Agreement in Language Contact
Gender development in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
| TU Dortmund University
Gender in English changed dramatically from the elaborate system found in Old English to the very simple he/she/it-alternation in use from (late) Middle English onwards. While either system is well described and understood, the change from one to the other is anything but: more than 120 years of research into the matter provided no prevailing opinion – let alone a consensus – regarding how it proceeded or why it occurred. The present study is the first to address this issue in the context of language contact with Old Norse, assessing this contact influence in relation to both language-formal and semantico-cognitive factors. This empirical, functional account uses rigorous, innovative methodology, interdisciplinary evidence, and well-established models of synchronic variation in diachronic application to draw a fine-grained picture of the variation, change, and loss of gender from Old to Middle English and its underlying mainsprings. The resulting plausible and parsimonious explanations will prove relevant to students and scholars of historical linguistics, morpho-syntax, language variation and change, or language contact, to name but a few.
[Studies in Language Companion Series, 208] 2019. xxi, 351 pp.
Publishing status: Available
© John Benjamins
Table of Contents
List of figures
|
ix–xiii
|
List of tables
|
xv
|
List of examples
|
xvii–xix
|
List of abbreviations
|
xxi
|
Chapter 1. Introduction
|
1–3
|
Chapter 2. Aims and objectives
|
5–8
|
Chapter 3. Gender
|
9–77
|
Chapter 4. Viking influence in England
|
79–117
|
Chapter 5. Methodology
|
119–161
|
Chapter 6. Analysis
|
163–250
|
Chapter 7. Discussion
|
251–323
|
Chapter 8. Conclusion and outlook
|
325–329
|
References
|
331–349
|
Index
|
351
|
References
References
Allen, Cynthia L.
Ashby, Steven P.
Ausbüttel, Erich
Backhaus, Klaus, Erichson, Bernd, Plinke, Wulff & Weiber, Rolf
Backhouse, Janet
2004 Aldred (fl. c.970). In Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford: OUP. http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/312?docPos=1> (19 August 2013).
Baker, Peter S.
Barrow, G. W. S.
2004 Margaret [St Margaret] (d. 1093). In Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford: OUP. http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/18044> (10 June 2011).
Bartlett, Frederic C.
Bates, Elizabeth, Devescovi, Antonella, Hernandez, Arturo & Pizzamiglio, Luigi
Baugh, Albert C. & Cable, Thomas
Berg, Thomas
Bergen, Benjamin & Binsted, Kim
Bergmann, Rolf & Nerius, Dieter
Bergs, Alexander & Skaffari, Janne
van Berkum, Jos A.
Berlin, Brent & Kay, Paul
BIPM (Bureau International des Poids et Mesures)
2006 The International System of Units, 8th edn. http://www.bipm.org/utils/common/pdf/si_brochure_8_en.pdf> (4 June 2012).
Blair, John
2004 Spearhafoc (fl. 1047–1051). In Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford: OUP. http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/49416> (20 May 2013).
Blake, Norman F.
Blinkhorn, Paul
Bosworth, Joseph & Toller, Thomas N.
Bowden, Georgina R., Balaresque, Patricia, King, Turi E., Hansen, Ziff, Lee, Andrew C., Pergl-Wilson, Giles, Hurley, Emma, Roberts, Stephen J., Waite, Patrick, Jesch, Judith, Jones, Abigail L., Thomas, Mark G., Harding, Stephen E. & Jobling, Mark A.
2000 Semikommunikation in phatischen Dialogen. In Text/Diskurs, Oralität/Literalität unter dem Aspekt mehrsprachiger Kommunikation. Beiträge zum Workshop‚ Methodologie und Datenanalyse‘ [Arbeiten zur Mehrsprachigkeit/Working Papers on Multilingualism, Folge B, Nr. 11], Bernd Meyer & Notis Toufexis (eds), 101–114. Hamburg: Universität Hamburg.
2001 Semicommunication and accommodation: Observations from the linguistic situation in Scandinavia. In Arbeiten zur Mehrsprachigkeit [Working Papers on Multilingualism, Folge B, Nr. 17], Kristin Bührig, Gisella Ferraresi, Natascha Müller, Jochen Rehbein & Sophia Vulgari (eds). Hamburg: Universität Hamburg.
Brett, Martin
Brinegar, John H.
Brugmann, Karl
Brooks, Nicholas
Campbell, James
Capelli, Cristian, Redhead, Nicola, Abernethy, Julia K., Gratrix, Fiona, Wilson, James F., Moen, Torolf, Hervig, Tor, Richards, Martin, Stumpf, Michael P. H., Underhill, Peter A., Bradshaw, Paul, Shaha, Alom, Thomas, Mark G., Bradman, Neal & Goldstein, David B.
Carello, Claudia, Lukatela, Georgije & Turvey, Michael T.
Cavill, Paul, Harding, Stephen E. & Jesch, Judith
Christen, Helen
1998
Die Mutti oder das Mutti, die Rita oder das Rita? Über Besonderheiten der Genuszuweisung bei Personen- und Verwandtschaftsnamen in schweizerdeutschen Dialekten. In Ist mir getroumet mîn leben? Vom Träumen und vom Anderssein. Festschrift für Karl-Ernst Geith zum 65. Geburtstag [Göppinger Arbeiten zur Germanistik; Bd. 632], André Snyder, Claudia Bartholemy-Teusch, Barbara Fleith & René Wetzel (eds), 267–281. Göppingen: Kümmerle.
Cleasby, Richard & Vigfússon, Guþbrandur
Conner, Patrick W.
2003 Agreement: Canonical instances and the extent of the phenomenon. In Topics in Morphology: Selected papers from the Third Mediterranean Morphology Meeting (Barcelona, September 20–22, 2001), Geert Booij, Janet DeCesaris, Angela Ralli & Sergio Scalise (eds), 109–128. Barcelona: Universitat Pompeu Fabra.
2011 Number of genders. In The World Atlas of Language Structures Online, Matthew S. Dryer & Martin Haspelmath (eds.). Munich: Max Planck Digital Library. http://wals.info/feature/30A> (17 May 2012).
Crist, Sean
Cubbin, G. P.
Dahl, Östen
De Vincenzi, Marcia
De Vogelaer, Gunther
De Vos, Lien & De Vogelaer, Gunther
Deutsch, Avital & Bentin, Shlomo
Deutsch, Avital, Bentin, Shlomo & Katz, Leonard
diPaolo Healy, Antonette
Dolberg, Florian
2012 Gender change from Old to Middle English. In English Historical Linguistics 2010: Selected Papers from the Sixteenth International Conference on English Historical Linguistics (ICEHL 16), Pécs, 23–27 August 2010 [Current Issues in Linguistic Theory 325], Irén Hegedüs & Alexandra Fodor (eds), 263–288. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 

Dressler, Wolfgang U., Mayerthaler, Willi, Panagl, Oswald & Wurzel, Wolfgang U.
Dumville, David N.
Dumville, David N. & Keynes, Simon
Ekwall, Eilert
Elenbaas, Marion
Ellis, Nick C.
Encyclopaedia Britannica
Enger, Hans-Olav
Enger, Hans-Olav & Corbett, Greville G.
Evison, Martin P.
Ewald, Petra
Falsetti, Anthony B. & Sokal, Robert R.
Fellows-Jensen, Gillian
2005 The Anglo-Scandinavian street-names of York. In Anglo-Scandinavian York. A Multi-disciplinary Survey [The Archaeology of York 8/5], R. A. Hall, A. J. Mainman, D. Tweddle, Gillian Fellows-Jensen, D. N. Parsons, H. K. Kenward, A. R. Hall, D. W. Rollason, T. P. O’Connor & M. Blackburn (eds). York: Council for British Archaeology.
Fillmore, Charles
Fillmore, Charles & Atkins, Beryl T.
Fischer, Andreas
Fjalldal, Magnus
Fletcher, Richard
Foot, Sarah
2004 Æthelstan (893/4–939). In Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford: OUP. http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/833> (29 June 2011).
Frenda, Alessio S.
Friederici, Angela D. & Jacobsen, Thomas
Froschauer, Regine
Giles, Howard, Coupland, Nicholas & Coupland, Justine
Giles, Howard & Smith, Philip
Gilhooly, Ken J. & Logie, Robert H.
von Glahn, Nikolaus
Gneuss, Helmut
Godden, Malcolm
2004 Ælfric of Eynsham (c.950–c.1010). In Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford: OUP. http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/187> (21 July 2011).
Görlach, Manfred
Goldberg, Adele E.
Gould, Stephen J. & Vrba, Elisabeth
Gould, Stephen J.
Gransden, Antonia
2004 Edmund [St Edmund] (d. 869). In Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford: OUP. http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/8500> (16 October 2011).
Greenberg, Joseph H.
Grice, Herbert P.
Gries, Stefan T.
Grosjean, François, Dommergues, Jean-Yves, Cornu, Etienne, Delphine Guillelmon, Delphine & Besson, Carole
Gurevich, Olga, Johnson, Matthew A. & Goldberg, Adele
Gurjanov, M., Lukatela, Georgije, Lukatela, K., Savić, M. & Turvey, Michael T.
Hadley, Dawn M. & Richards, Julian D.
Hall, J. R. Clark
Hammer, Michael F., Karafet, Tatiana M., Redd, Alan J., Jarjanazi, Hamdi, Santachiara-Benerecetti, Silvana, Soodyall, Himla & Zegura, Stephen L.
Hansen, Bente H.
Harding, Stephen E.
Hart, Cyril
2004a Edward [St Edward; called Edward the Martyr] (c.962–978). In Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford: OUP. http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/8515> (30 December 2011).
2004b Wulfstan (d. 955/6). In Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford: OUP. http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/50493> (12 June 2011).
Harris, Alice C. & Campbell, Lyle
Haugen, Einar
Hawkins, John A.
Helsinki Corpus
Hiltunen, Risto
Hines, John
Hirt, Hermann
Hofmann, Dietrich
Hogg, Richard M.
Home, Malasree
Hotta, Ryuichi
2012 The order and schedule of nominal plural formation transfer in three Southern dialects of Middle English. In English Historical Linguistics 2010: Selected Papers from the sixteenth International Conference on English Historical Linguistics (ICEHL 16), Pécs, 23–27 August 2010 [Current Issues in Linguistic Theory 325], Irén Hegedüs & Alexandra Fodor (eds). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 

Huddleston, Rodney & Pullum, Geoffrey
von Humboldt, Wilhelm
Hunt, William & Costambeys, Marios
2004 Siward (d. 1048). In Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford: OUP. http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/25651> (1 July 2011).
Hunt, William & Smith, Mary Frances
2004a Æthelgar (d. 990). In Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford: OUP. http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/8909> (29 June 2011).
2004b Eadsige (d. 1050). In Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford: OUP. http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/8385b> (1 June 2011).
Irvine, Susan
Jagodziński, Grzegorz
2002 A Grammar of the Polish Language. http://grzegorj.w.interia.pl/gram/en/gram00.html> (10 May 2013).
Jakobson, Roman
Jescheniak, Jörg D. & Levelt, Willem J. M.
Jobin, Bettina
Johnson, Mark
Jones, Charles
Kastovsky, Dieter
Keller, Rudi
Keller, Wolfgang
Keynes, Simon
2009 Æthelred II (c.966 × 8–1016) In Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford: OUP. http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/8915> (30 November 2011).
King, Edmund
2004 Hugh Candidus [Hugh Albus] (c.1095–c.1160). In Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford: OUP. http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/14057> (22 June 2011).
Knowles, David
Konishi, Tomoshichi
Köpcke, Klaus-Michael
Köpcke, Klaus-Michael & Zubin, David
Köpcke, Klaus-Michael, Panther, Klaus-Uwe & Zubin, David
Körner, Karl
Kornexl, Lucia
2009 Geschlechterdifferenz und ihre sprachliche Markierung: Zur historischen Entwicklung der personalen Wortbildung im Englischen. In Geschlechterdifferenz, und kein Ende? Sozial- und geisteswissenschaftliche Beiträge zur Genderforschung, Hella Ehlers, Heike Kahlert, Gabriele Linke, Dorit Raffel, Beate Rudlof & Heike Trappe (eds). Münster: LIT.
Landwehr, Max
Lange, Ulrich
Laing, Margaret & Lass, Roger
2007- A Linguistic Atlas of Early Middle English, 1150–1350. Edinburgh: EUP. www.lel.ed.ac.uk/ihd/laeme1/laeme1.html> (24 November 2012).
Lakoff, George
1991 Metaphor and war: The metaphor system used to justify war in the Gulf. http://www2.iath.virginia.edu/sixties/HTML_docs/Texts/Scholarly/Lakoff_Gulf_Metaphor_1.html> (26 July 2013).
2003 Metaphor and war, again. http://www.alternet.org/story/15414/metaphor_and_war,_again> (26 July 2013).
Lakoff, George & Turner, Mark
Lass, Roger
Latter, B. D. H.
Lawson, M. K.
2004 Cnut (d. 1035). In Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford: OUP. http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/4579 on 2012–07–28>
Leslie, Stephen, Winney, Bruce, Hellenthal, Garrett, Davison, Dan, Boumertit, Abdelhamid, Day, Tammy, Hutnik, Katarzyna, Royrvik, Ellen C., Cunliffe, Bary
, Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium, International Multiple Sclerosis Genetics Consortium, Lawson, Daniel J., Falush, Daniel, Freeman, Collin, Pirinen, Matti, Myers, Simon, Robinson, Mark, Donnelly, Peter & Bodmer, Walter 2015 The fine-scale genetic structure of the British population. Nature 519: 309–314. 

Lewontin, Richard Charles
Lindelöf, Uno
Loporcaro, Michele & Paciaroni, Tania
Luraghi, Silvia
Lutz, Angelika
2012 Norse influence on English in the light of general contact linguistics. In English Historical Linguistics 2010: Selected Papers from the sixteenth International Conference on English Historical Linguistics (ICEHL 16), Pécs, 23–27 August 2010 [Current Issues in Linguistic Theory 325], Irén Hegedüs & Alexandra Fodor (eds), 15–42. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 

Mätzner, Eduard Adolf Ferdinand
Maier, Georg
Markus, Manfred
Mason, Emma
2004 Wulfstan [St Wulfstan] (c.1008–1095). In Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford: OUP. http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/30099> (8 June 2011)>
Mastana, Sarabijt S. & Sokol, R. J.
McIntosh, Angus, Samuels, M. L. & Benskin, Michael
McLeod, Shane
Meillet, A.
Metcalf, David Michael
Miller, Sean
2004 Edward [Edward the Elder] (870s?–924). In Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford: OUP. http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/8514 on 2011–06–08>
Mitchell, Bruce
Morsbach, Lorenz
Moulton, William
Mustanoja, Tauno F.
Nei, Masatoshi & Roychoudhury, Arun K.
Nesset, Tore
Newton, Isaac
Nichols, Johanna
Norde, Muriel & Van de Velde, Freek
Nübling, Damaris
Nübling, Damaris, Busley, Simone & Drenda, Juliane
O’Brien O’Keeffe, Katherine
Odenstedt, Bengt
Page, Raymond Ian
Panther, Klaus-Uwe
Paraschkewoff, Boris
Parkes, Malcolm B.
Pfeifer, Wolfgang
(ed.) No year. Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Deutschen. http://www.dwds.de/?qu=welsch> (18 September 2013).
Platzer, Hans
Plummer, Charles
Pollard, A. M., Ditchfield, P., Piva, E., Wallis, S., Falys, C. & Ford, S.
Pons-Sanz, Sara M.
Poole, Kristopher
Pyles, Thomas
Quirk, Randolph & Wrenn, Christopher L.
Radden, Günter & Dirven, Réne
Reuschel, Helga
Risse, Ursula
Robinson, Orrin W.
Roberts, Derek F., Mitchell, R. J., Creen, C. K. & Jorde, L. B.
Ronneberger-Sibold, Elke
Rositzke, Harry August
Ross, Alan S. C.
Rousseau, Jean-Jaques
1762[2010] Emile, or on Education. http://www.ilt.columbia.edu/pedagogies/rousseau/index.html> (23 September 2010).
Rubenstein, J. C.
2004 Eadmer of Canterbury (b. c.1060, d. in or after 1126). In Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford: OUP. http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/8383> (1 June 2011).
Russell, Bertrand
1952[1997] Is there a God?. In The Collected Papers of Bertrand Russell, Vol. 11: Last Philosophical Testament, 1943–68, John C. Slater & Peter Kollner (eds). London: Routledge. http://www.cfpf.org.uk/articles/religion/br/br_god.htm> (25 May 2011).
Sachs, Jacqueline S.
Samuels, Michael L.
Sasse, Hans-Jürgen
1993 Syntactic categories and subcategories. In Syntax: Ein internationales Handbuch zeitgenössischer Forschung/An International Handbook of Contemporary Research [Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft/Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication, 9], Joachim Jacobs, Arnim von Stechow, Wolfgang Sternefeld & Theo Vennemann (eds), 646–686. Berlin: De Gruyter.
Schmidt, Rainer
Schriefers, Herbert
Seebold, Elmar
Sidebottom, Phil
Siemund, Peter
Siemund, Peter & Dolberg, Florian
Silverstein, Michael
Smith, Adam
1790[2014] The Theory of Moral Sentiments, 6th edn. http://www.ibiblio.org/ml/libri/s/SmithA_MoralSentiments_p.pdf> (13 April 2014).
Stenroos, Merja
Stenton, Frank Merry
Stocker, David
Sundermann, Werner
Taylor, Simon
Thim, Stefan
Thomas, Gabor
Thomas, Hugh M.
Thomason, Sarah Grey & Kaufman, Terrence
Thomason, Sarah Grey
Tichý, Ondřej
Timberlake, Alan
Töpf, A. L., Gilbert, M. T. P., Dumbacher, J. P. & Hölzel, A. R.
Townend, Matthew
Trafford, Simon
Traugott, Elisabeth C.
Tummers, Jose, Heylen, Kris & Geeraerts, Dirk
Vigliocco, Gabriella, Vinson, David P., Paganelli, Federica & Dworzynski, Katharina
Walker, Ian & Hulme, Charles
Weinreich, Uriel
Weiss, Sabine & Rappelsberger, Peter
Whitelock, Dorothy
Whitelock, Dorothy, Douglas, David C. & Tucker, Susie I.
Whorf, Benjamin L.
2004a Godwine, earl of Wessex (d. 1053). In: Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford: OUP. http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/10887> (31 May 2011).
2004b Hygeberht (d. in or after 803). In Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford: OUP. http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/13223> (8 December 2011).
2004c Edgar (943/4–975). In Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford: OUP. http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/8463> (30 December 2011).
Wormald, Patrick
2004 Wulfstan (d. 1023). In Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford: OUP. http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/30098> (12 June 2011).
2006 Alfred (848/9–899). In Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford: OUP. http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/183 on 2011–06–13>
Wrenn, Charles Leslie
Xueqin, Li, Harbottle, Garman, Zhang, Juzhong & Wang, Changsui
Zaenen, Annie, Carlette, Jean, Garretson, Gregory, Bresnan, Joan, Koontz-Garboden, Andrew, Nikitina, Tatiana, O’Connor, M. Catherine & Wasow, Tom
Zubin, David & Köpcke, Klaus-Michael
Cited by
Cited by 2 other publications
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 06 february 2021. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.
Subjects
Linguistics
BIC Subject: CFF – Historical & comparative linguistics
BISAC Subject: LAN009010 – LANGUAGE ARTS & DISCIPLINES / Linguistics / Historical & Comparative