Turn-taking is usually considered to follow a simple set of rules, enacted through a perhaps more complicated system of signals. The most significant aspect of the turn-taking process is that, in most cases, it proceeds in a very smooth fashion. Speakers signal to each other that they wish to either yield or take the turn through syntactic, pragmatic, and prosodic means. In this paper, I explore how the turn-taking process develops in two different sets of Spanish conversations. In the first group of conversations, speakers take turns spontaneously, presumably as they would do in everyday situations. In the second group, turns were mechanically controlled, and communication was one-way. A comparison of the two types of conversation provides insights into the signals used in spontaneous turn-taking.
Auer, Peter (1996) On the prosody and syntax of turn-continuations. In E. Couper-Kuhlen and M. Selting (eds.), Prosody in Conversation: Interactional Studies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 57-100.
Bangerter, Adrian, Herbert H. Clark, and Anna R. Katz (2004) Navigating joint projects in telephone conversations. Discourse Processes 37.1: 1-23. BoP
Beattie, Geoffrey (1977) The dynamics of interruption and the filled pause. The British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 16.3: 283-284.
Beattie, Geoffrey (1979) Planning units in spontaneous speech: Some evidence from hesitation in speech and speaker gaze direction in conversation. Linguistics 171: 61-78.
Beattie, Geoffrey (1981) The regulation of speaker turns in face-to-face conversation: Some implications for conversation in sound-only communication channels. Semiotica 34.1-2: 55-70.
Beattie, Geoffrey, Anne Cutler, and Mark Pearson (1982) Why is Mrs. Thatcher interrupted so often?Nature 300.23: 744-747.
Bickmore, Timothy W., and Justine Cassell (2005) Social dialogue with embodied conversational agents. In J. van Kuppevelt, L. Dybkjaer and N. Bernsen (eds.), Advances in Natural Multimodal Dialogue Systems. Berlin: Springer.
Briz, Antonio (1993) Los conectores pragmáticos en español coloquial (I): Su papel argumentativo. Contextos 11.21-22: 145-188.
Brown, Penelope, and Stephen Levinson (1978) Universals in language use: Politeness phenomena. In E. N. Goody (ed.), Questions and Politeness: Strategies in Social Interaction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 56-289.
Byron, Donna K., and Peter A. Heeman (1998) Identifying discourse markers in spoken dialog, AAAI Spring Symposium on Applying Machine Learning and Discourse Processing. Stanford, CA.
Chafe, Wallace (1994) Discourse, Consciousness and Time: The Flow and Displacement of Conscious Experience in Speaking and Writing. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. BoP
Condon, Sherri L. (1986) The discourse functions of OK. Semiotica 601: 73-101. BoP
Condon, Sherri L. (2001) Discourse ok revisited: Default organization in verbal interaction. Journal of Pragmatics 331: 491-513. BoP
Cortés Rodríguez, Luis (1998) Marcadores del discurso y análisis cuantitativo. In M.A. Martín Zorraquino and E. Montolío Durán (eds.), Los marcadores del discurso: Teoría y análisis. Madrid: Arco, pp. 143-160.
Cutler, Anne, and Mark Pearson (1986) On the analysis of prosodic turn-taking cues. In C. Johns-Lewis (ed.), Intonation in Discourse. San Diego, CA: College Hill, pp. 139-156.
Duncan, Starkey (1972) Some signals and rules for taking speaking turns in conversations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 231: 283-292. BoP
Duncan, Starkey (1973) Toward a grammar for dyadic conversation. Semiotica 9.11: 29-46. BoP
Duncan, Starkey, and Donald W. Fiske (1977) Face-to-Face Interaction: Research, Methods, and Theory. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. BoP
Duncan, Starkey, and Donald W. Fiske (1985) Interaction Structure and Strategy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Edelsky, Carole (1981) Who's got the floor? Language in Society 101: 383-421. BoP
Ferrara, Kathleen (1997) Form and function of the discourse marker 'anyway': Implications for discourse analysis. Linguistics 351: 343-378. BoP
Ford, Cecilia, and Sandra A. Thompson (1996) Interactional units in conversation: Syntactic, intonational, and pragmatic resources for the management of turns. In E. Ochs, E. Schegloff and S.A. Thompson (eds.), Interaction and Grammar. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 134-184. BoP
Fox Tree, Jean E., and Josef C. Schrock (1999) Discourse markers in spontaneous speech: Oh what a difference an oh makes. Journal of Memory and Language 401: 280-295.
Fox Tree, Jean E., and Josef C. Schrock (2002) Basic meanings of you know and I mean. Journal of Pragmatics 341: 727-747.
Fraser, Bruce (1999) What are discourse markers?Journal of Pragmatics 311: 931-952. BoP
Furo, Hiroko (2001) Turn-Taking in English and Japanese: Projectability in Grammar, Intonation, and Semantics. New York: Routledge. BoP
Goffman, Erving (1981) Forms of Talk. Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press. BoP
Goodwin, Charles (1981) Conversational Organization: Interaction between Speakers and Hearers. New York: Academic Press. BoP
Grosz, Barbara J., and Candace L. Sidner (1986) Attention, intentions, and the structure of discourse. Computational Linguistics 121.31: 175-204.
Hayashi, R. (1991) Floor structure of English and Japanese conversation. Journal of Pragmatics 161: 1-30. BoP
Heritage, John (1984) A change-of-state token and aspects of its sequential placement. In J.M. Atkinson and J. Heritage (eds.), Structures of Social Action: Studies in Conversation Analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 299-345. BoP
Hidalgo, Antonio (1998) Alternancia de turnos y conversación. Sobre el papel regulador de los suprasegmentos en el habla simultánea. Lingüística Española Actual 20.2: 217-238.
Hopper, Robert (1992) Telephone Conversation. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. BoP
Houtkoop, Hanneke, and Harrie Mazeland (1985) Turns and discourse units in everyday conversation. Journal of Pragmatics 91: 595-619. BoP
Jaffe, Joseph, and Stanley Feldstein (1970) Rhythms of Dialogue. New York: Academic Press.
Jefferson, Gail (1983) On a failed hypothesis: 'Conjunctionals' as overlap-vulnerable. Tilburg Papers in Language and Literature 281: 29-33.
Jefferson, Gail (1984) Notes on a systematic deployment of the acknowledgment tokens "yeah" and "mm hm". Papers in Linguistics 171: 197-216.
Jones, Rod, and Joanna Thornborrow (2004) Floors, talk and the organization of classroom activities. Language in Society 331: 399-423. BoP
Kendon, Adam (1994) Do gestures communicate?: A review. Research on Language and Social Interaction 27.3: 175-200.
Kendon, Adam (1995) Gestures as illocutionary and discourse structure markers in Southern Italian conversation. Journal of Pragmatics 23.3: 247-279. BoP
Knott, Alistair, and Ted Sanders (1998) The classification of coherence relations and their linguistic markers: An exploration of two languages. Journal of Pragmatics 301: 135-175. BoP
Lerner, Gene H. (2003) Selecting next speaker: The context-sensitive operation of a context-free organization. Language in Society 32.2: 177-201. BoP
Local, John (1996) Conversational phonetics: Some aspects of news receipts in everyday talk. In E. Couper-Kuhlen and M. Selting (eds.), Prosody in conversation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 177-230.
Local, John, and John Kelly (1986) Projection and "silences": Notes on phonetic and conversational structure. Human Studies 91: 185-204.
Maclay, Howard, and Charles E. Oswood (1959) Hesitation phenomena in spontaneous English speech. Word 151: 19-44. BoP
Martin, James R. (1984) Language, register and genre. In F. Christie (ed.), Children Writing: Reader. Geelong, Victoria: Deakin University Press, pp. 21-30.
Pierrehumbert, Janet (1980) The Phonology and Phonetics of English intonation. Ph.D. dissertation, MIT, Cambridge, Mass.
Placencia, María Elena (1997) Opening up closings-the Ecuadorian way. Text 17.11: 53-81.
Pomerantz, Anita (1984) Agreeing and disagreeing with assessments: Some features of preferred/dispreferred turn shapes. In J.M. Atkinson and J. Heritage (eds.), Structures of Social Interaction: Studies in Conversation Analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 57-101.
Raymond, Geoffrey (2004) Prompting action: The stand-alone "so" in ordinary conversation. Research on Language and Social Interaction 37.2: 185-218. BoP
Redeker, Gisela (1990) Ideational and pragmatic markers of discourse structure. Journal of Pragmatics 141: 367-381. BoP
Redeker, Gisela (1991) Review article: Linguistic markers of linguistic structure. Linguistics 29.61: 1139-1172. BoP
Sacks, Harvey (1992) Lectures on Conversation (Gail Jefferson ed. Vol. II). London: Sage. BoP
Sacks, Harvey, Emmanuel Schegloff, and Gail Jefferson (1974) A simplest systematics for the organization of turn-taking in conversation. Language 501: 696-735. BoP
Schegloff, Emmanuel (1968) Sequencing in conversational openings. American Anthropologist 701: 10751095.
Schegloff, Emmanuel (1982) Discourse as an interactional achievement: Some uses of uh huh and other things that come between sentences. In D. Tannen (ed.), Analyzing Discourse: Text and Talk. Georgetown University Roundtable on Languages and Linguistics. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, pp. 71-93.
Schegloff, Emmanuel (1988) Discourse as an interactional achievement II: An exercise in Conversation Analysis. In D. Tannen (ed.), Linguistics in Context: Connecting Observations and Understanding. Norwood, NJ: Ablex, pp. 135-158.
Schegloff, Emmanuel, and Harvey Sacks (1973) Opening up closings. Semiotica 81: 289-327. BoP
Schiffrin, Deborah (1987) Discourse Markers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. BoP
Selting, Margret (1998) TCUs and TRPs: The construction of units in conversational talk. InLiSt Interaction and Linguistic Structures41: [URL]
Selting, Margret (2000) The construction of units in conversational talk. Language in Society 291: 477-517. BoP
Serrano, María José (1995) El uso de la verdad y pues como marcadores discursivos de respuesta. Español Actual 641: 5-16.
Stephens, Jane, and Geoffrey Beattie (1986) On judging the ends of speaker turns in conversation. Journal of Language and Social Psychology 5.2: 119-134. BoP
Taboada, Maite (2003) Modeling task-oriented dialogue. Computers and the Humanities 37.4: 431-454.
Taboada, Maite (in press) Discourse markers as signals (or not) of rhetorical relations. Journal of Pragmatics.
Tanaka, Hiroko (2001) Adverbials for turn projection in Japanese: Toward a demystification of the "telepathic" mode of communication. Language in Society 30.4: 559-587. BoP
Wennerstrom, Ann, and Andrew F. Siegel (2003) Keeping the floor in multiparty conversations: Intonation, syntax, and pause. Discourse Processes 36.2: 77-107. BoP
Yngve, Victor H. (1970) On getting a word in edgewise. In Papers from the Sixth Regional Meeting of the Chicago Linguistics Society. Chicago: University of Chicago, pp. 567-577.
Cited by (13)
Cited by 13 other publications
Peck, Naomi & Laura Becker
2024. Syntactic pausing? Re-examining the associations. Linguistics Vanguard
Abbar, Najlaa Hayyawi
2023. The Strategy of Turn-Taking in Pygmalion by George Bernard Shaw. Academia Open 8:2
Fang, Jingchao, Victoria Chang, Ge Gao & Hao-Chuan Wang
2021. Companion Publication of the 2021 Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing, ► pp. 49 ff.
Schuetzler, Ryan M., G. Mark Grimes & Justin Scott Giboney
2019. The effect of conversational agent skill on user behavior during deception. Computers in Human Behavior 97 ► pp. 250 ff.
Degand, Liesbeth & Geertje van Bergen
2018. Discourse Markers as Turn-Transition Devices: Evidence From Speech and Instant Messaging. Discourse Processes 55:1 ► pp. 47 ff.
Du, Jiali, Christina Alexandris, Dimitrios Mourouzidis, Vasilios Floros & Antonios Iliakis
2017. Controlling Interaction in Multilingual Conversation Revisited: A Perspective for Services and Interviews in Mandarin Chinese. In Human-Computer Interaction. User Interface Design, Development and Multimodality [Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 10271], ► pp. 573 ff.
Alexandris, Christina, Mario Nottas & George Cambourakis
2015. Interactive Evaluation of Pragmatic Features in Spoken Journalistic Texts. In Human-Computer Interaction: Users and Contexts [Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 9171], ► pp. 259 ff.
Kahng, Jimin
2014. Exploring Utterance and Cognitive Fluency of L1 and L2 English Speakers: Temporal Measures and Stimulated Recall. Language Learning 64:4 ► pp. 809 ff.
Benus, Stefan
2013. 2013 IEEE 4th International Conference on Cognitive Infocommunications (CogInfoCom), ► pp. 271 ff.
Du-Babcock, Bertha & Hiromasa Tanaka
2013. A Comparison of the Communication Behaviors of Hong Kong Chinese and Japanese Business Professionals in Intracultural and Intercultural Decision-Making Meetings. Journal of Business and Technical Communication 27:3 ► pp. 263 ff.
Beňuš, Štefan, Agustín Gravano & Julia Hirschberg
2011. Pragmatic aspects of temporal accommodation in turn-taking. Journal of Pragmatics 43:12 ► pp. 3001 ff.
Gráczi, Tekla & Sarolta Bata
2010. The effect of familiarization on temporal aspects of turn-taking: A pilot study. Acta Linguistica Hungarica 57:2-3 ► pp. 307 ff.
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 28 october 2024. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers.
Any errors therein should be reported to them.