. Harlow: Longman. (LDOCE1)Google Scholar
ed 1995 Cambridge International Dictionary of English. 1st edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (CALD1/CIDE)Google Scholar
Richards, Jack C. and Richard Schmidt
2010 Longman Dictionary of Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics. 4th ed. Harlow: Pearson Education Limited.Google Scholar
Rundell, Michael
ed 2002 Macmillan English Dictionary for Advanced Learners. 1st edition. Oxford: Macmillan Education. (MEDAL1)Google Scholar
ed 2007 Macmillan English Dictionary for Advanced Learners. 2nd edition. Oxford: Macmillan Education. (MEDAL2)Google Scholar
Schwarz, Catherine, et al.
eds 1988 Chambers English Dictionary. 7th edition. Edinburgh: W & R Chambers. (Chambers7)Google Scholar
eds 1993 The Chambers Dictionary. Edinburgh: Chambers Harrap Publishers. (Chambers8)Google Scholar
Schwarz, Catherine
ed 1998 The Chambers Dictionary. Edinburgh: Chambers Harrap Publishers. (Chambers9)Google Scholar
Sinclair, John
ed 1987 Collins COBUILD English Language Dictionary. 1st edition. London and Glasgow: HarperCollins. (COBUILD1)Google Scholar
ed 1988 Collins Cobuild Essential English Dictionary. London: Collins. (CCEED)Google Scholar
ed 1995 Collins COBUILD English Dictionary. 2nd edition. London: HarperCollins. (COBUILD2)Google Scholar
ed 2001 Collins COBUILD English Dictionary for Advanced Learners. 3rd edition. London: HarperCollins. (COBUILD3)Google Scholar
ed 2003 Collins COBUILD Advanced Learner’s English Dictionary. 4th edition. Glasgow: HarperCollins. (COBUILD4)Google Scholar
ed 2006 Collins COBUILD Advanced Learner’s English Dictionary. 5th edition. London and Glasgow: HarperCollins. (COBUILD5)Google Scholar
ed 2009 Collins COBUILD Advanced Dictionary. 6th edition. London and Glasgow: HarperCollins. (COBUILD6)Google Scholar
ed 2012 Collins COBUILD Advanced Dictionary of English. 7th edition. London and Glasgow: HarperCollins. (COBUILD7)Google Scholar
Sinclair, J.
ed 2014 Collins COBUILD Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. 8th edition. London and Glasgow: HarperCollins. (COBUILD8)Google Scholar
Stevenson, Angus, and Maurice Waite
2011 Concise Oxford English Dictionary. 12th edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press. (COD12)Google Scholar
Summers, Della
ed 1995 Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, 3rd edition. Harlow: Longman. (LDOCE3)Google Scholar
ed 2003 Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, 4th edition. Harlow: Longman. (LDOCE4)Google Scholar
Summers, Della, and Michael Rundell
eds 1987 Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, 2nd edition. Harlow: Longman. (LDOCE2)Google Scholar
Sykes, John B.
1976 The Concise Oxford Dictonary of Current English. Oxford: University Press. (COD6)Google Scholar
1982 The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Current English. Oxford: University Press. (COD7)Google Scholar
Thompson, Della
1995 The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Current English. Oxford: University Press. (COD9)Google Scholar
Turnbull, Joanna
ed 2010 Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English, 8th edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press. (OALD8)Google Scholar
Urdang, Laurence
1966 The Random House Dictionary of the English Language. New York: Random House.Google Scholar
Walter, Elizabeth
ed 2005 Cambridge Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. 2nd edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (CALD2)Google Scholar
ed 2008 Cambridge Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. 3rd edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (CALD3)Google Scholar
Webster, Noah
1864 An American Dictionary of the English Language. Royal quarto edition. Revised by Chauncey A. Goodrich and Noah Porter. Springfield: G.&C. Merriam. (Webster-Mahn)Google Scholar
Wehmeier, Sally
ed 2000 Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English, 6th edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press. (OALD6)Google Scholar
ed 2005 Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English, 7th edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press. (OALD7)Google Scholar
West, Michael, and James G. Endicott
eds 1956 [1935] The New Method English Dictionary. London: Longmans, Green. (NMED)Google Scholar
West, Michael
1965 An International Reader’s Dictionary. Longman.Google Scholar
Williams, Alexander M.
1903 Collins’ Graphic English Dictionary. London.Google Scholar
Worcester, Joseph Emerson
1860 A Dictionary of the English Language. Boston: Hickling, Swan, and Brewer. (Worcester)Google Scholar

Dictionaries on CD-ROM/DVDs

Deuter, Margaret, Jennifer Bradbery, Joanna Turnbull
eds 2014 Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English, DVD-ROM, New 9th edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press. (OALD9)Google Scholar
Mayor, Michael
ed 2009 Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, DVD-ROM, 5th edition. Harlow: Pearson Longman. (LDOCE5)Google Scholar
McIntosh, Colin
ed 2013 Cambridge Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. DVD-ROM, 4th edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (CALD4)Google Scholar
Rundell, Michael
ed 2007 Macmillan English Dictionary for Advanced Learners. CD-ROM. 2nd edition. Oxford: Macmillan Education. (MEDAL2)Google Scholar
Simpson, John, and Edmund S. C. Weiner
eds 2009 Oxford English Dictionary. Third Edition on CD-ROM. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Sinclair, John
ed 2003 Collins COBUILD Advanced Learner’s English Dictionary, CD-ROM, 4th edition. Glasgow: HarperCollins. (COBUILD4)Google Scholar
Summers, Della
ed 2005 Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, Writing Assistant Edition CD-ROM. Harlow: Pearson Education Limited. (LDOCE4)Google Scholar
Walter, Elizabeth
ed 2008 Cambridge Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. DVD-ROM, 3rd edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (CALD3)Google Scholar
Wehmeier, Sally
ed 2005 Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English, CD-ROM, 7th edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press. (OALD7)Google Scholar

Online dictionaries

Cambridge Advanced Learner’s Dictionary
Accessed December 10, 2019. https://dictionary.cambridge.org/pl/dictionary/
Collins COBUILD Advanced Dictionary of English
Accessed December 10, 2019. https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/
Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English
Accessed December 10, 2019. https://www.ldoceonline.com/
Macmillan English Dictionary for Advanced Learners
Accessed December 15, 2019. https://www.macmillandictionary.com/
Merriam-Webster’s Advanced Learner’s English Dictionary
Accessed December 4, 2019. https://learnersdictionary.com/
Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary
Accessed December 25, 2019. https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/

Other literature

Aarts, Bas, April MacMahon
2006 The Handbook of English Linguistics. Oxford: Blackwell. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Abecassis, Michaël
2007 “Is Lexicography Making Progress? On Dictionary Use and Language Learners’ Needs.” Lexikos 17: 247–258.Google Scholar
Adamska-Sałaciak, Arleta
2007 Review of Historical Dictionaries and Historical Dictionary Research: Papers from the International Conference on Historical Lexicography and Lexicology, at the University of Leicester, 2002. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer, edited by Julie Coleman and Anne McDermott. International Journal of Lexicography, 20 (2): 182–188. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2010a “Examining Equivalence.” International Journal of Lexicography 23(4): 387–409. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2010b “Why we need bilingual learners’ dictionaries.” English Learners’ Dictionaries at the DSNA 2009, edited by Ilan J. Kernerman and Paul Bogaards, 121–37. TelAviv: K Dictionaries.Google Scholar
2012 “Dictionary Definitions: Problems and Solutions.” Studia Linguistica Universitatis Iagellonicae Cracoviensis 129 Supplementum: 323–339.Google Scholar
2014 “Bilingual Lexicography: Translation Dictionaries.” International Handbook of Modern Lexis and Lexicography, edited by Patrick Hanks and Gilles-Maurice de Schryver, 1–11. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Aisenstadt, Ester
1979 “Collocability Restrictions in Dictionaries.” Dictionaries and Their Users: Papers from the 1978 B.A.A.L. Seminar on Lexicography, edited by Reinhard R. K. Hartmann, 71–74. Exeter: University of Exeter.Google Scholar
Aitchison, Jean
1986 “The Gobbledygook Syndrome.” English Today: The International Review of the English Language 5, January–March: 7–9. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Allan, Keith
1986 Linguistic Meaning Vol. 1. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Allen, Jeffrey
1995 Review of the Caterpillar KANT English-French MT System, Internal Technical Report, Peoria, IL: Technical Information Department, Caterpillar Inc.Google Scholar
Allen, Robert
1996 The Big Four. English Today, 12 (2): 41–55. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Anthony, Laurence
2012 AntWordProfiler (Version 1.4.0) [Computer Software]. Tokyo, Japan: Waseda University. Accessed October 1, 2019, www.antlab.sci.waseda.ac.jp/Google Scholar
Apresjan, Jurij. D.
1972 “Definiowanie znaczeń leksykalnych jako zagadnienie semantyki teoretycznej.” In Semantyka i słownik, edited by Anna Wierzbicka, 39–58. Wroclaw: Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich.Google Scholar
1995 Semantyka leksykalna. Synonimiczne środki jezyka. Wroclaw: Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich Wydawnictwo.Google Scholar
(ASD-STE100)
2017 ASD Simplified Technical English Specification ASD-STE100. Access October 2, 2018, http://www.asd-ste100.org/index.html
Atkins, Beryl T. S.
1985 “Monolingual and bilingual learners’ dictionaries: A comparison”. In Dictionaries, Lexicography and Language Learning, edited by Robert Ilson, 15–24. Oxford: Pergamon Press.Google Scholar
Atkins, Beryl T. S., Charles J. Fillmore, and Christopher R. Johnson
2003 “Lexicographic Relevance: Selecting Information from Corpus Evidence.” International Journal of Lexicography 16 (3): 251–80. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Atkins, Beryl T. S., Michael Rundell
2008 The Oxford Guide to Practical Lexicography. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Ayto, John
1984 “The Vocabulary of Definitions.” In Theoretische und Practische Probleme der Lexicographie, edited by Dieter Götz and Thomas Herbst, Munich: Max Hueber Verlag.Google Scholar
Baker, Mona
1992 In Other Words: A Course Book on Translation. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Bańko, Miroslaw
2001 Z pogranicza leksykografii i językoznawstwa. Studia o słowniku jednojęzycznym. Warsaw: Wydzial Polonistyki Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego.Google Scholar
Bańko Miroslaw
2006 “Circulus vitiosus - circulus odiosus. Uwagi o cyrkularnosci w definicjach słownikowych.” Manuscula linguistica. In honorem Alexandrae Cieslikowa oblata, edited by Kazimierz Rymut et al., 21–34. Cracow: Instytut Jezyka Polskiego PAN.Google Scholar
Bańko, Miroslaw
2010 “The Polish COBUILD and its Influence on Polish Lexicography.” In A Way with Words: Recent Advances in Lexical Theory and Analysis. A Festschrift for Patrick Hanks, edited by Gilles-Maurice de Schryver, 323–332. Kampala 2010 (Menha Linguistic Series).Google Scholar
Bańko, Miroslaw, Magdalena Majdak, Maciej Czeszewski
eds. 2011 Słowniki dawne i wspólczesne. Internetowy przewodnik edukacyjny. Accessed August 20, 2017, http://www.leksykografia.uw.edu.pl/slowniki/25/slownik-jezyka-polskiego-warszawa-1978–1981
Barnhart, Clarence L.
1962 “Problems in Editing Commercial Monolingual Dictionaries.” In Problems in Lexicography, edited by Fred W. Householder and Sol Saporta, 161–81. Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University.Google Scholar
Baroni, Marco
2006 “Distributions in Text.” In Corpus Linguistics: An International Handbook, edited by Anke Lüdeling and Merja Kytö, 803–821. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Baroni, Marco, Silvia Bernardini, Adriano Ferraresi, Eros Zanchetta
2009 “The WaCky wide web: a collection of very large linguistically processed web-crawled corpora.” Language Resources and Evaluation 43. Springer Science+Business Media B.V.: 209–226.Google Scholar
Battenburg, John D.
1994 “Pioneer in English Lexicography for Language Learners: Michael Philip West.” Dictionaries. Journal of The Dictionary Society of North America. No. 15, Cleveland: Cleveland State University: 132–148.Google Scholar
Bauer, Laurie and Paul Nation
1993 “Word Families.” International Journal of Lexicography 6 (4): 253–279. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Bauman, John
2018a About the General Service List. Accessed February 24, 2018, http://jbauman.com/aboutgsl.html#1953
2018b About the University Word List. Accessed February, 2018, http://jbauman.com/aboutUWL.html
Beekman, John and Callow, John
1974 Translating the Word of God. Grand Rapids: Zondervan.Google Scholar
Béjoint, Henri
1981 “The Foreign Student’s Use of Monolingual English Dictionaries: A Study of Language Needs and Reference Skills.” Applied Linguistics 2 (3): 207–222. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
1987 “The Value of the Dictionary in Vocabulary Acquisition.” In The Dictionary and the Language Learner, edited by Anthony P. Cowie, 97–104. Tübingen: Niemeyer. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2000 Modern Lexicography. An Introduction. Oxford: University Press.Google Scholar
Bell, Huw
2013 “Core Vocabulary.” The Encyclopedia of Applied Sciences, edited by Carol A. Chapelle. Blackwell Publishing.Google Scholar
Bennett, Judith
1993 “The Future of Plain Legal Language: Australia: A Case Study.” Second International Plain English Conference: Plain English Campaign (UK), London, 24–26 May 1993, Sydney: Centre for Plain Legal Language.
Benjamin, Martin
2019 Teach You Backwards. Accessed October 17, 2020 https://www.teachyoubackwards.com/user/malangali/
de Bessé, B.
1990 “La Définition Terminologique.” In La Définition, edited by J. Charaud and F. Mazière, 252–262. Paris: Larousse.Google Scholar
Bhatia, Tej K.
2006 “Bilingualism and Second Language Learning.” In Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics, 2nd ed., edited by Keith Brown, Anne Anderson, Laurie Bauer, Margie Berns, Jim Miller, and Graeme Hirst, 16–22. Oxford: Elsevier. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Biber, Douglas, Stig Johansson, Geoffrey Leech, Susan Conrad, Edward Finegan
1999 The Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English. London: Longman.Google Scholar
Biber, Douglas, Susan Conrad, Viviana Cortes
2003 “Lexical bundles in speech and writing: An initial taxonomy.” In Corpus Linguistics by the Lune: A Festschrift for Geoffrey Leech, edited by Andrew Wilson, Paul Rayson, Tony McEnery, 71–92. Frankfurt/Main: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
Biber, D., Conrad, S. & Cortes, V.
2004 “If you look at … : Lexical Bundles in University Teaching and Textbooks.” Applied Linguistics, 25 (3), 371–405. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Biber, D.
2006 University Language. A Corpus-Based Study of Spoken and Written Registers. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Biden, James
1843 “On Grammalogues. A letter to the editor of the Phonotypic Journal.” The Phonotypic Journal Nov. 1843, 2.Google Scholar
Black, Alison
1986 The Effects on Comprehension and Memory of Providign Different Types of Definign Information for New Vocabulary: A Report on Two Experiments Conducted for Longman ELT Dictionaries and Reference Division. Cambridge: MRC Applied Pscyhology Unit (unpublished internal report).Google Scholar
Blake, Norman F.
1996 A History of the English Language. London: Macmillan Press Ltd. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Bogaards, Paul
1991 “Dictionaries pédagogiques et apprentissage du vocabulaire.” Cahiers de Lexicologie, 59: 93–107.Google Scholar
1996 “Dictionaries for Learners of English.” International Journal of Lexicography 9 (4): 277–320. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
1998 “What Type of Words do Language Learners Look Up?” Using Dictionaries, edited by Beryl T. Sue Atkins, 151–157. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer Verlag. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2003 “MEDAL: A Fifth Dictionary for Learners of English.” International Journal of Lexicography 16 (1): 43–55. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2008 “Frequency in Learners’ Dictionaries.” In Proceedings of the XIII EURALEX International Congress, Barcelona, 15–19 July 2008, edited by Elisenda Bernal and Janet DeCesaris, 1231–1236. Barcelona: Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Institut Universitari de Lingüística Aplicada.Google Scholar
Bogaards, Paul and Willem A. van der Kloot
2001 “The Use of Grammatical Information in Learners’ Dictionaries.” International Journal of Lexicography 14 (2): 97–121. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Bogaards, Paul, and Willem A. van der Kloot
2002 “Verb Constructions in Learners’ Dictionaries” In Proceedings of the Tenth EURALEX International Congress (Vol. II), edited by Anna Braasch and Claus Povlsen, 747–757. Copenhagen: Center for Sprogteknologi.Google Scholar
Bogusławski, Andrzej
1966 Semantyczne pojęcie liczebnika i jego morfologia w języku rosyjskim. Wroclaw: Ossolineum.Google Scholar
1970 “On Semantic Primitives and Meaningfulness.” In Signs, Language and Culture, edited by R. J. A. Greimas, R. Jakobson, M. R. Mayenowa, and S. Zółkiewski, 143–52. The Hague: Mouton.Google Scholar
Bongers, Herman
1947 The History and Principles of Vocabulary Control. Parts 1 and 2. Woerden: Wocopi.Google Scholar
Brezina, Vaclav, and Dana Gablasova
2015 “Is There a Core General Vocabulary? Introducing the New General Service List.” Applied Linguistics 36 (1): 1–22. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Browne, Charles
2013 “The New General Service List: Celebration 60 Years of Vocabulary Learning.” The Language Teacher, 37 (4): 13–16.Google Scholar
2014 “The New General Service List Version 1.01: Getting Better All the Time.” Korea TESOL Journal 11 (1): 35–50.Google Scholar
Bullock, David
2010 “NSM + LDOCE: A Non-Circular Dictionary of English.” International Journal of Lexicography 24 (2): 226–240. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2019 Learn These Words First. Accessed March 8, 2019. http://learnthesewordsfirst.com/about/what-is-a-multi-layer-dictionary.html
Bullon, Stephen, and Geoffrey Leech
2007 “Longman Communication 3000 and the Longman Defining Vocabulary.” In Longman Communication 3000, edited by Stephen Bullon and Geoffrey Leech, 1–7. Harlow: Pearson Education.Google Scholar
Burkhanov, Igor
1998 Lexicography A Dictionary of Basic Terminology. Rzeszów: Wydawnictwo Wyzszej Szkoly Pedagogicznej.Google Scholar
Campion, Mary E., and Warwick B. Elley
1971 An Academic Vocabulary List. Wellington: New Zealand Council for Educational Research.Google Scholar
Carrol, John, Peter Davies, Barry Richman
1971 The American Heritage Word Frequency Book. New York: American Heritage.Google Scholar
Carter, Ronald
1986 “Core Vocabulary and Discourse in the Curriculum: A Question of the Subject.” RELC Journal 17 (1): 52–70. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2012 Vocabulary. Applied Linguistic Perspectives. Second edition. London: Routledge. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Carver, Ronald P.
1994 “Percentage of Unknown Vocabulary Words in Text as a Function of the Relative Difficulty of the Text: Implications for instruction.” Journal of Reading Behavior 26: 413–437. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Cheng, Yong
2019 Joint Training for Neural Machine Translation. Singapore: Springer. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Chi, Man L. A.
2003 “Teaching Dictionary Skills in the Classroom.” In Lexicography. Critical Concepts. Vol. I, edited by Reinhard R. K. Hartmann, 355–369. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Chlebda, Wojciech
2010 “W jakim zakresie słownik dwujęzyczny może być źródłem informacji etnolingwistycznej?” In Etnolingwistyka a leksykografia, edited by Wojciech Chlebda, 201–208. Opole: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Opolskiego.Google Scholar
Chruszczewski, Piotr P.
2006 “Ogden, Charles Kay (1889–1957).” In Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics, 2nd ed., edited by Keith Brown, Anne Anderson, Laurie Bauer, Margie Berns, Jim Miller, and Graeme Hirst, 18. Oxford: Elsevier. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Coady, James
1997 “L2 Vocabulary Acquisition Through Extensive Reading.” In Second Language Vocabulary Acquisition: A Rationale for Pedagogy, edited by James Coady and Thomas Huckin, 225–237. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Coseriu, Eugenio
1962 Teoría del Lenguaje y Lingüística General: Cinco Estudios. Madrid: Gredos.Google Scholar
Cowie, Anthony P.
1989 “Learners’ Dictionaries – Recent Advances and Developments.” In Learners’ Dictionaries: State of the Art, edited by Makhan L. Tickoo, 42–51. Singapore: SEAMEO.Google Scholar
1990 “Language as Words: Lexicography.” In An Encyclopedia of Language, edited by N. E. Collinge, 363–377. London and New York: RoutledgeGoogle Scholar
1998a “A.S. Hornby: a Centenary Tribute.” In Proceedings of the 8th EURALEX International Congress, Liège, Belgium, edited by Thierry Fontenelle, Philippe Hiligsmann, Archibald Michiels, André Moulin, Siegried Theissen.Google Scholar
1998b “A.S. Hornby, 1898–1998: A Centenary Tribute.” International Journal of Lexicograpy 11 (4).Google Scholar
1999a English Dictionaries for Foreign Learners: A History. Oxford: University Press.Google Scholar
1999b “Learner’s Dictionaries in a Historical and Theoretical Perspective.” In The Perfect Learners’ Dictionary (?), edited by Thomas Herbst and Kerstin Popp, 3–14. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer Verlag. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2009 “The Earliest Foreign Learners’ Dictionaries.” In The Oxford History of English Lexicography. Vol. 2: Specialized Dictionaries, edited by Anthony P. Cowie, 385–411. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Coxhead, Averil
2000 “A New Academic Word List.” TESOL Quarterly, 34 (2): 213–238. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Crabbe, Stephen
2017 Controlling Language in Industry. Controlled Languages for Technical Documents. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Croft, William, Alan Cruse
2004 Cognitive Linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Cruse, Alan
1986 Lexical Semantics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
2004 Meaning in Language. An Introduction to Semantics and Pragmatics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Crystal, David
2003 A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics. 5th ed. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.Google Scholar
1986 “The Ideal Dictionary, Lexicographer and User.” In Lexicography: An Emerging International Profession, edited by In Robert F. Ilson, 72–81. Manchester: Manchester University Press.Google Scholar
2006 “Into the Twenty-first Century.” In The Oxford History of English, edited by Lynda Mugglestone, 394–414. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Cumming, Geoff, Samantha Cropp, Ronald Sussex
1994 “On-line Lexical Resources for Language Learners: Assessment of Some Approaches to Word Definition.” System 22(3): 369–377. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Cummins, Jim
2008 “Teaching for Transfer: Challenging the Two Solitudes Assumption in Bilingual Education.” Encyclopedia of Language and Education, 2nd edition, Vol. 5: Bilingual Education, edited by Jim Cummins and Nancy H. Hornberger, 65–75. New York: Springer. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Curzan, Anne
2000 “The Compass of the Vocabulary.” In Lexicography and the OED, edited by Lynda Mugglestone, 96–109. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Dancette, Jeanne
2003 “Les Représentations Lexico-Sémantiques (RLS), Moyen de Structuration des Connaissances dans les Domaines Spécialisés,” ISKO-France, Grenoble, 1–16 [83–96].Google Scholar
Davies, Mark
2012 Corpus of Contemporary American English (1990–2012). Accessed March 15, 2018. http://corpus.byu.edu/coca/
DeRocher, James E., Murray S. Miron, S. M. Patten, Charles C. Pratt
1973 The Counting of Words: A Review of the History, Techniques and Theory of Word Counts with Annotated Bibliography. New York: Syracuse University Research Corp.Google Scholar
De Schryver, Gilles-Maurice
2008 “Review of Patrick Hanks (ed.). Lexicology: Critical Concepts.” International Journal of Lexicography 21 (4): 419–438. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
De Schryver, Gilles-Maurice, and Daniel J. Prinsloo
2011 “Do Dictionaries Define on the Level of Their Target Users? A Case Study for Three Dutch Dictionaries.” International Journal of Lexicography 24 (1): 5–28. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Dewey, Godfrey
1923 Relative Frequency of English Speech Sounds. London: Harvard University Press. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Dodd, Stuart C.
1955 “Model English.” In Machine Translation of Languages, edited by William N. Locke and Andrew D. Booth, 165–173. Cambridge: Technology Press of Massachusetts Institute of Technology.Google Scholar
Dolan, William, Stephen Richardson, Lucy Vanderwende
1993 “Automatically Deriving Structured Knowledge Bases from On-line Dictionaries.” In Proceedings of the First Conference of the Pacific Association for Computational Linguistics, edited by Paul McFetridge and Fred Popowich, 5–14. Vancouver: Pacific Association for Computational Linguistics.Google Scholar
Duygu, Ataman, Matteo Negri, Marco Turchi, Marcello Federico
2017 Linguistically Motivated Vocabulary Reduction for Neural Machine Translation from Turkish to English. The Prague Bulletin of Mathematical Linguistics 108: 331–342. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Dziemianko, Anna
2004 “Verb Syntax in Monolingual English Learners’ Dictionaries: A Study of User-Friendliness” In Proceedings of the Eleventh EURALEX International Congress (Vol. II), Lorient, France. Universite de Bretagne-Sud, edited by Geoffrey Williams and Sandra Vessier: 683–691.
2012a Noun and Verb Codes in English Monolingual Dictionaries for Foreign Learners: A Study of Usefulness in the Polish Context. Poznan: Wydawnictwo Naukowe UAM.Google Scholar
2012b “On the Use(fulness) of Paper and Electronic Dictionaries.” In Electronic Lexicography, edited by Sylviane Granger and Magali Paquot, 319–341. Oxford University Press. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2012c “Why One and Two do not Make Three: Dictionary Form Revisited.” Lexikos 22: 195–216. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Dziemianko, Anna, and Robert Lew
2006 “Research into Dictionary Use by Polish Learners of English: Some Methodological Considerations.” In IFAtuation: A Life in IFA. A Festschrift for Professor Jacek Fisiak on the Occasion of His 70th Birthday. Poznan, edited by Katarzyna Dziubalska-Kolaczyk.Google Scholar
Eder, Maciej
2017 “Visualization in Stylometry: Cluster Analysis Using Networks.” Digital Scholarship in the Humanities 32 (1): 50–64. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Eder, Maciej, Jan Rybicki, Mike Kestemont
2016 “Stylometry with R: A Package for Computational Text Analysis.” The R Journal 8 (1): 107–121. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Ek, Jan Ate van
1975 The Threshold Level English in a European Unit/Credit System for Modern Language Learning by Adults. (Council of Europe Modern Languages Project). Strasbourg: Council of Europe.Google Scholar
Ek, Jan Ate van, L. G. Alexander, M. A. Fitzpatrick
1980 Waystage English: An Intermediary Objective below Threshold Level in a European Unit/Credit System of Modern Language Learning by Adults. Oxford: Pergamon Press.Google Scholar
Ek, Jan Ate van, and John L. M. Trim
1990a/1998a Threshold 1990. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
1990b/1998b Waystage 1990. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
2001 Vantage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Eldridge, R. C.
1911 Six Thousand Common English Words. Their Comparative Frequency and What Can Be Done With Them. New York: Niagara Falls.Google Scholar
Engels, L. K.
1968 The Fallacy of Word-Counts. IRAL, 6(3), 213–231.Google Scholar
English Oxford Living Dictionaries
2017 Accessed September 10, 2017. https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/
Eunson, Baden
1996 Writing in Plain English. New York: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Faucett, Lawrence, and Itsu Maki
1932 A Study of English Word-Values, Statistically Determined from the Latest Extensive Word-Counts. Tokyo: Matsumura Sanshodo.Google Scholar
Faucett, Lawrence, Harold Palmer, Edward L. Thorndike, and Michael West
1936 Interim Report on Vocabulary Selection. London: P.S. King and Son, Ltd.Google Scholar
Fellbaum, Christiane
ed. 1998 WordNet: An Electronic Lexical Database. Cambridge: The MIT Press. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Ferraresi, Adriano, Eros Zanchetta, Marco Baroni, and Silvia Bernardini
2008 “Introducing and Evaluating ukWaC, a Very Large Web-Derived Corpus of English.” In Proceedings of the 4th Web as Corpus Workshop (WAC-4) Can We Beat Google? Marrakech, Morrocco, 1 June 2008, edited by Stefan Evert, Adam Kilgarriff and Serge Sharoff. Accessed May, 4, 2017. http://webascorpus.sourceforge.net/
Fischer, Ute
1991 “How Students Misunderstand Definitions: Some Evidence for Contextual Representations of Word Meanings.” In Proceedings of the Thirteenth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, Chicago, August 1991. Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Flood, Walter E., and Michael West
1953 “Supplementary Scientific and Technical Vocabulary.” In A General Service List of English Words, edited by Michael West, 583–588. London: Longmans.Google Scholar
Flesch, Rudolf Franz
1944 How Basic is Basic English? Harper’s Magazine: 339–43.Google Scholar
Fontenelle, Thierry
1994 “What on Earth are Collocations?” English Today 10 (4): 42–48. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2009 “Linguistic Research and Learners’ Dictionaries: the Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English.” In Oxford History of English Lexicography, edited by Anthony P. Cowie, 412–435. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Fox, Gwyneth
1989 “A Vocabulary for Writing Dictionaries.” In Learners’ Dictionaries: State of the Art, edited by Makhan L. Tickoo, 153–171. Singapore: SEAMEO.Google Scholar
Francis, Winthrop N., and Henry Kucera
1964 Manual of Information to Accompany A Standard Corpus of Present-Day Edited American English, for use with Digital Computers. Providence, Rhode Island: Department of Linguistics, Brown University. Revised 1971. Revised and amplified 1979.Google Scholar
1982 Frequency Analysis of English Usage: Lexicon and Grammar. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.Google Scholar
Friend, Joseph Harold
1967 The Development of American Lexicography 1798–1864. The Hague: Mouton.Google Scholar
Fries, Charles C. and Traver, Alice A.
1963 English Word Lists. A Study of their Adaptability for Instruction. Ann Arbor: The George Wahr Publishing.Google Scholar
Gairns, Rurth, and Redman, Stuart
1986 Working with Words: A Guide to Teaching and Learning Vocabulary. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Gao, Jun
2012 “Basic Cognitive Experiences and Definitions in the Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English.” International Journal of Lexicography 26 (1): 58–89. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Gardner, Dee, and Mark Davies
2013 “A New Academic Vocabulary List.” Applied Linguistics 35(3): 1–24.Google Scholar
Geeraerts, Dirk
2003 “Meaning and Definitions”. In A Practical Guide to Lexicography, edited by Piet van Sterkenburg, 83–93. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2006a “The Definitional Practice of Dictionaries and the Cognitive Semantic Conception of Polysemy.” Words and other Wonders. Papers on Lexical and Semantic Topics, edited by Dirk Geeraerts, 345–363. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2006b “Prospects and Problems of Prototype Theory.” In Corpus Linguistics: Basic Readings, edited by Dirk Geeraerts, 141–166. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2010 Theories of Lexical Semantics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Ghadessy, Mohsen
1979 “Frequency Counts, Word Lists and Materials Preparation: A New Approach.” English Teaching Forum 17 (1): 24–27.Google Scholar
Gill, Francis
2015 “ ‘Hugh’s across all that’ Some changing uses of prepositions.” Corpora, Grammar and Discourse In honour of Susan Hunston, edited by Nicholas Groom, Maggie Charles, and Suganthi John, 73–96. John Benjamins Publishing Company. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Gilner, Leah
2011 “A Primer on the General Service List.” Reading in a Foreign Language, 23 (1): 65–83.Google Scholar
Gilner, Leah, and Frank Morales
2008 “Corpus-based Frequency Profiling: Migration to a Word List Based on the British National Corpus.” The Buckingham Journal of Language and Linguistics: 41–58.Google Scholar
Goddard, Cliff
2010 “The Natural Semantic Metalanguage Approach.” The Oxford Handbook of Linguistic Analysis. Oxford: Oxford University Press: 459–484.Google Scholar
ed. 2018 Minimal English for a Global World. Improved Communication Using Fewer Words. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Goddard, Cliff, and Anna Wierzbicka
eds. 2002 Meaning and Universal Grammar – Theory and Empirical Findings. Vols I and II. John Benjamins. Crossref CrossrefGoogle Scholar
eds. 2014 Words and Meanings: Lexical Semantics across Domains, Languages and Cultures. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
2018 “Minimal English and How it can Add to Global English.” In Minimal English for a Global World. Improved Communication Using Fewer Words, edited by Cliff Goddard, 5–28. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Gordon, W. Terrence
ed. 1994 C.K. Ogden and Linguistics. 5 volumes. London.Google Scholar
Gove, Phillip B.
1972 “English Dictionaries of the Future.” In New Aspects of Lexicography, edited by Howard D. Weinbrot, 152–170. London: Southern Illinois University Press.Google Scholar
Grabowski, Łukasz
2015 Phraseology in English Pharmaceutical Discourse. A Corpus-Driven Study of Register Variation. Opole: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Opolskiego.Google Scholar
Greenbaum, Sidney, Charles F. Meyer, and John Taylor
1984 “The Image of the Dictionary for American College Students.” Dictionaries 6: 31–52. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Grochowski, Maciej
1993 Konwencje Semantyczne a Definiowanie Wyrażeń Językowych. Warszawa: Zakład Semiotyki Logicznej Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego.Google Scholar
Gries, Stefan Th.
2009 Quantitative Corpus Linguistics with R. Routledge: New York. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Grzegorczykowa, Renata
2001 Wprowadzenie do Semantyki Jezykoznawczej. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN.Google Scholar
Hancioglu, Nilgün, Steven Neufeld, and John Eldridge
2008 “Through the Looking Glass and into the Land of Lexico-Grammar.” English for Specific Purposes 27: 459–79. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Hanks, Patrick
1979 “To What Extent does a Dictionary Definition Define?” In Dictionaries and their Users, edited by Reinhard R. K. Hartmann. Exeter: University of Exeter, 32–38.Google Scholar
1987 “Definitions and Explanations.” In Looking up: An account of the COBUILD project in lexical computing, edited by John M. Sinclair, 116–136. London, Glasgow.Google Scholar
1990 ‘Evidence and Intuition in Lexicography’, In Meaning and Lexicography, edited by Jerzy Tomaszczyk and Barbara Lewandowska-Tomaszczyk, 31–41. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
1994 “Lexicography: Theory and Practice.” Dictionaries. 1992/3 (14): 97–112.Google Scholar
2005 “Johnson and Modern Lexicography.” International Journal of Lexicography 18 (2): 243–266. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2008 Lexicology: Critical Concepts. Abingdon: Routledge.Google Scholar
2009 Common Sense Blossoms in Springfield, MA. Review of Merriam-Webster’s Advanced Learner’s English Dictionary. Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster Inc, edited by Stephen J. Perrault, International Journal of Lexicography 22 (3).Google Scholar
2015 Cognitive Semantics and the Lexicon. Review Article. International Journal of Lexicography 28 (1): 86–106. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2019 Pattern Dictionary of English Verbs (PDEV). https://pdev.org.uk/
Hanks, Patrick, and James Pustejovsky
2005 “A Pattern Dictionary for Natural Language Processing”. Revue Française de Linguistique Appliquée, 10 (2): 63–82. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Hartmann, Reinhard R. K.
1989 “Dictionaries of English: The User’s Perspective.” In Dictionaries. Prospects for the Record of Our Language, edited by Richard W. Bailey, 121–135. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
1993 “Recent trends in pedagogical lexicography: The case of the ‘bilingualised’ learner’s dictionary”. In Endangered Languages. Proceedings of XVth International Congress of Linguists, Québec, August 1992, edited by André Crochetière, Jean-Claude Boulanger, and Conrad Ouellette, 159–162. Québec: Les Presses de l’Université Laval.Google Scholar
Hartmann, Reinhard R. K., and Gregory James
1998 Dictionary of Lexicography. London: Routledge. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Harvey, Keith, and Deborah Yuill
1997 “A Study of the Use of a Monolingual Pedagogical Dictionary by Learners of English Engaged in Writing.” Applied Linguistics 18 (3): 253–278. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Heatley, Alex, Paul I. S. Nation, and Averil Coxhead
2002 RANGE and FREQUENCY Programs. http://www.victoria.ac.nz/lals/staff/paul-nation.aspx.
Herbst, Thomas
1986 “Defining with a Controlled Defining Vocabulary in Foreign Learners’ Dictionaries.” Lexicographica: International Annual for Lexicography 2: 101–119.Google Scholar
1996 “On the Way to the Perfect Learners’ Dictionary: A First Comparision of OALD5, LDOCE3, COBUILD2 and CIDE.” International Journal of Lexicography 9 (4): 321–357. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Hiles, Lorna
2014 “Towards a Southern African English Defining Vocabulary.” Lexikos 24: 178–185. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Hindmarsh, Roland
1980 The Cambridge English Lexicon. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hirsh, David
1993 The vocabulary demands and vocabulary learning opportunities in short novels. Unpublished master’s thesis, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand.
Hirsh, David, and Paul I. S. Nation
1992 “What Vocabulary Size is Needed to Read Unsimplified Texts for Pleasure?” Reading in a Foreign Language, 8 (2): 689–696.Google Scholar
Horn, Ernest
1926 A Basic Writing Vocabulary. Iowa City: State University of Iowa Monograph First Series No. 4.Google Scholar
Hornby, Albert S.
1938 “Report on the Year’s Work: Dictionary Problems.” IRET Bulletin 148: 20–8; 36.Google Scholar
Horst, Marlise, Tom Cobb, and Paul Meara
1998 “Beyond a Clockwork Orange: Acquiring Second Language Vocabulary through Reading.” Reading in a Foreign Language 11: 207–223.Google Scholar
Howatt, Anthony Phillip R.
1984 A History of English Language Teaching. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
2006 “Language Teaching: History.” In Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics, 2nd ed., edited by Keith Brown, Anne Anderson, Laurie Bauer, Margie Berns, Jim Miller, and Graeme Hirst, 634–646. Oxford: Elsevier. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Hu, Marcella and Paul Nation
2000 “Vocabulary Density and Reading Comprehension” Reading in a Foreign Language, 13 (1): 403–430.Google Scholar
Huijsen, Willem
1998 “Controlled Language – An Introduction.” In Proceedings of the Second International Workshop on Controlled Language Applications. (CLAW) Pittsburgh: Carnegie Mellon University Language Technologies Institute. 1–15.Google Scholar
Hulstijn, Jan H.
1993 “When do Foreign-Language Readers Look Up the Meaning of Unfamiliar Words? The Influence of Task and Learner Variables.” The Modern Language Journal 77: 139–147. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Hutchins, W. John
1995 “Machine Translation: A Brief History.” In Concise History of the Language Sciences: From the Sumerians to the Cognitivists, edited by E. F. K. Koerner and Ronald E. Asher, 431–445. New York: Pergamon. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Hwang, Kyongho
1989 Reading Newspapers for the Improvement of Vocabulary and Reading Skills. Unpublished M.A. Thesis, Victoria University, Wellington.
Ilson, Robert
1986 “Lexicographic Archeology: Comparing Dictionaries of the Same Family.” In The History of Lexicography, edited by Reinhard R. K. Hartmann, 127–136. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
1990 “Present-Day British Lexicography.” In Wörterbücher Dictionaries Dictionnaires. An International Encyclopedia of Lexicography. Vol. 2 (1989–91), edited by Franz J. Hausmann, Oskar Reichmann, Herbert E. Wiegand, and Ladislav Zgusta, 1967–1983. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Jain, Mahavir P.
1981 “On Meaning in the Foreign Learner’s Dictionary.” Applied Linguistics 2 (3): 274–286. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
James, Gregory C. A.
2003 “Bilingualisation as a Genre.” In Lexicography. Critical Concepts. Vol. III, edited by Reinhard R. K. Hartmann, 135–146. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Jansen, Jacques, Mergeai, Jean-Paul, and Jocelyne Vanandroye
1987 “Controlling LDOCE’s controlled vocabulary.” In The Dictionary and the Language Learner (Lexicographica, Series maior 17), edited by Anthony P. Cowie. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Jeffery, G. B.
1953 “Foreword” In A General Service List of English Words, edited by Michael West, v–vi. London: Longmans.Google Scholar
Jenkins, Joseph R., Marcy L. Stein, and Katherine Wysocki
1984 “Learning Vocabulary through Reading.” American Educational Research Journal 21: 767–787. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Johansson, Stig
1978 Manual of Information to Accompany the Lancaster-Oslo/Bergen Corpus of British English for Use with Digital Computers. Oslo: University of Oslo, Department of English.Google Scholar
Johnson, Samuel
1747 The Plan of an English Dictionary. London.Google Scholar
Kamińska, Małgorzata Anna
2014 A History of the Concise Oxford Dictionary. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Kamiński, Mariusz Piotr
2013 A History of the Chambers Dictionary. Lexicographica Series Maior 143. Berlin: Walter De Gruyter. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2016 “Corpus-based Extraction of Collocations for Near-Synonym Discrimination.” In Proceedings of the XVII EURALEX International Congress. Lexicography and Linguistic Diversity. 6–10 September 2016 Tbilisi, edited by Tinatin Margalitadze and George Meladze, 375–382. http://euralex2016.tsu.ge/publication.html
2019 “Use of Hedges in Definitions: Out of Necessity or Theory Driven?” Lexikos 29: 55–74. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2020). Does a limited defining vocabulary make definitions syntactically more complex? Studia Anglica Posnaniensia 55, 5–19. Crossref
Kamprath C, Adolphson E, Mitamura, T and Nyberg E.
1998 “Controlled Language for Mulitilingual Document Production: Experience with Caterpillar Technical English.” In Proceedings of the Second International Workshop on Controlled Language Applications, 51–61. Pittsburgh: Carnegie Mellon University Language Technologies Institute.Google Scholar
Kay, Christian J.
2000 “Historical Semantics and Historical Lexicography: Will the Twain Ever Meet?” In Lexicology, Semantics and Lexicography, edited by Julie Coleman and Christain J. Kay, 53–68. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Kernerman, Lionel
1996 “English Learners’ Dictionaries: How Much Do We Know about their Use?” In EURALEX’ 96 Proceedings. Göteborg: Department of Swedish, Göteborg University, edited by Martin Gellerstam, Jerker Jarborg, Sven-Göran Malmgren, Lena Rogström, Catarina Röjder Papmehl.Google Scholar
Kernerman, Ilan
1999 “Back to the Future.” Dictionary News, no 7: 1.Google Scholar
Khoong, Elaine, C., Eric Steinbrook, Cortlyn Brown, and Alicia Fernandez
2019 “Assessing the Use of Google Translate for Spanish and Chinese Translations of Emergency Department Discharge Instructions.” JAMA Internal Medicine 2019, E1–E3.Google Scholar
Kilgarriff, Adam
2006 “Word Senses.” In Word Sense Disambiguation: Algorithms and Applications, edited by Eneko Agirre and Phillip Edmonds, 29–45. New York: Springer. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Kilgarriff, Adam, and Michael Rundell
2002 “Lexical Profiling Software and its Lexicographic Applications: Case Study.” In Proceedings of the Tenth EURALEX International Congress, EURALEX 2002, Copenhagen: Center for Sprogteknologi, edited by Anna Braasch and Claus Povlsen, 807–819.Google Scholar
Kilgarriff, Adam, Joseph Rosenzweig
1999 “English SENSEVAL: reports and results.” In Proceedings of the 5th natural language processing Pacific Rim symposium (NLPRS ‘99), Beijing, China.
Kirkness, Alan
2001 “Review. English Dictionaries for Foreign Learners: A History. A. P. Cowie.” ELT Journal 55 (1): 110–112. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Kirkpatrick, Betty
1985 “A Lexicographical Dilemma: Monolingual Dictionaries for the Native Speaker and for the Learner.” In Dictionaries, Lexicography and Language Learning, edited by Robert Ilson, 7–13. Oxford 1985 (ELT Documents 120).Google Scholar
Kitzes, Adam H.
2006 The Politics of Melancholy from Spenser to Milton. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Kjellmer, Göran
1986 “ ‘The Lesser Man’: Observations on the Role of Women in Modern English Writings.” In Corpus Linguistics II, edited by Jan Arts and Willem Meijs, 163–76. Amsterdam: Rodopi.Google Scholar
Klare, George R.
1968 “The Role of Word Frequency in Readability.” Elementary English 45 (1): 12–22.Google Scholar
Knowles, J.
1904 The London Point System of Reading for the Blind. London.Google Scholar
Koeneke, Rodney
2004 Empires of the Mind. I. A. Richards and Basic English in China, 1929–1979. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Krashen, Stephen D.
2011 Free Voluntary Reading. Santa Barbara: Libraries Unlimited.Google Scholar
Kucera, Henry, and Winthrop N. Francis
1967 Computational Analysis of Present-Day American English. Providence, RI: Brown University Press.Google Scholar
Landau, Sidney I.
1993 “Wierzbicka’s Theory and the Practice of Lexicography.” Dictionaries. 14: 113–119. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2001 Dictionaries: The Art and Craft of Lexicography. 2nd edition. Cambridge: University Press.Google Scholar
2009 “Major American Dictionaries.” In The Oxford History of English Lexicography. Vol. 2, edited by Anthony P. Cowie, 182–229. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Laufer, Batia
1989 “What Percentage of Text Lexis is Essential for Comprehension?” In Special Language: From Humans Thinking to Thinking Machines, edited by Christer Lauren and Marianne Nordman, 316–323. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar
1993 “The Effect of Dictionary Definitions and Examples on the Use and Comprehension of New L2 Words.” Cahiers de Lexicologie 63 (2): 131–142.Google Scholar
Laufer, Batia, Cathie Elder, Kathryn Hill, and Peter Congdon
2004 “Size and strength: Do we need both to measure vocabulary knowledge?” Language Testing 21: 202–226. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Leech, Geoffrey, Paul Rayson, and Andrew Wilson
2001 Word Frequencies in Written and Spoken English. Harlow: Pearson Education Limited.Google Scholar
Lew, Robert
2002 “A Study in the Use of Bilingual and Monolingual Dictionaries by Polish Learners of English: A Preliminary Report.” In Proceedings of the Tenth EURALEX International Congress (Vol. II), Copenhagen: Center for Sprogteknologi, edited by A. Anna Braasch and Claus Povlsen, 759–763.Google Scholar
2004 Which Dictionary for Whom? Receptive Use of Bilingual, Monolingual and Semi-Bilingual Dictionaries by Polish Learners of English. Poznan: Motivex.Google Scholar
2010 “Multimodial Lexicography: The Representation of Meaning in Electronic Dictionaries.” Lexikos 20: 290–306. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2012 “How Can We Make Electronic Dictionaries More Effective?” In Electronic Lexicography, edited by Sylviane Granger and Magali Paquot, 343–363. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
2013 “Identifying, Ordering and Defining Senses.” In The Bloomsbury Companion to Lexicography, edited by Howard Jackson, 284–302. London: Bloomsbury.Google Scholar
Lew, Robert, Anna Dziemianko
2006 “A New Type of Folk-inspired Definition in English Monolingual Learners’ Dictionaries and its Usefulness for Conveying Syntactic Information.” International Journal of Lexicography 19 (3): 225–242. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Lewandowska-Tomaszczyk, Barbara
2007 “Polysemy, Prototypes, and Radial Categories.” In The Oxford Handbook of Cognitive Linguistics, edited by Dirk Geeraerts and Hubert Cuyckens, 139–169. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Li, Hanhong
2010 “Word Frequency Distribution for Electronic Learner’s Dictionaries.” In eLexicography in the 21st Century: New Challenges, New Applications. Proceedings of eLex 2009, Louvain-la-Neuve, 22–24 October 2009, edited by Sylviane Granger, Magali Paquot, 203–216. UCL Presses Universitaires de Louvain.Google Scholar
Lorge, Irving
1944 “Word Lists as Background for Communication.” Teachers College Record 45: 543–552.Google Scholar
1949 Semantic Count of the 570 Commonest English Words. New York: Teachers College, Columbia University.Google Scholar
1953 “The Semantic Count.” In A General Service List of English Words, edited by Michael West, xi–xiii. London: Longmans.Google Scholar
Lorge, Irving and Edward L. Thorndike
1938 A Semantic Count of English Words. New York: Teachers College, Columbia University.Google Scholar
Louw, Phillip
2000 “An Integrated Semasiological and Onomasiological Presentation of Semantic Information in General Monolingual Dictionaries as Proposed in H.E. Wiegand’s Semantics and Lexicography.” Lexikos 10: 119–137.Google Scholar
Lovelace, Eugene A.
1988 “On Using Norms for Low-Frequency Words.” Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 26 (5): 410–412. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Luppescu, Stuart, and Richard Day
1993 “Reading, Dictionaries and Vocabulary Learning.” Language Learning 43 (1): 263–287. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Lynn, Robert W.
1973 “Preparing Word Lists: A Suggested Method.” RELC Journal 11 (2): 25–32. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Lyons, John
1969 Introduction to Theoretical Linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
1977 Semantics. 2 vols. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Maat, Jaap
2004 Philosophical Languages in the Seventeenth Century: Dalgarno, Wilkins, Leibniz. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
MacFarquhar, Peter
1985 ESL Learner Dictionaries: A Study of Definition Difficulty. Occasional Paper 8. University of Hawaii at Manoa.Google Scholar
MacFarquhar, Peter D., and Jack C. Richards
1983 “On Dictionaries and Definitions.” RELC Journal 14 (1): 111–24. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Martinez, Maria-Angeles
2015 “Modality Awareness Development in Narratives for Young Readers of English.” In Thinking Modally: English and Contrastive Studies on Modality, edited by Juan Rafael Zamorano-Mansilla, Carmen Maiz, Elena Dominguez, Victoria Martin De la Rosa, 429–448. Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.Google Scholar
McArthur, Tom
1986 Worlds of Reference. Cambridge: University Press.Google Scholar
1998a Living Words. Language, Lexicography and the Knowledge Revolution. Exeter: University of Exeter Press.Google Scholar
1998b “The Background and Nature of ELT Learner’s Dictionaries.” In Learners’ Dictionaries: State of the Art, edited by Makhan L. Tickoo, 52–64. Singapore: SEAMEO.Google Scholar
McConchie, Rod W.
2013 “ ‘The Most Discriminating Plagiarist’: The Unkindest Cut (and Paste) of All”. In Selected Proceedings of the 2012 Symposium on New Approaches in English Historical Lexis (HEL-LEX 3), edited by Rod W. McConchie, Teo Juvonen, Mark Kaunisto, 107–119. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project.Google Scholar
McCreary, Don R., and Elise Amacker
2006 “Experimental Research on College Students’ Usage of Two Dictionaries: A Comparison of the Merriam-Webster College Dictionary and the Macmillan English Dictionary for Advanced Learners”. In Proceedings of 12th EURALEX International Congress, EURALEX 2006, edited by Elisa Corino, Carla Marello, and Cristina Onesti, 871–885. Alessandria: Edizioni Dell’Orso.Google Scholar
McCreary, Don R., and Fredric T. Dolezal
1999 “A Study of Dictionary Use by ESL Students in an American University.” International Journal of Lexicography 12 (2): 107–146. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
McKeown, Margaret
1993 “Creating Effective Definitions for Young Word Learners.” Reading Research Quarterly 28 (1): 16–31. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Meer, Geart van der
1999 “Metaphors and Dictionaries: The Morass of Meaning, or How to Get Two Ideas for One.” International Journal of Lexicography 12 (3): 195–208. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2000 “Core, Subsense, and the New Oxford Dictionary of English (NODE).” In Proceedings of the Ninth EURALEX Congress, edited by Ulrich Heid, Stefan Evert, Egbert Lehmann, Christian Rohrer, 419–431. Stuttgart: Institut für Maschinelle Sprachverarbeitung.Google Scholar
2004 “On Defining: Polysemy, Core Meanings, and ‘Great Simplicity’.” In Proceedings of the Eleventh EURALEX International Congress, EURALEX 2004, Lorient, France, July 6–10, 2004, Vol. 2, edited by Geoffrey Williams and Sandra Vessier, 807–15. Lorient: Université de Bretagne Sud.Google Scholar
Michiels, Archibald, and Jacques Noël
1984 “The Pro’s and Con’s of a Controlled Defining Vocabulary in a Learner’s Dictionary.” In LEXeter’s 83 Proceedings. Papers from the International Conference on Lexicography at Exeter, 9–12 September 1983, edited by Reinhard R. K. Hartmann, 385–394. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer Verlag. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Miller, George A., and Patricia M. Gildea
1987 “How Children Learn Words.” Scientific American 257 (3): 94–99. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Minkova, Donka, and Robert Stockwell
2006 “English Words.” In The Handbook of English Linguistics, edited by Bas Aarts and April McMahon. London: Blackwell Publishing. 461–482. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Miodunka, Wladyslaw
1989 Podstawy Leksykologii i Leksykografii. Warsaw: Panstwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe.Google Scholar
Mitamura, Teruko
1999 “Controlled Language for Multilingual Machine Translation.” In Machine Translation Summit VII, Singapore, 1999, 46–52.Google Scholar
Moon, Rosamund
1987 “The Analysis of Meaning.” In Looking up: The COBUILD Project in Lexical Computing, edited by John Sinclair. Collins ELT: London and Glasgow.Google Scholar
1998 Fixed Expressions and Idioms in English. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Morton, Herbert C.
1994 The Story of Webster’s Third. Philip Gove’s Controversial Dictionary and its Critics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Muegge, Uwe
2008 Machine Translation. Controlled Language. Translation Standards. Accessed August 1, 2017. http://www.muegge.cc/controlled-language.htm
Murray, James A. H.
1933 “General Explanations.” In The Oxford English Dictionary, Being a Corrected Re-issue with an Introduction, Supplement, and Bibliography of A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles, edited by James A. H. Murray et al.. Oxford: The Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Nakane, Sadayuki
1998 “The Defining Vocabularies of LDOCE, OALD, and CIDE: A Comparative Study.” Bulletin of Liberal Arts 18.Google Scholar
Nation, I. S. Paul
1990 Teaching and Learning Vocabulary. New York: Newbury House.Google Scholar
1993 “Measuring Readiness for Simplified Material: A Test of the First 1,000 Words of English.” In Simplification: Theory and Application. RELC Anthology Series 31, edited by Makhan L. Tickoo, 193–203.Google Scholar
2004 “A Study of the Most Frequent Word Families in the British National Corpus.” In Vocabulary in a Second Language, edited by Paul Bogaards and Batia Laufer, 3–13. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Nation, Paul
2006 “How Large a Vocabulary is Needed for Reading and Listening?.” Canadian Modern Language Review 63 (1), 59–82. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2009 “New Roles for L2 Vocabulary?” In Contemporary Applied Linguistics. Volume One. Language Teaching and Learning, edited by Vivian Cook and Li Wei, 99–116.Google Scholar
2012 “Information on the BNC/COCA lists.” Accessed August 16, 2018. https://www.victoria.ac.nz/lals/about/staff/paul-nation#vocab-lists
Nation, I. S. Paul, and Alex Heatley
2002 Range: A Program for the Analysis of Vocabulary in Texts [software]. http://www.vuw.ac.nz/lals/staff/paul-nation/nation.aspx
Nation, I. S. Paul, and Kyongho Hwang
1995 “Where Would General Service Vocabulary Stop and Special Purposes Vocabulary Begin?” System 23 (1): 35–41. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Nation, I. S. P. and Robert Waring
1997 “Vocabulary Size, Text Coverage and Word Lists.” In Vocabulary: Description, Acquisition and Pedagogy, edited by Norbert Schmitt and Michael McCarthy, 6–19. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Accessed February 15, 2018. http://www.robwaring.org/papers/CUP/cup.htmlGoogle Scholar
Nation, I. S. Paul, and Stuart Webb
2011 Researching and Analyzing Vocabulary. Boston: Heinle.Google Scholar
Nerlich, Brigitte
1992 Semantic Theories in Europe 1830–1930. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Nesi, Hilary
1998 “Defining a Shoehorn: The Success of Learners’ Dictionary Entries for Concrete Nouns.” In Using Dictionaries: Studies of Dictionary Use by Language Learners and Translators, edited by Beryl T. Sue Atkins, 159–178. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer Verlag. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2000 The Use and Abuse of Learners’ Dictionaries. Lexicographica. Series Maior 98. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2009 “Dictionaries in Electronic Form.” In The Oxford History of English Lexicography. Vol. 2, edited by Anthony P. Cowie. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
2014 “Dictionary Use by English Language Learners.” Language Teaching 47 (1): 38–55. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Nesi, Hilary, and Richard Haill
2002 “A Study of Dictionary Use by International Students at a British University.” International Journal of Lexicography 15 (4): 277–305. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Nesi, Hilary, and Paul Meara
1994 “Patterns of Misrepresenation in the Productive Use of EFL Dictionary Definitions.” System 22 (1): 1–15. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Nesselhauf, Nadja
2005 Collocations in a Leaner Corpus. Amsterdam: Benjamins. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Neubauer, Fritz
1980 Die Struktur der Explikationen in Deutschen Einsprachigen Wörterbüchern. Eine Vergleichende Lexiko-Semantische Analyse. Hamburg.Google Scholar
1984 “The Language of Explanation in Monolingual Dictionaries.”, LEXeter ‘83. Proceedings. Papers from the International Conference on Lexicography at Exeter, 9–12 September 1983. Lexicographica. Series Maior 1, edited by Reinhard R. K. Hartmann, 117–123. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
1987 “How to Define a Defining Vocabulary.” A Spectrum of Lexicography. Papers from AILA Brussels 1984, edited by Robert Ilson, 49–60. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
1989 “Vocabulary Control in the Definitions and Examples of Monolingual Dictionaries.” In Wörterbücher Dictionaries Dictionnaires. An International Encyclopedia of Lexicography. 3 vols. (1989–91), edited by Franz J. Hausmann, Oskar Reichmann, Herbert E. Wiegand, and Ladislav Zgusta, 899–904. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Neufeld, Steve, and Ali Billuroglu
2005 “In Search of the Critical Lexical Mass: How ‘General’ in the GSL? How ‘Academic’ is the AWL?” Accessed March 16, 2018. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317661877_In_search_of_the_critical_lexical_mass_How_%27general%27in_the_GSL_How_%27academic%27is_the_AWL
Nichols, Wendalyn
2001 Review of A.P. Cowie. English Dictionaries for Foreign learners: A History. Dictionaries 22: 205–210.Google Scholar
Nida, Eugene A.
1975 Componential Analysis of Meaning. The Hague: Mouton.Google Scholar
Nyberg, Eric H., Teruko Mitamura, and Willem-Olaf Huijsen
2003 “Controlled Language for Authoring and Translation.” In Computers and Translation: A Translator’s Guide, edited by Harold L. Somers, 245–281. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Nyberg, Eric H., and Teruko Mitamura
1992 “The KANT System: Fast, Accurate, High-Quality Translation in Practical Domains.” In Proceedings of COLLING–92, Nantes, France, July 1992, Vol. 3, 1069–1073.Google Scholar
Oakes, Michael P.
2009 “Corpus Linguistics and Language Variation.” In Contemporary Corpus Linguistics, edited by Paul Baker, 159–83. London: Continuum.Google Scholar
Odlin, Terence
1989 Language Transfer: Cross-Linguistic Influence in Language Learning. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Ogden, Charles K.
1930 Basic English: A General Introduction with Rules and Grammar. London. Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., Ltd.Google Scholar
1931 Debabelization. With a Survey of Contemporary Opinion on the Problem of a Universal Language. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., Ltd.Google Scholar
Ogden, Charles K., and Ivor A. Richards
1923 The Meaning of Meaning. London.Google Scholar
Ogden, Charles K.
1932 The Basic Dictionary. London.Google Scholar
1940 The General Basic English Dictionary. London: Evans.Google Scholar
Osgood, Charles E., George J. Suci, and Percy H. Tannenbaum
1957 The Measurement of Meaning. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.Google Scholar
Page, Edward C.
2001 Governing by Numbers Delegated Legislation and Everyday Policy-Making. Portland: Hart Publishing.Google Scholar
Palmer, Harold E.
1929a “What shall We Call ‘a Word’?” IRET Bulletin 54: 1–2.Google Scholar
1929b “Editorial: What is an idiom?” IRET Bulletin 56: 1–2.Google Scholar
1932 “Some Notes on Construction-Patterns” Institute Leaflet 38. Tokyo: IRET.Google Scholar
Palmer, Harol E.
1933 Second Interim Report on English Collocations. Tokyo: Kaitakusha.Google Scholar
1936 “The History and Present State of the Movement Towards Vocabulary Control.” IRET Bulletin 120: 14–17; 121: 19–23.Google Scholar
Palmer, Harol, and Albert S. Hornby
1937 Thousand-Word English. London: George Harrap.Google Scholar
Piotrowski, Tadeusz
1994 Problems in Bilingual Lexicography. Wroclaw: Wydawnictwo Universitetu Wroclawskiego.Google Scholar
2001 Zrozumieć leksykografię. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN.Google Scholar
2002 An Overview of Monolingual EFL Dictionaries Today. Accessed May 5, 2017. http://www.academia.edu/23933212/
2009 “Pedagogical Dictionaries of English as Commercial Products.” In On Language Structure, Acquisition and Teaching. Studies in Honour of Janusz Arabski on the Occasion of his 70th Birthday, edited by Maria Wysocka, 171–176. Katowice: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego.Google Scholar
Plain English Campaign
Accessed March 2, 2019. http://www.plainenglish.co.uk/about-us.html
Plain Speaking is no Joke
1997 BBC News. Accessed March 2, 2019. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/38503.stm
Podhajecka, Miroslawa
2009 “Historical Development of Lexicographical Genres: Some Methodological Issues.” In Selected Proceedings of the 2008 Symposium on New Approaches in English Historical Lexis (HEL-LEX 2), edited by Roderick W. McConchie, Alpo Honkapohja, and Jukka Tyrkkö, 153–170. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project.Google Scholar
2016 A History of Polish-English / English-Polish Bilingual Lexicography (1788–1947). Opole: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Opolskiego.Google Scholar
Pottier, Bernard
1964 Vers une Sémantique Moderne. Travaux de Linguistique et de Littérature 2: 107–137.Google Scholar
Praninskas, Jean
1972 American University Word List. London: Longman.Google Scholar
Preiss, Judita, and Mark Stevenson
2004 “Introduction to the Special Issue on Word Sense Disambiguation.” In Computer Speech and Language 18 (3): 201–207. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Pym, Peter J.
1990 “Pre-Editing and the Use of Simplified Writing for MT: An Engineer’s Experience of Operating an MT System.” In Translating and the Computer 10: The Translation Environment 10 Years on, edited by Pamela Mayorcas, 80–95. London: Aslib.Google Scholar
Quirk, Randolph
1973 “The Social Impact of Dictionaries in the U.K.” In Lexicography in English, edited by Raven I. McDavid and Audrey Duckert, 76–88. New York: New York Academy of Sciences.Google Scholar
1982 “International communication and the concept of nuclear English.” In English for Cross-cultural Communication, edited by Larry E. Smith, 151–165. NewYork: St. Martin’s Press. [Re-printed in Style and Communication in the English Language. London: Arnold, 37–53.]Google Scholar
1986 “Opening Remarks.” In Lexicography. An Emerging International Profession, edited by Robert Ilson, 1–6. Manchester: Manchester University Press.Google Scholar
Qun, Liu, and Zhang Xiaojun
2015 “Machine Translation.” In The Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Technology, edited by Chan Sin-wai, 105–119. Routledge: New York.Google Scholar
R Development Core Team
2013 R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Vienna, Austria.Google Scholar
Read, John
1988 “Measuring the vocabulary knowledge of second language learners.” RELC Journal 19 (2): 12–25. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Redmond, Phil.
2010 “Chrissie Maher–a story of inspiration and aspiration.” Liverpool Daily Post. Liverpool: Trinity Mirror North West & North Wales.Google Scholar
Reisner, Edward H.
1925 Nationalism and Education since 1789: a Social and Political History of Modern Education. London: The Macmillan Company.Google Scholar
Renouf, Antoinette
1987 “Corpus Development” In Looking Up: An Account of the COBUILD Project in Lexical Computing, edited by John Sinclair, 10–40. London: HarperCollins.Google Scholar
Rey, Alain
1990 “Definitional Semantics: Its Evolution in French Lexicography.” Meaning and Lexicography, edited by Jerzy Tomaszczyk and Barbara Lewandowska-Tomaszczyk, 43–55. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Riemer, Nick
2006 “Reductive Paraphrase and Meaning: A Critique of Wierzbickian Semantics.” Linguistics and Philosophy 29: 347–79. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Richards, Jack C.
1974 Word Lists: Problems and Prospects. RELC Journal 5 (2): 69–84. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Ronald, James
2002 “L2 Lexical Growth through Extensive Reading and Dictionary Use: A Case Study.” In Proceedings of the Tenth EURALEX International Congress, EURALEX 2002. Vol 2, edited by Anna Braasch and Claus Povlsen, 765–772. Copenhagen.Google Scholar
Rundell, Michael
1988 “Changing the Rules: Why the Monolingual Learner’s Dictionary Should Move Away from the Native Speaker Tradition.” In ZüriLEX’ 86 Proceedings, edited by Mary Snell-Hornby, 127–138. Tübingen: Francke Verlag.Google Scholar
2006 “Learner’s Dictionaries.” In Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics, 2nd ed., edited by Keith Brown, Anne Anderson, Laurie Bauer, Margie Berns, Jim Miller, and Graeme Hirst, 739–743. Oxford: Elsevier. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2008a “Recent Trends in English Pedagogical Lexicography.” In Practical Lexicography A Reader, edited by Thierry Fontenelle, 221–243. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
2008b “More Than One Way to Skin a Cat: Why Full-Sentence Definitions Have Not Been Universally Adopted.” In Practical Lexicography A Reader, edited by Thierry Fontenelle, 197–209. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
2015 “From Print to Digital: Implications for Dictionary Policy and Lexicographic Conventions.” Lexikos 25: 301–322. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Russo, John P.
1989 I.A. Richards. His Life and Work. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Sager, Juan, and Marie-Claude L’Homme
1994 “A Model for the Definition of Concepts: Rules for Analytical Definitions in Terminological Databases.” Terminology, Vol. 1 (2): 351–373. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Sager, Juan, and Kyo Kageura
1994 “Concepts Classes and Conceptual Structures: Their Role and Necessity in Terminology.” ALFA: Terminology and Special Linguistics 7 (8): 191–216.Google Scholar
Sager, Juan. C., and Augustin Ndi-Kimbi
1995 “The Conceptual Structure of Terminological Definitions and their Linguistic Realisations: A Report on Research in Progress.” Terminology 2 (1): 61–85. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
San Martin, A., and Marie-Claude L’Homme
2014 “Definition Patterns for Predicative Terms in Specialized Lexical Resources.” In Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC’14). (Reykjavik, Iceland) European Language Resources Association (ELRA), May 2014, edited by Nicoletta Calzolari, Khalid Choukri, Thierry Declerck, Hrafn Loftsson, Bente Maegaard, Joseph Mariani, Asuncion Moreno, Jan Odijk, and Stelios Piperidis.Google Scholar
Santini, Marina, and Serge Sharoff
eds. 2007 Proceedings of the CL 2007 Colloquium: Towards a Reference Corpus of Web Genres. Birmingham, UK.Google Scholar
Seppälä, Selja
2015 “An Ontological Framework for Modeling the Contents of Definitions,” Terminology 21 (1): 23–50. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Seppälä, Selja, Alan Ruttenberg, and Barry Smith
2016 “The Functions of Definitions in Ontologies.” In Formal Ontology in Information Systems: Proceedings of the 9th International Conference (FOIS 2016), July 6–9 2016, Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications, vol. 283, edited by Roberta Ferrario and Werner Kuhn, 37–50. Annecy, France: IOS Press.Google Scholar
Schmitt, Norbert
2000 Vocabulary in Language Teaching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Schmitt, Norbert, and Diane Schmitt
2014 “A reassessment of frequency and vocabulary size in L2 vocabulary teaching.” Language Teaching 47 (04): 484–503. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Sutarsyah, Cucu, Nation, I. S. Paul, and Graeme Kennedy
1994 “How Useful is EAP Vocabulary for ESP? A Corpus Based Study.” RELC Journal 25 (2): 34–50. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Seretny, Anna
1998 Definicje i definiowanie. Cracow: Zakład Wydawniczy “NOMOS”.Google Scholar
Schul, James E., and Gregory E. Hamot
2011 “An Engaged Pragmatist: Uncovering and Assessing Ernest Horn’s View of Moral Education.” Journal of Social Studies Research 35 (2): 277–298.Google Scholar
Shaw, Claire
2013 Is English Still the Dominant Language of Higher Education? – Live Chat. The Guardian. Accessed September 2, 2017. https://www.theguardian.com/higher-education-network/2013/feb/13/english-language-international-higher-education
Simpson, John A.
1990 “English Lexicography After Johnson to 1945.” In Wörterbücher Dictionaries Dictionnaires. An International Encyclopedia of Lexicography. 2 vol., (1989–91), edited by Franz J. Hausmann, Oskar Reichmann, Herbert E. Wiegand, and Ladislav Zgusta, 1953–1966. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Sinclair, John M.
1984 “Naturalness in Language.” In Corpus Linguistics. Recent Developments in the Use of Computer Corpora in English Language Research, edited by Jan Aarts and Willem Meijs, 203–10. Amsterdam: Rodopi.Google Scholar
ed. 1987 Looking Up: An account of the COBUILD Project in lexical computing and the development of the Collins COBUILD English Language Dictionary. London: Collins ELT.Google Scholar
1991 Corpus, Concordance, Collocation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Sin-Wai, Chan
2015 “Computer-Aided Translation: Major Concepts.” In Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Technology, edited by Sin-Wai Chan, 32–67. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Smith, Richard C.
ed. 2003 “Introduction.” In Teaching English as a Foreign Language, 1912–1936. Pioneers of ELT. Volume III Michael West, ix–xxvi. London and New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
2015 Lawrence Faucett’s Life and Career. Accessed March 6, 2018. https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/al/research/collections/elt_archive/halloffame/faucett/life
Snider, James G., and Charles E. Osgood
ed. 1969 Semantic Differential Technique: A Sourcebook. Chicago: Aldine.Google Scholar
Sobkowiak, Włodzimierz, and Marek Kuczyński
2002 “Phonetics and Ideology of Defining Vocabularies.” In EURALEX’ 2002 Proceedings, Copenhagen, 13–17 August 2002, edited by Anna Braasch and C. Povlsen, 495–502. Copenhagen: Center fro Sprogteknologi.Google Scholar
Staehr, Lars S.
2009 “Vocabulary Knowledge and Advanced Listening Comprehension in English as a Foreign Language.” Studies in Second Language Acquisition 31 (4): 577–607. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Stein, Gabriele
1979 “The Best of British and American Lexicography.” Dictionaries 1:1–23. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
1989 “Recent Developments in EFL Dictionaries.” In Learners’ Dictionaries: State of the Art, edited by Makhan L. Tickoo, 10–41. Singapore: SEAMEO Regional Language Centre.Google Scholar
2002a Better Words. (selected essays by G. Stein on Dictionary Criticism). Exeter: University of Exeter Press.Google Scholar
2002b Developing Your English Vocabulary. A Systematic New Approach. Tübingen: Stauffenburg Verlag.Google Scholar
2016 “Some Thoughts on the Issue of Core Vocabularies. A Response to Vaclav Brezina and Dana Gablasova: ‘Is There a Core General Vocabulary?’ Introducing the New General Service List.” Applied Linguistics 38(5): 759–763.Google Scholar
Sterkenburg, Piet van
ed. 2003 A Practical Guide to Lexicography. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Stubbs, Michael
1986 “Language development, lexical competence and nuclear vocabulary.” Educational Linguistics, edited by Michael Stubbs, 98–115. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Summers, Della
1988 “English Language Teaching Dictionaries: Past, Present, and Future.” English Today 4 (2): 10–16. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Svensén, Bo
1993 Practical Lexicography: Principles and Methods of Dictionary-Making. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Swanepoel, Piet
1994 “Problems, Theories and Methodologies in Current Lexicographic Semantic Research.” In EURALEX 1994 Proceedings. Papers submitted to the 6th EURALEX International Congress on Lexicography in Amsterdam (Vrije Universiteit) 1994, edited by Willy Martin, Willem Meijs, and Margreet Moerland, 11–26. Amsterdam.Google Scholar
Sweet, Henry
1899 “The Practical Study of Languages: A Guide for Teachers and Learners.” London: J. M. Dent. [Reprinted 2003. Lexicography Critical Concepts. vol. 2, edited by Reinhard R.K. Hartmann, 257–268. London: Routledge.]Google Scholar
Šcerba, Lev
1995 “Towards a General Theory of Lexicography.” (translated by Farina, D.) International Journal of Lexicography 8 (4): 305–349.Google Scholar
Taylor, John R.
1995 Linguistic categorization. Prototypes in linguistic theory. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Thorndike, Edward L.
1921 The Teacher’s Word Book. Columbia University: Teachers College.Google Scholar
Thorndike, Edward L., and Irving Lorge
1944 The Teacher’s Word Book of 30,000 Words. Oxford: Bureau of Publications, Teachers Co.Google Scholar
Thouin, Benoît
1982 “The Meteo System.” In Practical Experience of Machine Translation: Proceedings of Translating and the Computer 1981, edited by Veronica Lawson, 39–44.Google Scholar
Tickoo, Makhan L.
2008 Harold E. Palmer: From Learner-teacher to Legend. Hydrabad: Orient Longman.Google Scholar
Tomaszczyk, Jerzy
1979 Dictionaries: Users and Uses, Glottodidactica 12: 103–19.Google Scholar
Tono, Yukio
1989 “Can a Dictionary Help One Read Better?” In Lexicographers and their Works. (Exeter Linguistic Studies Volume 14), edited by Gregory James, 192–200. University of Exeter.Google Scholar
Trask, Robert L.
1996 Historical Linguistics. London: Arnold.Google Scholar
Trier, Jost
1931 Der Deutsche Wortschatz im Sinnbezirk des Verstandes: Die Geschichte eines Sprachlichen Feldes I. Von den Anfängen bis zum Beginn des 13. Jhdts. Heidelberg: Winter.Google Scholar
Ungerer, Friedrich, and Hans-Jörg Schmid
2006 An Introduction to Cognitive Linguistics. Harlow: Pearson Longman.Google Scholar
VOA Special English Word Book A–Z
2009 Washington, D.C. www.VOASpecialEnglish.com.Google Scholar
WaCKy
2017 The ukWaC unigrams (lemmas). Accessed May 10, 2017. https://wacky.sslmit.unibo.it/doku.php?id=frequency_lists.
Waring, Rob, and Misako Takaki
2003 “At What Rate Do Learners Learn and Retain New Vocabulary from Reading a Graded Reader?” Reading in a Foreign Language 15 (2): 130–163.Google Scholar
Webb, Stuart
2007 “The Effects of Repetition on Vocabulary Knowledge.” Applied Linguistics 28 (1): 46–65. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Webb, Stuart, Paul I. S. Nation
2008 “Evaluating the Vocabulary Load of Written Text.” TESOLANZ Journal 16: 1–10.Google Scholar
Weinreich, Uriel
1980 On Semantics. Edited by William Labov and Beatrice S. Weinreich. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Wekker, Herman, and Phil Hyams
1979 “De Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English.” Review Article. Levende Talen 342: 406–417.Google Scholar
West, Michael
1926 Bilingualism (with Special Reference to Bengal). Calcutta: Government of India. (Reprinted in: Richard C. Smith. ed. 2003. Vol. 3, 1–392).Google Scholar
1927a The Construction of Reading Material for Teaching a Foreign Language. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
1927b The New Method Readers for Students of English. Longmans, Green and Co.Google Scholar
1935 Definition Vocabulary. Bulletin no. 4 of the Department of Educational Research. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.Google Scholar
1953 A General Service List of English Words with Semantic Frequencies and a Supplementary Word-List for the Writing of Popular Science and Technology (GSL). London: Longmans.Google Scholar
1954 “Vocabulary Selection and the Minimum Adequate Vocabulary.” English Language Teaching 8 (4): 121–126. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
1960 Teaching English in Difficult Circumstances: Teaching English as a Foreign Language with Notes on the Technique of Textbook Constructions. London: Longmans, Green.Google Scholar
West, Michael, E. Swenson, K. M. Fawkes, F. L. Russell, and Wilf J. de Magellanes
1934 A Critical Examination of Basic English. Bulletin of Department of Educational Research, University of Toronto, 2: 1–53.Google Scholar
Whitcut, Janet
1978 “Lexicography in Controlled Vocabulary.” Paper presented at the AILA conference. Montreal 1978.
1986 “The Training of Dictionary Users.” In Lexicography An Emerging International Profession, edited by Robert Ilson, 111–122. London: Manchester University Press.Google Scholar
1988 “Lexicography in Simple Language.” International Journal of Lexicography 1 (1): 49–55. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Wiegand, Herbert E.
1994 “Elements of a Theory Toward a So-called Lexicographic Definition.” In Wiegand, Herbert E. 1999 Semantics and Lexicography. Selected Studies (1976–1996), 203–282, edited by Antje Immken and Werner Wolski. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer.Google Scholar
Wingate, Ursula
2002 The Effectiveness of Different Learner Dictionaries. An Investigation into the Use of Dictionaries for Reading Comprehension by Intermediate Learners of German. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer Verlag. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Widdowson, H. G.
1968 “The Teaching of English Through Science.” In Language in Education, edited by Julian Dakin, Brian Tiffen, and H. G. Widdowson. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Wierzbicka, Anna
1972 Semantic Primitives. Frankfurt.Google Scholar
1985 Lexicography and Conceptual Analysis. Ann Arbor: Karoma Publishers, Inc.Google Scholar
1996 Semantic Primes and Universals. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
2003 Cross-Cultural Pragmatics: The Semantics of Human Interaction. 2nd ed. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2014 Imprisoned in English. The Hazards of English as a Default Language. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Wilks, Yorick, Dan Fass, Cheng-ming Guo, James E. McDonald, Tony Plate, and Brian M. Slator
1988 “Machine Tractable Dictionaries as Tools and Resources for Natural Language Processing.” In Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling-88) Budapest, Vol. 2, 750–755, Association for Computational Linguistics. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Williams, Christopher
2004 “Legal English and Plain Language: An introduction.” ESP Across Cultures 1: 111–124.Google Scholar
Wojcik, Richard H.
2006 “Controlled Languages.” In Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics, 2nd ed., edited by Keith Brown, Anne Anderson, Laurie Bauer, Margie Berns, Jim Miller, and Graeme Hirst, 136–142. Oxford: Elsevier. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Xiao, Richard
2008 “Well-known and influential corpora.” In Corpus Linguistics: An International Handbook, Vol. 1, edited by Anke Lüdeling and Merja Kytö, 383–456. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Xu, Hai
2012 “A Critique of the Controlled Defining Vocabulary in Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English.” Lexikos 22: 367–381. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Xue, Guoyi, and Paul I. S. Nation
1984 “A University Word List.” Language Learning and Communication 3 (2): 215–229.Google Scholar
Youngblood, Alison M., and Keith S. Folse
2017 “Survey of Corpus-Based Vocabulary Lists for TESOL Classes.” MEXTESOL Journal 41 (1): 1–15.Google Scholar
Zakaluk, Beverley L., and S. Jay Samuels
1996 “Issues Related to Text Comprehensibility: The Future of Readability.” Revue Québécoise de Linguistique 25 (1): 41–59. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Zarechnak, Michael
2000 “The early days of GAT-SLC.” In Early Years in Machine Translation. Memoirs and Biographies of Pioneers, edited by W. John Hutchins, 111–128. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Zipf, George K.
1935 The Psycho-Biology of Language: An Introduction to Dynamic Philology. Boston: Houghton-Mifflin.Google Scholar
Żmigrodzki, Piotr
2003 Wprowadzenie do leksykografii polskiej. Katowice: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego.Google Scholar
Subjects & Metadata

Linguistics

Applied linguistics
English linguistics

Terminology & Lexicography

Terminology
BIC Subject: CFM – Lexicography
BISAC Subject: LAN021000 – LANGUAGE ARTS & DISCIPLINES / Spelling & Vocabulary
ONIX Metadata
ONIX 2.1
ONIX 3.0
U.S. Library of Congress Control Number:  2021003374 | Marc record