Common Law in an Uncommon Courtroom

Judicial interpreting in Hong Kong

Eva N.S. Ng

| The University of Hong Kong

Hardbound – Available

ISBN 9789027201911 | EUR 95.00 | USD 143.00

e-Book –

ISBN 9789027263162 | EUR 95.00 | USD 143.00

This book takes you into a common-law courtroom which is in no way similar to any other courtroom where common law is practised. This uniqueness is characterised, in particular, by the use of English as the trial language in a predominantly Cantonese-speaking society and by the presence of other bilinguals in court, thus presenting specific challenges for the interpreters who work in it, and at times rendering the interpretation service superfluous. This study, inter alia, problematises judges’ intervention in the court proceedings, Chinese witnesses testifying in English, as well as English-language trials heard by Chinese jurors. It demonstrates how the use of chuchotage proves to be inadequate and inappropriate in the Hong Kong courtroom, where interpreting in an English-language trial is arguably provided to cater for the need of the linguistic majority. This book is useful to interpreters, language educators, legal professionals, forensic linguists and policy makers alike.

[Benjamins Translation Library, 144] 2018. xxvi, 226 pp.

Publishing status: Available

https://doi.org/10.1075/btl.144

Table of Contents

List of tables	xiii
List of figures	xv
Transcription symbols and abbreviations used in this book	xvii–xviii
Abbreviations used in the transcripts and in this book	xix
Acknowledgements	xxi–xii
Foreword	xxiii–xxvi
Chapter 1. Introduction	1–10
Chapter 2. The practice of court interpreting in Hong Kong	11–38
Chapter 3. Modes of interpretation and audience roles in interpreted trial discourse	39–48
Chapter 4. The interpreter as one of the bilinguals in court	49–71
Chapter 5. Interpreter intervention in witness examination	73–90
Chapter 6. Judges’ intervention in witness examination	91–110
Chapter 7. Chinese witnesses testifying in English	111–127
Chapter 8. English trials heard by Chinese jurors	129–146
Chapter 9. Who is speaking?: Court interpreters’ use of first-person versus third-person interpreting	147–169
Chapter 10. Conclusions	171–190
References	191–203

Appendix 1. Timeline of the use of Chinese in courts	205–206
Appendix 2. Percentage of criminal cases conducted in Chinese in various courts	207–208
Appendix 3. Scale points for Court Interpreter and Simultaneous Interpreter under the Master Pay Scale for Civil Servants	209–210
Appendix 4. Transcript of the exchanges between the judge, the court clerk and the foreman of the jury, interspersed with remarks of the defence counsel	211–216
Appendix 5. Questionnaire on The use of direct or reported speech in court interpreting	217–220
Index	221

“This informative book on an important subject will contribute to the body of court interpreting literature and will benefit researchers, students of interpreting and forensic linguistics, and legal and interpreting professionals.”

Ludmila Stern, University of New South Wales, in Interpreting 22:1 (2020)

References

Adelo, A. Samuel

2007 “When the Court Interpreter Cannot Hear, Due Process Stops.” Bar Bulletin 46 (11): 11.

Allcock, Bob

2007 “Court Prosecutors and Government Lawyers.” Articles by Law Officers. http://www.doj.gov.hk/eng/public/pdf/lo20070110e.pdf.

Anderson, R. Bruce

2002 “Perspectives on the Role of Interpreter.” In The Interpreting Studies Reader, ed. by Franz Pöchhacker, and Miriam Shlesinger, 208–217. London: Routledge.

Angelelli, Claudia

2004 Revisiting the Interpreter’s Role: A Study of Conference, Court, and Medical Interpreters in Canada, Mexico, and the United States. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

Angermeyer, Philipp S.

2005 “Who Is ‘You’? Polite Forms of Address and Ambiguous Participant Roles in Court Interpreting.” Target 17 (2): 203–226.

2009 “Translation Style and Participant Roles in Court Interpreting.” Journal of Sociolinguistics 13 (1): 3–28.

Atkinson, J. Maxwell, and Paul Drew

1979 Order in Court: The Organisation of Verbal Interaction in Judicial Settings. Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Humanities Press.

Au-yeung, Luen Fat

2017 “廚師姦醉娃判囚6年半求情稱傾慕事主官斥乘人之危 [Chef sentenced to six and a half years imprisonment for raping a drunk woman he claimed to adore]”. Apple Daily, July 20 2017 http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/news/art/20170720/20095393.

AUSIT

2012 Code of Ethics and Code of Conduct. http://ausit.org/AUSIT/Documents/Code_Of_Ethics_Full.pdf.

Bell, Allan

1984 “Language Style as Audience Design.” Language in Society 13 (2): 145–204.

Berk-Seligson, Susan

1990 The Bilingual Courtroom: Court Interpreters in the Judicial Process. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

1999 “The Impact of Court Interpreting on the Coerciveness of Leading Questions.” Forensic Linguistics 6 (1): 30–56.

2002 The Bilingual Courtroom: Court Interpreters in the Judicial Process: With a New Chapter. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

2006 “Court Interpreting”. In Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics, ed. by Keith Brown, 262–269. Oxford: Elsevier.

2009 Coerced Confessions. Berlin: Walter De Gruyter.

Bickley, Gillian

2001 “The Student-Interpreters’ Scheme and the Chinese Teacher’s Allowance: Translator Education in Nineteen-Century Hong Kong.” In Translation in Hong Kong: Past, Present and Future, ed. by Sin Wai Chan, 9–19. Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press.

Blasco Mayor, María Jesús, and Maribel del Pozo Triviño

2015 “Legal Interpreting in Spain at a Turning Point.” MonTI 7, 9–40.

Bot, Hanneke

2005 “Dialogue Interpreting as a Specific Case of Reported Speech.” Interpreting: International Journal of Research & Practice in Interpreting 7 (2): 237–261.

Brennan, Mary

1999 “Signs of Injustice.” The Translator 5 (2): 221–246.

Brennan, Mary, Richard Brown, and Brenda MacKay

1997 Equality before the Law: Deaf People’s Access to Justice. Durham, UK: Deaf Studies Research Unit.

Braun, Sabine

2013 “Keep Your Distance? Remote Interpreting in Legal Proceedings: A Critical Assessment of a Growing Practice.” Interpreting: International Journal of Research & Practice in Interpreting 15 (2): 200–228.

2015 “Remote Interpreting.” In Routledge Handbook of Interpreting, ed. by Holly Mikkelson, and Renée Jourdenais, 352–367. New York: Routledge.

Braun, Sabine, and Judith L. Taylor

2012 Videoconference and Remote Interpreting in Criminal Proceedings. Guildford: University of Surrey.

Brown, Penelope, and Stephen Levinson

1987 Politeness: Some Universals in Language Usage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Brown-Blake, Celia, and Paul Chambers

2007 “The Jamaican Creole Speaker in the UK Criminal Justice System.” The International Journal of Speech, Language and the Law 14 (2): 269–294.

Brunson, Jeremy

2007 “Your Case Will Now Be Heard: Sign Language Interpreters as Problematic Accommodations in Legal Interactions.” Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education 13 (1): 77–91.

Census and Statistics Department

2016 Population Aged 5 and over by Usual Language and Year, 2006, 2011 and 2016 (A107). http://www.bycensus2016.gov.hk/en/bc-mt.html.

Chan, Ming K.

1997 “Imperfect Legacy: Defects in the British Legal System in Colonial Hong Kong.” Journal of International Law 18 (1): 133–156.

Charrow, Robert P., and Veda R. Charrow

1979 “Making Legal Language Understandable: A Psycholinguistic Study of Jury Instructions.” Columbia Law Review 79 (7): 1306–1374.

Cheng, Le, Winnie Cheng, and Jian Li

2015 “Jury Instructions in Hong Kong: A Gricean Perspective.” International Journal of Speech Language and the Law 22 (1): 35–55.

Cheung, Andrew K. F.

2012 “The Use of Reported Speech by Court Interpreters in Hong Kong.” Interpreting: International Journal of Research & Practice in Interpreting 14 (1): 73–91.

2014 “The Use of Reported Speech and the Perceived Neutrality of Court interpreters.” Interpreting: International Journal of Research & Practice in Interpreting 16 (2): 191–208.

Chow, Magdalen, and Michelle Chin

1997 “Bad Translation Could Undermine Justice, Magistrate Tells Weeping Interpreter.” South China Morning Post, 30 May 1997: 3.

Civil Service Bureau

2010 “Government Vacancies Enquiry System” – Court Interpreter II (Civil Service Vacancy – Job number 19593; closing date: 16 April 2010).

Civil Service Bureau

2016 Simultaneous Interpreter (Civil Service Vacancy). http://www.csb.gov.hk/publication/files/SIAd2016_e.pdf.

Civil Service Bureau

2017 “Master Pay Scale.” Accessed 5 April 2017, http://www.csb.gov.hk/english/admin/pay/42.html.

Civil Service Bureau

2018 “Official Languages Officer, Simultaneous Interpreter and Calligraphist Grades.” Last modified April 3 2018 http://www.csb.gov.hk/english/grade/ol/1475.html.

Clayman, Steven

2007 “Speaking on Behalf of the Public in Broadcast News Interviews.” In Reporting Talk: Reported Speech in Interaction, ed. by Elizabeth Holt, and Rebecca Clift, 221–243. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Colin, Joan, and Ruth Morris

1996 Interpreters and the Legal Process. Winchester: Waterside Press.

Conley, John, and William O’Barr

1998 Just Words: Law, Language, and Power. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

Cooke, Michael

1995 “Aboriginal Evidence in the Cross-cultural Courtroom.” In Language in Evidence: Issues Confronting Aboriginal and Multicultural Australia, ed. by Diana Eades, 55–96. Sydney, NSW: University of New South Wales Press.

1996 “A Different Story: Narrative Versus ‘Question and Answer’ in Aboriginal Evidence.” Forensic Linguistics 3 (2): 273–288.

Cotterill, Janet

2003 Language and Power in Court. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.

Crezee, Ineke, Wei Teng, and Jo Anna Burn

2017 “Teething Problems? Chinese Student Interpreters’ Performance when Interpreting Authentic (Cross-) Examination Questions in the Legal Interpreting Classroom.” The Interpreter and Translator Trainer 11(4): 337–356.

Crystal, David

2003 A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics. Malden, MA: Blackwell.

Damaska, Mirjan R.

1975 “Presentation of Evidence and Factfinding Precision.” University of Pennsylvania Law Review 123 (5): 1083–1106.

Danet, Brenda

1980 “ ‘Baby’ or ‘Fetus’?: Language and the Construction of Reality in a Manslaughter Trial.” Semiotica 32 (3–4): 187–220.

Danet, Brenda, and Bryna Bogoch

1980 “Fixed Fight or Free-For-All? An Empirical Study of Combativeness and the Adversary System of Justice.” British Journal of Law and Society 7 (1): 36–60.

De Jongh, Elena M.

1992 An Introduction to Court Interpreting: Theory & Practice. Lanham, MD: University Press of America.

2008 “Court Interpreting: Linguistic Presence v. Linguistic Absence.” Florida Bar Journal 82(7): 21–32.

Del Pozo Triviño, Maribel, and María Jesús Blasco Mayor

2015 “Legal Interpreting in Spain at a Turning Point.” MonTI 7: 41–71.

Department of Justice

2017 “Key Figures and Statistics.” Last modified March 28 2018 https://www.doj.gov.hk/eng/about/stat.html.

Drew, Paul, and John Heritage

1992 “Analyzing Talk at Work: An Introduction.” In Talk at Work: Interaction in Institutional Settings, ed. by Paul Drew, and John Heritage, 3–65. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Dubslaff, Friedel, and Bodil Martinsen

2005 “Exploring Untrained Interpreters’ Use of Direct Versus Indirect Speech.” Interpreting: International Journal of Research & Practice in Interpreting 7 (2): 211–236.

Duff, Peter, Mark Findlay, Carla Howarth, and Tsang Fai Chan

1992 Juries: A Hong Kong Perspective. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.

Dumas, Bethany K.

2000 “Jury Trials: Lay Jurors, Pattern Jury Instructions, and Comprehension Issues.” Tennessee Law Review 67 (3): 701–742.

Eades, Diana

1995 “Cross Examination of Aboriginal Children: The Pinkenba Case.” Aboriginal Law Bulletin 3 (75): 10–11.

2000 “I Don’t Think It’s an Answer to the Question: Silencing Aboriginal Witnesses in Court.” Language in Society 29 (2): 161–195.

2008 “Language and Disadvantage before the Law.” In Dimensions of Forensic Linguistics, ed. by John Gibbons, and M. Teresa Turell, 179–195. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

Ehrlich, Susan

2001 Representing Rape: Language and Sexual Consent. London: Routledge.

Eitel, Ernest John

1877 “Chinese Studies and Official Interpretation in the Colony of Hongkong.” The China Review, or Notes & Queries on the Far East 6 (1): 1–13.

Endacott, George Beer

1962 A Biographical Sketch-Book of Early Hong Kong. Singapore: Eastern Universities Press.

Fairclough, Norman

1989 Language and Power. London: Longman.

Fenton, Sabine

1997 “The Role of The Interpreter in the Adversarial Courtroom.” In The Critical Link: Interpreters in the Community, ed. by Silvana E. Carr, Roda P. Roberts, Aideen Dufour, and Dini Steyn, 29–34. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

Fowler, Yvonne

1997 “The Courtroom Interpreter: Paragon and Intruder?” In The Critical Link: Interpreters in the Community, ed. by Silvana E. Carr, Roda P. Roberts, Aideen Dufour, and Dini Steyn, 191–200. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

2013 “Business as Usual? Prison Video Link in the Multilingual Courtroom.” In Interpreting in a Changing Landscape: Selected Papers from Critical Link 6, ed. by Christina Schäffner, Krzysztof Kredens, and Yvonne Fowler, 225–248. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

Fowler, Yvonne, Eva Ng, and Malcolm Coulthard

2012 “Legal Interpreting.” In The Routledge Handbook of Translation Studies, ed. by Carmen Milan-Varela, and Fancesca Bartrina, 417–430. New York, NY: Routledge.

Frank, Jerome

1930 Law and the Modern Mind. New York, NY: Brentano’s.

Gallai, Fabrizio

2016 “Point of View in Free Indirect Thought and in Community Interpreting” Lingua 175: 97–121.

Gamal, Muhammad

2006 “Court Interpreting.” In Routledge Encyclopaedia of Translation Studies, ed. by Mona Baker, 63–67. New York, NY: Routledge.

Gentile, Adolfo

, Uldis Ozolins, and Mary Vasilakakos. 1996 Liaison Interpreting: A Handbook. Carlton South, Australia: Melbourne University Press.

Gibbons, John

1999 “Language and the Law.” Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 19: 156–173.

2002 Forensic Linguistics: An Introduction to Language in the Justice System. Malden, MA: Blackwell.

2008 “Questioning in Common Law Criminal Courts.” In Dimensions of Forensic Linguistics, ed. by John Gibbons, and M. Teresa Turell, 115–130. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

2017 “Towards Clearer Jury Instructions.” Language and Law / Linguagem e Direito 4 (1): 142–160.

Giles, Howard, Nikolas Coupland, and Justine Coupland

1991 “Accommodation Theory: Communication, Context, and Consequence.” In Contexts of Accommodation: Developments in Applied Sociolinguistics, ed. by Howard Giles, Justine Coupland, and Nikolas Coupland, 1–68. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Giles, Howard, and Philip Smith

1979 “Accommodation Theory: Optimal Levels of Convergence.” In Language and Social Psychology, ed. by Howard Giles, and Robert N. St. Clair, 45–65. Oxford: Blackwell.

Goffman, Erving

1981 Forms of Talk. Oxford: Blackwell.

González, Roseann Dueñas, Victoria F. Vásquez, and Holly Mikkelson

1991 Fundamentals of Court Interpretation: Theory, Policy, and Practice. Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press.

2012 Fundamentals of Court Interpretation: Theory, Policy, and Practice. 2nd ed. Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press.

Grice, H. Paul

1975 “Logic and Conversation.” In Syntax and Semantics 3: Speech Act, ed. by Peter Cole, and Jerry L. Morgan, 41–58. New York, NY: Academic Press.

Hale, Sandra

1997 “The Interpreter on Trial: Pragmatics in Court Interpreting.” In The Critical Link: Interpreters In the Community, ed. by Silvana E. Carr, Roda Roberts, Aideen Dufour, and Dini Steyn, 201–210. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

1999 “Interpreters’ Treatment of Discourse Markers in Courtroom Questions.” Forensic Linguistics 6 (1): 57–82.

2001 ‘“Excuse Me, the Interpreter Wants to Speak”–Interpreter Interruptions in the Courtroom: Why Do Interpreters Interrupt and What Are the Consequences?’ Paper presented at the Critical Link 3, Interpreting in the Community: The Complexity of the Profession, May 22–26, 2001, Montreal, Canada.

2002 “How Faithfully Do Court Interpreters Render the Style of Non-English Speaking Witnesses’ Testimonies? A Data-Based Study of Spanish-English Bilingual Proceedings.” Discourse Studies 4 (1): 25–47.

2004 The Discourse of Court Interpreting: Discourse Practices of the Law, the Witness, and the Interpreter. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

2010 “The Need to Raise the Bar: Court Interpreters as Specialized Experts.” In Routledge Handbook of Forensic Linguistics, ed. by Malcolm Coulthard, and Alison Johnson, 440–454. New York, NY: Routledge.

2015 “Approaching the Bench: Teaching Magistrates and Judges How to Work Effectively with Interpreters.” MonTI 7: 163–180.

Hale, Sandra, and John Gibbons

1999 “Varying Realities: Patterned Changes in the Interpreter’s Representation of Courtroom and External Realities.” Applied Linguistics 20 (2): 203–220.

Hale, Sandra, Mehera San Roque, David Spencer, and Jemina Napier

2017 “Deaf Citizens as Jurors in Australian Courts: Participating via Professional Interpreters”. International Journal of Speech Language and the Law 24 (2): 151–176.

Harris, Sandra

1984 “Questions as a Mode of Control in Magistrates’ Courts.” International Journal of the Sociology of Language 49: 5–27.

Harris, Brian

1990 “Norms in Interpretation.” Target 2 (1): 115–119.

Hatim, Basil, and Ian Mason

1997 The Translator as Communicator. London: Routledge.

Hazard, Geoffrey C. Jr., and Angelo Dondi

2006 “Responsibilities of Judges and Advocates in Civil and Common Law: Some Lingering Misconceptions Concerning Civil Lawsuits.” Faculty Scholarship Series. Paper 2329. http://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/fss_papers/2329.

Heffer, Chris

2005 The Language of Jury Trial: A Corpus-Aided Analysis of Legal-Lay Discourse. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

Heilbronn, Gary N.

1998 Criminal Procedure in Hong Kong. Hong Kong: Addison Wesley Longman China.

Hertog, Erik

2015 “Looking Back while Going forward: 15 Years of Legal Interpreting in the EU.” TRANS: Revista de Traductología 19 (1): 15–31.

Heydon, Georgina, and Miranda Lai

2013 “Police Interviews Mediated by Interpreters: An Exercise in Diminishment?” Investigative Interviewing: Research and Practice (II-RP) 5 (2): 82–98.

Hong Kong

1982 Annual Statistics of the Judiciary Provided by the Registrar, Supreme Court. Hong Kong: J.R. Lee, Govt. Printer

Hong Kong

2001 Hong Kong Judiciary Annual Report. Hong Kong: Judiciary

Hong Kong

2006 Hong Kong Judiciary Annual Report. Hong Kong: Judiciary.

Hong Kong

2012 “LCQ9: Court Interpretation Service.” Hong Kong SAR Government Press Release, 8 February 2012.

Hong Kong Government

1854 “Jury List, 1854.” Hongkong Government Gazette, February 25 1854, 81–83. http://sunzi1.lib.hku.hk/hkgro/view/g1854/727405.pdf.

Hussein, Nadia M. A.

2011 “Legal Interpreting in the Criminal System: An Exploratory Study” Unpublished doctoral dissertation, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK.

Ibrahim, Zubaidah

2007 “The Interpreter as Advocate: Malaysian Court Interpreting as a Case in Point.” In The Critical Link 4: Professionalisation of Interpreting in the Community: Selected Papers from the 4th International Conference on Interpreting in Legal, Health and Social Service Settings, Stockholm, Sweden, 20–23 May 2004, ed. by Cecilia Wadensjö, Birgitta Englund Dimitrova, and Anna-Lena Nilsson, 205–213. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

Inghilleri, Moira

2013 Interpreting Justice: Ethics, Politics and Language. London: Routledge.

ITIA

2009 ITIA Code of Ethics for Community Interpreters. Irish Translators’ and Interpreters’ Association. http://www.translatorsassociation.ie/component/option,com_docman/task,cat_view/gid,21/Ite.

Jacobsen, Bente

2002 “Pragmatic Meaning in Court Interpreting: An Empirical Study of Additions in Consecutively Interpreted Question–Answer Dialogues” Unpublished doctoral dissertation, The Arrhus School of Business, Denmark.

2007 “Pragmatic Meaning in Court Interpreting: An Empirical Study of Additions in Consecutively-Interpreted Question-Answer Dialogues.” International Journal of Speech Language and the Law 11 (1): 165–169.

Janney, Richard W.

2002 “Context as Context: Vague Answers in Court.” Language and Communication 22 (4): 457–475.

Jarman, Robert L.

ed. 1996 Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841–1941. Farnham Common: Archive Editions.

Judicial Council on Cultural Diversity

2017 Recommended National Standards for Working with Interpreters in Courts and Tribunals. Accessed April 17, 2018, http://jccd.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/JCCD-Interpreter Standards.pdf.

Judiciary

2008 “Guide to Court Services: Jury.” In Judiciary, ed. by Judiciary. Hong Kong: Government Printer.

Judiciary. Court Language Section. Part-time Interpreters Unit

2003 “Annex C: Basic Guidelines for Part-Time Court Interpreters.” In Panel on Administration of Justice and Legal Services: Performance of Court Interpreters – LC Paper No. CB(2)1592/03-04(01), March 4 2004, ed. by Judiciary Administration, 9–21. http://www.legco.gov.hk/yr03-04/english/panels/ajls/papers/aj0322cb2-1592-1e.pdf.

2004 Panel on Administration of Justice and Legal Services – Performance of court interpreters – LC Paper No. CB(2)1592/03-04(01). http://www.legco.gov.hk/yr03-04/english/panels/ajls/papers/aj0322cb2-1592-1e.pdf.

Judiciary Administration

2015 “Annex: Estimated Resource Implications of the Proposal to Extend the Jury System to Cover the Criminal Trials in the District Court.” In Panel on Administration of Justice and Legal Services: Reform of the Current System to Determine whether an Offence Is to Be Tried by Judge and Jury or by Judge Alone – LC Paper No. CB(4)1168/14-15(03), June 22 2015, ed. by Department of Justice, 11–27. http://www.legco.gov.hk/yr14-15/english/panels/ajls/papers/ajls20150622cb4-1168-3-e.pdf

Judiciary Administration

2016 Legislative Council Panel on Administration of Justice and Legal Services – Remuneration for Part-time Interpreters engaged by the Judiciary – LC Paper No. CB(2)1592/03-04(01). https://www.legco.gov.hk/yr15-16/english/panels/ajls/papers/ajls20160523cb4-994-3-e.pdf.

Kolb, Waltraud, and Franz Pöchhacker

2008 “Interpreting in Asylum Appeal Hearings: Roles and Norms Revisited.” In Interpreting in Legal Settings, ed. by Debra Russell, and Sandra Hale, 26–50. Washington, DC: Gallaudet University Press.

Kolm, David

1999 Taking the Interpreter’s Oath to Heart: An Introduction to the Requirements for Interpreting in Federal Courts. Washington, DC: Federal Judicial Television Network (FJTN).

Koo, Anna

2009 “Truth through Court Interpreters.” International Journal of Evidence and Proof 13 (3): 212–24.

Kristy, Judith Kenigson

2009 “Language and Litigation: What Judges and Attorneys Need to Know about Interpreters in the Legal Process.” Proteus Newsletter 18 (4): 3–4.

Kwan, Uganda Sze Pui

2011 “翻譯與殖民管治：早期香港史上的雙面譯者高和爾 (1816–1875) [Translation and Colonial Rule: Daniel Richard Caldwell (1816–1875), the Duplicitous Translator in Early Hong Kong History]”. Journal of Modern Literature in Chinese 10 (2): 170–190.

Laster, Kathy, and Veronica L. Taylor

1994 Interpreters and the Legal System. Sydney: Federation Press.

Lau, Chris

2017 “Ex-Hong Kong Leader Donald Tsang’s Trial about Corruption at Very Top of Government, Prosecutors Say – Male Juror Replaces Woman on Nine-member Panel Who Could Not Pronounce ‘Verdict’.” South China Morning Post, September 27 2017 http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/law-crime/article/2113051/ex-hong-kong-leader-donald-tsangs-trial-about-corruption.

Law Reform Commission of Hong Kong

2010 Report: Criteria for Service as Jurors, June 2010 http://www.hkreform.gov.hk/en/docs/rjurors_e.pdf.

Law Reform Commission of Hong Kong. Juries Sub-committee

2008 Consultation Paper: Criteria for Service as Jurors, January 2008 http://www.hkreform.gov.hk/en/docs/juries_e.pdf.

Lee, Jieun

2009 “Interpreting Inexplicit Language during Courtroom Examination.” Applied Linguistics 30 (1): 93–114.

2011 “Translatability of Speech Style in Court Interpreting.” The International Journal of Speech, Language and the Law 18 (1): 1–33.

2012 “A Discourse-analytic Study of Judges’ Interruptions in Korean Courtroom Trials.” Journal of Linguistic Studies (언어학연구) 17 (1): 73–97.

2013 “A Study of Facework in Interpreter-Mediated Courtroom Examination.” Perspectives 21 (1): 82–99.

2015 “Court Interpreting.” In The Routledge Handbook of Interpreting, ed. by Holly Mikkelson, and Renée Jourdenais, 186–201. London: Routledge.

Lee, Yuk Ming

1994 “The Training of Court Interpreters in Hong Kong” Unpublished master’s thesis, City Polytechnic of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.

Legge, James

1872 “The Colony of Hong Kong.” Journal of the Hong Kong Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 11: 172–193.

Lethbridge, Henry J.

1970 “Hong Kong Cadets, 1862–1941.” Journal of the Hong Kong Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 10: 36–56.

Leung, Ester

2008 “Interpreting for the Minority, Interpreting for the Power.” In Dimensions of Forensic Linguistics, ed. by John Gibbons, and Maria Teresa Turell, 197–214. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

Leung, Ester, and John Gibbons

2008 “Who Is Responsible? Participant Roles in Legal Interpreting Cases.” Multilingua 27 (3): 177–191.

Levinson, Stephen C.

1988 “Putting Linguistics on a Proper Footing: Explorations in Goffman’s Participation Framework.” In Goffman: Exploring the Interaction Order, ed. by Paul Drew, and Anthony Wootton, 161–227. Oxford: Polity Press.

Li, Kexing

2008 “香港的法庭翻譯––一個衰而不敗的次級行業 [Perspectives On Court Interpreters in Hong Kong]”. Paper presented at the XVIII FIT World Congress – Translation and Cultural Diversity.

Liao, Meizhen

2009 “A Study of Interruption in Chinese Criminal Courtroom Discourse.” Text and Talk 29 (2): 175–199.

2013 “Power in Interruption in Chinese Criminal Courtroom Discourse.” In Language In The Negotiation of Justice: Contexts, Issues and Application, ed. by Christopher Williams, and Girolamo Tessuto, 33–48. Farnham: Ashgate.

Licoppe, Christian, and Maud Verdier

2013 “Interpreting, Video Communication and the Sequential Reshaping of Institutional Talk in the Bilingual and Distributed Courtroom.” International Journal of Speech Language and the Law 20 (2): 247–275.

Liu, Bansheng

ed. 1993 New Chinese Dictionary (Zhonghua Xin Cidian 中華新詞典). Hong Kong: Chung Hwa Book.

Liu, Xin, and Sandra Hale

2017 “Facework Strategies in Interpreter-Mediated Cross-Examinations: A Corpus-Assisted Approach.” The Interpreters’ Newsletter 22: 57–77.

Maley, Yon, and Rhondda Fahey

1991 “Presenting the Evidence: Constructions of Reality in Court.” International Journal for the Semiotics of Law 4 (10): 3–17.

Martin, Anne, and Juan Miguel Ortega-Herráez

2013 “From Invisible Machines to Visible Experts: Views on Interpreter Role and Performance during the Madrid Train Bomb Trial.” In Interpreting in a Changing Landscape: Selected Papers from Critical Link 6, ed. by Christina Schäffner, Krzysztof Kredens, and Yvonne Fowler, 101–115. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

Mason, Ian

1999 “Introduction.” The Translator 5 (2): 147–160.

McKimmie, Blake M., Emma Antrobus, and Chantelle Baguley

2014 “Objective and Subjective Comprehension of Jury Instructions in Criminal Trials.” New Criminal Law Review 17 (2): 163–183.

Mellinkoff, David

1963 The Language of the Law. Boston, MA: Little, Brown and Co.

Mikkelson, Holly

1998 “Towards a Redefinition of the Role of the Court Interpreter.” Interpreting: International Journal of Research and Practice in Interpreting 3 (1): 21–45.

1999 “Training Judges and Other Court Personnel.” The Polyglot 29 (1): 3–13.

2008 “Evolving Views on the Court Interpreter’s Role: Between Scylla and Charybdis.” In Crossing Borders in Community Interpreting: Definitions and Dilemmas, ed. by Carmen Valero-Garcés, and Anne Martin, 81–97. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

2017 Introduction to Court Interpreting. 2nd ed. New York: Routledge.

Ming Pao

2011 “傳譯漏一字謀殺犯重審上訴庭斥浪費公帑” [One word omitted by the court interpreter costs a retrial of a murder case and more public money]”, 23 November 2011.

Morris, Ruth

1989 “The Impact of Court Interpretation on Legal Proceedings” Unpublished M. A. thesis, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel.

1995 “The Moral Dilemmas of Court Interpreting.” The Translator 1(1): 25–46.

1999 “The Gum Syndrome: Predicaments in Court Interpreting.” Forensic Linguistics 6 (1): 6–29.

2010 “Images of the Court Interpreter.” Translation and Interpreting Studies 5 (1): 20–40.

Moser-Mercer, Barbara, Alexander Künzli, and Marina Korac

1998 “Prolonged Turns in Interpreting: Effects on Quality, Physiological and Psychological Stress.” Interpreting: International Journal of Research & Practice in Interpreting 3 (5): 47–65.

Munn, Christopher

2001 Anglo-China: Chinese People and British Rule in Hong Kong 1841–1880. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon.

NAJIT

2004 NAJIT Position Paper – Direct Speech in Legal Settings. http://www.najit.org/publications/DirectSpeech200609.pdf.

NAJIT

2007 NAJIT Position Paper: Team Interpreting in the Courtroom. http://www.najit.org/publications/Team%20Interpreting_052007.pdf

NAJIT

2002 Code of Ethics and Professional Responsibilities. https://najit.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/NAJITCodeofEthicsFINAL.pdf.

Nakane, Ikuko

2010 “Partial Non-use of Interpreters in Japanese Criminal Court Proceedings.” Japanese Studies 30 (3): 443–459.

2012 “Language Rights of Non-Japanese Defendants in Japanese Criminal Courts.” In Language and Citizenship in Japan, ed. by Nanette Gottlieb, 155–174. London: Routledge.

2015 “Minority Language Speakers and Disadvantage before the Law: Challenges for Applied Linguistics.” Linguistics and the Human Sciences 11 (1): 9–29. doi:10.1558/lhs.v11i1.19060.

Napier, Jemina, and Alastair McEwin

2015 “Do Deaf People Have the Right to Serve as Jurors in Australia” Alternative Law Journal 40: 23–27.

Napier, Jemina, David Spencer, and Joe Sabolcec

2013 “A Shared Responsibility in the Administration of Justice: A Pilot Study of Sign Language Interpretation Access for Deaf Jurors.” In The Critical Link 5: Quality in Interpreting A Shared Responsibility, ed. by Sandra Hale, Uldis Ozolins, and Ludmila Stern, 99–118. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

New Zealand Law Commission

1999 Juries in Criminal Trials, Preliminary Paper 37 (2).

Ng, Eva

1997 “The Role of the Court Interpreter” Unpublished master’s thesis, University of Birmingham, Birmingham.

2009 “The Tension between Adequacy and Acceptability in Legal Interpreting and Translation.” In The Critical Link 5: Quality Interpreting – A Shared Responsibility, ed. by Sandra Hale, Uldis Ozolins, and Ludmila Stern, 37–54. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

2011 “A Survey of Court Interpreters’ Use of Direct Versus Reported Speech in the Hong Kong Courts.” International Journal of Law, Language & Discourse 1 (3): 27–57.

2013a “Garment, or Upper-garment? A Matter of Interpretation?” International Journal for the Semiotics of Law – Revue internationale de Sémiotique juridique 26 (3): 597–613.

2013b “The Atypical Bilingual Courtroom: An Exploratory Study of the Interactional Dynamics in Interpreter-mediated Trials in Hong Kong” Doctoral dissertation, Aston University. http://publications.aston.ac.uk/20908/1/Studentthesis-2013.pdf.

2013c “Who Is Speaking? – Interpreting the Voice of the Speaker in Court.” In The Critical Link 6: Interpreting in a Changing Landscape, ed. by Christina Schäffner, Krzysztof Kredens, and Yvonne Fowler, 249–266. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

2015 “Judges’ Intervention in Witness Examination as a Cause of Omissions in Interpretation in the Hong Kong Courtroom.” International Journal of Speech Language and the Law 22 (2): 203–227.

2016a “Do They Understand? English Trials Heard by Chinese Jurors in the Hong Kong Courtroom.” Language and Law/Linguagem e Direito 3 (2): 172–191.

2016b “Interpreter Intervention and Participant Roles in Witness Examination.” International Journal of Interpreter Education 8 (1): 23–39.

Ng, Kwai Hang

2009 The Common Law in Two Voices: Language, Law, and the Postcolonial Dilemma in Hong Kong. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

Nida, Eugene

1964 Towards a Science of Translating. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill.

1976 “A Framework for the Analysis and Evaluation of Theories of Translation.” In Translation: Applications and Research, ed. by Richard Brislin, 47–91. New York, NY: Gardner Press.

Norton-Kyshe, James William

1971a The History of the Laws and Courts of Hong Kong from the Earliest Period to 1898: Volume I. Hong Kong: Vetch and Lee. (Original work published 1898).

1971b The History of The Laws and Courts of Hong Kong from the Earliest Period to 1898: Volume II. Hong Kong: Vetch and Lee. (Original work published 1898).

O’Barr, William M.

1982 Linguistic Evidence: Language, Power, and Strategy in the Courtroom. New York, NY: Academic Press.

Omit [Def. 1]

2012. In Merriam-Webster’s Online Dictionary. Accessed October 2, 2012, http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/omit.

Ozolins, Uldis, and Sandra Hale

2009 “Quality in Interpreting: A Shared Responsibility.” In The Critical Link 5: Quality Interpreting – A Shared Responsibility, ed. by Sandra Hale, Uldis Ozolins, and Ludmila Stern, 1–10. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

Perez, Isabelle, and Christine Wilson

2007 “Interpreter-Mediated Police Interviews: Working as a Professional Team.” In The Critical Link 4. Selected Papers from the 4th International Conference on Interpreting in Legal, Health and Social Service Settings, Stockholm, Sweden, 20–23 May 2004, ed. by Cecilia Wadesjö, Birgitta Englund Dimitrova, and Anna-Lena Nilsson, 79–93. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

Pomerantz-Zhang, Linda

1992 Wu Tingfang (1842–1922): Reform and Modernization in Modern Chinese History. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.

Powell, Richard

2008 “Bilingual Courtrooms: In the Interests of Justice?” In Dimensions of Forensic Linguistics, ed. by John Gibbons, and M. Teresa Turell, 131–159. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

Provisional Legislative Council

1997 Panel on Administration of Justice and Legal Services (Papers) 15 Oct 97. http://www.legco.gov.hk/yr97-98/english/panels/ajls/papers/aj13104a.htm.

Rigney, Azucena C.

1999 “Questioning in Interpreted Testimony.” Forensic Linguistics 6 (1): 83–108.

Ritter, Judith L.

2004 “Your Lips are Moving…but the Words Aren’t Clear: Dissecting the Presumption That Jurors Understand Instructions.” Missouri Law Review 69 (1): 163–214.

Roy, Cynthia B.

2000 Interpreting as a Discourse Process.Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Russell, Debra

2002 Interpreting in Legal Contexts: Consecutive and Simultaneous Interpretation. Burtonsville, MD: Linstok Press.

Sacks, Harvey, Emanuel A. Schegloff, and Gail Jefferson

1974 “A Simplest Systematics for the Organization of Turn-Taking for Conversation.” Language 50 (4): 696–735.

Salhany, Roger E.

1988 Cross-examination: The Art of the Advocate. Toronto: Butterworths.

2006 Cross-examination: The Art of the Advocate. 3rd ed. Markham, Ontario: LexisNexis Canada.

Schegloff, Emanuel, Gail Jefferson, and Harvey Sacks

1977 “The Preference for Self-correction in the Organization of Repair in Conversation.” Language 53 (2):361–382.

Silverman, David

2006 Interpreting Qualitative Data: Methods for Analyzing Talk, Text, and Interaction. 3rd ed. London: SAGE Publications.

Sin, King Kui, and Joseph S. H. Djung

1994 “The Court Interpreters’ Office.” In Introduction to the Hong Kong Criminal Justice System, ed. by Mark S. Gaylord, and Harold Traver, 137–144. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.

Smith, Carl T.

1975 “English-Educated Chinese Elites in Nineteenth-century Hong Kong.” In Hong Kong: The Interaction of Traditions and Life in the Towns, ed. by Marjorie Topley, 65–96. Hong Kong: Hong Kong Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society.

Steele, Walter W., and Elizabeth G. Thornburg

1988 “Jury Instructions: A Persistent Failure to Communicate.” North Carolina Law Review 67: 77–119.

Stone, Christopher, and Bencie Woll

2008 “Dumb O Jemmy and Others: Deaf People, Interpreters and the London Courts in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries.” Sign Language Studies 8 (3): 226–240.

Teng, Wei, Jo Anna Burn, and Ineke Crezee

2018 “I’m Asking You Again! Chinese Student Interpreters’ Performance when Interpreting Declaratives with Tag Questions in the Legal Interpreting Classroom.” Perspectives. 1–22.

Thomas, Cheryl

2010 Are Juries Fair? UK: Ministry of Justice. https://www.justice.gov.uk/downloads/publications/research-and-analysis/moj-research/are-juries-fair-research.pdf.

Tiersma, Peter Meijes

1993 “Reforming the Language of Jury Instructions.” Hofstra Law Review 22 (1): 37–78.

1999 Legal Language. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

2008 “The Nature of Legal Language.” In Dimensions of Forensic Linguistics, ed. by John Gibbons, and M. Teresa Turell, 7–26. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

2009 “Communicating with Juries: How to Draft More Understandable Jury Instructions.” Loyola-LA Legal Studies Paper No. 2009–44. http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1507298.

2010 “The Origins of Legal Language.” Loyola-LA Legal Studies Paper No. 2009–44. http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1695226.

. n.d. The Nature of Legal Language. http://www.languageandlaw.org/NATURE.HTM.

Trimboli, Lily

2008 “Juror Understanding of Judicial Instructions in Criminal Trials.” Crime and Justice Bulletin No. 119. NSW Bureau of Crime Statistics and Research.

Turner, Graham H.

1995 “The Bilingual, Bimodal Courtroom: A First Glance.” Journal of Interpretation 7 (1): 3–34.

Ure, Gavin

2012 Governors, Politics and the Colonial Office: Public Policy in Hong Kong, 1918-58. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.

Wadensjö, Cecilia

1998 Interpreting as Interaction. London: Longman.

Walker, Anne Graffam

1987 “Linguistic Manipulation, Power and the Legal Setting.” In Power through Discourse, ed. by Leah Kedar, 57–80. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.

Wallace, Melissa

2013 “Rethinking Bifurcated Testing Models in the Court Interpreter Certification Process.” In Assessment Issues in Language Translation and Interpreting, ed. by Dina Tsagari, and Roelof van Deemter, 67–83. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.

Wesley-Smith, Peter

1972 “James William Norton-Kyshe.” Hong Kong Law Journal, 2: 278–293.

Wong, Vicky

1990 “Cantonese in Courts Scheme Postponed.” South China Morning Post, 1 April 1990 http://hknews.lib.hku.hk.eproxy1.lib.hku.hk/newspaper/view/27_01.01/153870.pdf.

Woodbury, Hanni

1984 “The Strategic Use of Questions in Court.” Semiotica 48 (3–4): 197–228.

Yeung, Sze Nga

2017 “讀錯英文誓詞女陪審員被DQ. [Female juror disqualified for mispronunciation of oath words]”. Apple Daily, September 28 2017 http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/news/art/20170928/20166476.

Zimmerman, Dean H., and Candace West

1975 “Sex Roles, Interruptions and Silences in Conversation.” In Language and Sex: Difference and Dominance, ed. by Barrie Thorne, and Nancy Henley, 105–129. Rowley, MA: Newbury House.

Legal references

Laws

Bill of Rights Ordinance, Cap 383 § 8 (1991).

Jury Ordinance, Cap 3 § 4 (1c) (1999).

Jury Ordinance, Cap 3 § 23 (1999).

Jury Ordinance, Cap 3 § 24 (3) (1999).

Jury Ordinance, Cap 3 § 5(1e) (1999).

Magna Carta 1215 http://www.bl.uk/collection-items/magna-carta-1215.

Official Languages Ordinance, Cap 5 § 3 (1974).

Pension Benefits Ordinance (Established Office) Order Cap. 99J Schedule 1 (2017) https://www.elegislation.gov.hk/hk/cap99J

2017-06-16T00:00:00/sch1.

Securities and Futures Commission Ordinance, Cap 24 (1989) (Repealed).

Securities and Futures Ordinance, Cap 571 (2012).

Court cases

Chala Sani Abdula v. The Queen, NZSC 130 (2011).

HKSAR v. Lai She Hung, HCCC 184/2004 (HKCFI 2004).

HKSAR v. Ng Pak Lun, CACC 153/2010 (22/11/2011).

Lai She Hung v. HKSAR, CACC 46/2005 (HKCA 2005).

R v. Kwok Leung, 4 HKLR 161 (1909).

R v. Trans, 2 SCR 951 (1994).

Cited by

Cited by other publications

Monteoliva-García, Eloísa

2020. The collaborative and selective nature of interpreting in police interviews with stand-by interpreting. Interpreting. International Journal of Research and Practice in Interpreting ► pp. 1 ff.

Ng, Eva N.S.

2020. In Interpreting in Legal and Healthcare Settings [Benjamins Translation Library, 151], ► pp. 23 ff.

Ng, Eva N.S. & Ineke H.M. Crezee

2020. In Interpreting in Legal and Healthcare Settings [Benjamins Translation Library, 151], ► pp. 1 ff.

This list is based on CrossRef data as of 30 august 2020. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.

Subjects