Grammar of Spoken and Written English

Hardbound – Forthcoming
ISBN 9789027207968 | EUR 250.00 | USD 325.00
 
e-Book – Ordering information
ISBN 9789027260475 | EUR 250.00 | USD 325.00
 
The completely redesigned Grammar of Spoken and Written English is a comprehensive corpus-based reference grammar. GSWE describes the structural characteristics of grammatical constructions in English, as do other reference grammars. But GSWE is unique in that it gives equal attention to describing the patterns of language use for each grammatical feature, based on empirical analyses of grammatical patterns in a 40-million-word corpus of spoken and written registers.

Grammar-in-use is characterized by three inter-related kinds of information: frequency of grammatical features in spoken and written registers, frequencies of the most common lexico-grammatical patterns, and analysis of the discourse factors influencing choices among related grammatical features. GSWE includes over 350 tables and figures highlighting the results of corpus-based investigations. Throughout the book, authentic examples illustrate all research findings.

The empirical descriptions document the lexico-grammatical features that are especially common in face-to-face-conversation compared to those that are especially common in academic writing. Analyses of fiction and newspaper articles are included as further benchmarks of language use. GSWE contains over 6,000 authentic examples from these four registers, illustrating the range of lexico-grammatical features in real-world speech and writing. In addition, comparisons between British and American English reveal specific regional differences.

Now completely redesigned and available in an electronic edition, the Grammar of Spoken and Written English remains a unique and indispensable reference work for researchers, language teachers, and students alike.
[Not in series, 232]  Expected October 2021.  xxxv, 1220 pp.
Publishing status: In production
© John Benjamins
Table of Contents
This is a provisional table of contents, and subject to changes.
Abbreviations and symbols
xxix
Preface
xxxii
Contents in detail
Symbols and notational conventions
xxxiv–xxxv
Section A. Introductory
4–47
Chapter 1. Introduction: A corpus-based approach to English grammar
4–47
Section B. Basic grammar
52–227
Chapter 2. Word and phrase grammar
52–122
Chapter 3. Clause grammar
124–227
Section C. Key word classes and their phrases
232–564
Chapter 4. Nouns, pronouns, and the simple noun phrase
232–353
Chapter 5. Verbs
356–448
Chapter 6. Variation in the verb phrase: Tense, aspect, voice, and modality
450–500
Chapter 7. Adjectives and adverbs
502–564
Section D. More complex structures
568–884
Chapter 8. Complex noun phrases
568–650
Chapter 9. The form and function of complement clauses
652–751
Chapter 10. Adverbials
754–884
Section E. Grammar in a wider perspective
888–1120
Chapter 11. Word order and related syntactic choices
888–955
Chapter 12. The grammatical marking of stance
958–978
Chapter 13. Lexical expressions in speech and writing
980–1029
Chapter 14. The grammar of conversation
1032–1120
Appendix. Contractions
1122–1132
Bibliography
1143–1157
Lexical index
1159
Conceptual index
Endnotes
1134–1142
References

Bibliography

A. Corpus-based studies of present-day English: general

Aarts, J. & W. Meijs
(eds) (1984) Corpus Linguistics: Recent Developments in the Use of Computer Corpora in English Language Research, Amsterdam: Rodopi.Google Scholar
(eds) (1986) Corpus Linguistics II. New Studies in the Analysis and Exploitation of Computer Corpora, Amsterdam: RodopiGoogle Scholar
(eds) (1990) Theory and Practice in Corpus Linguistics, Amsterdam: RodopiGoogle Scholar
Aarts, J., P. de Haan, & N. Oostdijk
(eds) (1993) English Language Corpora: Design, Analysis and Exploitation, Amsterdam: RodopiGoogle Scholar
Aijmer, K. & B. Altenberg
(eds) (1991) English Corpus Linguistics. Studies in Honour of Jan Svartvik, London: LongmanGoogle Scholar
Allwood, J. & M. Ljung
(eds) (1980) ALVAR: A Linguistically Varied Assortment of Readings. Studies Presented to Alvar Ellegård on the Occasion of his 60th Birthday, Stockholm Papers in English Language and Literature 1, Department of English, University of Stockholm
Altenberg, B.
(1996) ICAME Bibliography 3 (1990–4). Available on line from ICAME Bergen: Norwegian Computing Centre for the HumanitiesGoogle Scholar
Aston, G. & L. Burnard
(1998) The BNC Handbook: Exploring the British National Corpus with SARA, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University PressGoogle Scholar
Barnbrook, G.
(1996) Language and Computers. A Practical Introduction to the Computer Analysis of Language, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University PressGoogle Scholar
Biber, D.
(1993) ‘An analytical framework for register studies’, in Biber & Finegan (eds) 1993: 31–56Google Scholar
(1993) ‘Representativeness in corpus design’, Literary and Linguistic Computing 8: 1–15. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
(1996) ‘Investigating language use through corpus-based analyses of association patterns’, International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 1: 171–197. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Biber, D., S. Conrad & R. Reppen
(1994) ‘Corpus-based approaches to language issues in applied linguistics’, Applied Linguistics 15: 169–189. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
(1998) Corpus Linguistics: Investigating Language Structure and Use, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Biber, D. & E. Finegan
(1991) ‘On the exploration of computerized corpora in variation studies’, in Aijmer & Altenberg (eds) 1991: 204–220Google Scholar
Black, E., R. Garside & G. Leech
(eds) (1993) Statistically-driven Computer Grammars of English. The IBM/Lancaster Approach, Amsterdam: RodopiGoogle Scholar
Chafe, W. L.
(1992) ‘The importance of corpus linguistics to understanding the nature of language’, in Svartvik (ed) 1992: 79–97Google Scholar
Fillmore, C. J.
(1992) ‘Corpus linguistics’ or ‘Computer-aided armchair linguistics’, in Svartvik (ed) 1992: 35–60Google Scholar
Francis, W. N.
(1979) ‘Problems of assembling and computerizing large corpora’, in Bergenholtz & Schaeder (eds) 1979: 110–123Google Scholar
(1980) ‘A tagged corpus: problems and prospects’, in Greenbaum, Leech & Svartvik (eds) 1980: 192–209, London: LongmanGoogle Scholar
Francis, W. N. & H. Kucera
(1982) Frequency Analysis of English Usage. Lexicon and Grammar, Boston: Houghton MifflinGoogle Scholar
Fries, U., G. Tottie & P. Schneider
(eds) (1994) Creating and Using English Language Corpora: Papers from the 14th International Conference on English Language Research on Computerized Corpora, Zurich 1993, Amsterdam: RodopiGoogle Scholar
Garside, R., G. Leech & T. McEnery
(1997) Corpus Annotation. Linguistic Information from Computer Text Corpora, London: LongmanGoogle Scholar
Garside, R., G. Leech & G. Sampson
(eds) (1987) The Computational Analysis of English, London: LongmanGoogle Scholar
Granger, S.
(ed) (1998) Learner English on Computer, London: LongmanGoogle Scholar
Greenbaum, S.
(ed) (1996) Comparing English Worldwide: the International Corpus of English, Oxford: Oxford University PressGoogle Scholar
Greenbaum, S., G. Leech & J. Svartvik
(eds) (1980) Studies in English Linguistics for Randolph Quirk, London: LongmanGoogle Scholar
Hofland, K. & S. Johansson
(1982) Word Frequencies in British and American English, Bergen: Norwegian Computing Centre for the Humanities / London: LongmanGoogle Scholar
Johansson, S.
(ed) (1982) Computer Corpora in English Language Research, Bergen: Norwegian Computing Centre for the HumanitiesGoogle Scholar
Johansson, S., in collaboration with E. Atwell, R. Garside & G. Leech
(1986) The Tagged LOB Corpus. Users’ Manual, Bergen: Norwegian Computing Centre for the HumanitiesGoogle Scholar
Johansson, S. & K. Hofland
(1989) Frequency Analysis of English Vocabulary and Grammar, vols 1–2, Oxford: Clarendon PressGoogle Scholar
Johansson, S. & A.-B. Stenström
(eds) (1991) English Computer Corpora: Selected Papers and Research Guide, Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Kennedy, G.
(1998) An Introduction to Corpus Linguistics, London: LongmanGoogle Scholar
Klegraf, J. & Nehls, D.
(eds) (1988) Essays on the English Language and Applied Linguistics on the Occasion of Gerhard Nickel’s 60th Birthday, Heidelberg: Julius Groos. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Kucera, H. & W. N. Francis
(1967) Computational Analysis of Present-day American English, Providence, R.I.: Brown University PressGoogle Scholar
Leech, G. & A. Beale
(1984) ‘Computers in English language research’, Language Teaching and Linguistics: Abstracts 17: 216–229Google Scholar
Leech, G., G. Myers & J. Thomas
(eds) (1995) Spoken English on Computer: Transcription, Mark-up and Application, London: LongmanGoogle Scholar
McEnery, T. & A. Wilson
(1996) Corpus Linguistics, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University PressGoogle Scholar
Partington, A.
(1998) Patterns and Meanings: Using Corpora for English Language Research and Teaching, Amsterdam: John Benjamins. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Pearson, J.
(1998) Terms in Context, Amsterdam: John Benjamins. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Sampson, G.
(1995) English for the Computer: the SUSANNE Corpus and Analytic Scheme, Oxford: Oxford University PressGoogle Scholar
Sinclair, J. McH.
(1982) ‘Reflections on computer corpora in English language research’, in Johansson (ed) 1982: 1–6Google Scholar
Sinclair, J.
(1991) Corpus, Concordance, Collocation, Oxford: Oxford University PressGoogle Scholar
Stubbs, M.
(1996) Text and Corpus Analysis, Oxford: BlackwellGoogle Scholar
Svartvik, J.
(ed) (1992) Directions in Corpus Linguistics, Proceedings of Nobel Symposium 82, Stockholm, 4–8 August 1991, Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter. Crossref
(ed) (1990) The London-Lund Corpus of Spoken English: Description and Research, Lund Studies in English 82, Lund: Lund University PressGoogle Scholar
Svartvik, J. & R. Quirk
(eds) (1980) A Corpus of English Conversation, Lund Studies in English 56, Lund: Lund University PressGoogle Scholar
Thomas, J. & M. Short
(eds) (1996) Using Corpora for Language Research. Studies in the Honour of Geoffrey Leech, London: LongmanGoogle Scholar
Tottie, G. & I. Bäcklund
(eds) (1986) English in Speech and Writing: A Symposium, Studia Anglistica Upsaliensia 60, Stockholm: Almqvist & WiksellGoogle Scholar
Wichmann, A., S. Fligelstone, T. McEnery & G. Knowles
(eds) (1997) Teaching and Language Corpora, London: LongmanGoogle Scholar

B. Corpus-informed grammars of present-day English

Greenbaum, S.
(1996) The Oxford English Grammar, Oxford: Oxford University PressGoogle Scholar
Greenbaum, S. & R. Quirk
(1990) A Student’s Grammar of the English Language, London: LongmanGoogle Scholar
Leech, G. & J. Svartvik
(1994) A Communicative Grammar of English, London: Longman (2nd edn)Google Scholar
Quirk, R., S. Greenbaum, G. Leech & J. Svartvik
(1972) A Grammar of Contemporary English, London: LongmanGoogle Scholar
(1985) A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language, London: LongmanGoogle Scholar
Sinclair, J.
(ed-in-chief) (1990) Collins COBUILD English Grammar, London & Glasgow: HarperCollinsGoogle Scholar

C. Corpus-informed studies of specific areas of present-day English grammar

Aarts, B.
(1992) Small Clauses in English: the Nonverbal Types, Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Aarts, B. & C. F. Meyer
(eds) (1995) The Verb in Contemporary English. Theory and Description, Cambridge: Cambridge University PressGoogle Scholar
Aarts, F.
(1971) ‘On the distribution of noun-phrase types in English clause structure’, Lingua 26: 281–293. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
(1993) ‘ Who, whom, that and Ø in two corpora of spoken English’, English Today 9: 19–21. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
(1994) ‘Imperative sentences in a corpus of English conversation’, Leuvense Bijdragen (Leuven Contributions in Linguistics and Philology) 83: 145–155Google Scholar
Aarts, J. & F. Aarts
(eds) (1995) ‘ Find and want. A corpus-based case study in verb complementation’, in Aarts & Meyer 1995: 159–182Google Scholar
Abberton, E.
(1977) ‘Nominal group premodification structures’, in Bald & Ilson (eds) 1977: 29–72Google Scholar
Aijmer, K.
(1984) ‘ Go to and will in spokenEnglish’, in Ringbom & Rissanen (eds) 1984: 141–157Google Scholar
(1984) ‘ Sort of and kind of in English conversation’, Studia Linguistica 38: 118–128. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
(1985) ‘What happens at the end of our utterances? The use of utterance-final tags introduced by and and or ’, in Papers from the 8th Scandinavian Conference of Linguistics, O. Togeby (ed), 117–127, Institut for Nordisk Filologi, University of CopenhagenGoogle Scholar
(1986) ‘Discourse variation and hedging’, in Aarts & Meijs (eds) 1986: 1–18Google Scholar
(1986a) ‘Why is actually so frequent in spoken English?’ in Tottie & Bäcklund (eds) 1986: 119–129Google Scholar
(1986b) ‘Speaking with many voices: direct and indirect speech in English conversation’, in Papers from the 9th Scandinavian Conference of Linguistics, Ö. Dahl (ed), 1–14, Department of Linguistics, Stockholm UniversityGoogle Scholar
(1988) ‘“Now may we have a word on this”: The use of now as a discourse particle’, in Kytö et al. (eds) 1988: 15–34Google Scholar
(1989) ‘Themes and tails: The discourse functions of dislocated elements’, Nordic Journal of Linguistics 12: 137–154. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
(1996) Conversational Routines in English: Convention and Creativity, London: LongmanGoogle Scholar
Algeo, J.
(1988) ‘British and American grammatical differences’, International Journal of Lexicography 1: 1–31. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Altenberg, B.
(1984) ‘Causal linking in spoken and written English’, Studia Linguistica 38: 20–69. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
(1986) ‘Contrastive linking in spoken and written English’, in Tottie & Bäcklund (eds) 1986: 13–40Google Scholar
(1987) ‘Causal ordering strategies in English conversation’, in Grammar in the Construction of Texts, J. Monaghan (ed), 50–64, London: Frances PinterGoogle Scholar
(1993) ‘Recurrent verb-complement constructions in the London-Lund corpus’, in Aarts et al. (eds) 1993: 227–245Google Scholar
Altenberg, B. & M. Eeg-Olofsson
(1990) ‘Phraseology in spoken English’, in Aarts & Meijs (eds) 1990: 126Google Scholar
Andersson, E.
(1985) On Verb Complementation in Written English, Lund Studies in English 71, Lund: Gleerup/LiberGoogle Scholar
Axelsson, M. W.
(1998) Contraction in British Newspapers in the Late 20th Century, Studia Anglistica Upsaliensia 102, Uppsala: Acta Universitatis Upsa-liensisGoogle Scholar
Bache, C.
(1985) Verbal Aspect. A General Theory and Its Application to Present-day British English, Odense: Odense University PressGoogle Scholar
Backlund, I.
(1984) Conjunction-headed Abbreviated Clauses in English. Stadia Anglistica Upsalienia 50, Stockholm: Almqvist & WiksellGoogle Scholar
(1986) ‘“Beat until stiff.” Conjunction-headed abbreviated clauses in spoken and written English’, in Tottie & Bäcklund (eds) 1986: 41–55Google Scholar
Bäcklund, I.
(1988) ‘Grounds for prominence. On hierarchies and grounding in English expository text’, Studia Neophilologica 60: 37–61. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
(1988) ‘To begin with, this is the problem, for example. On some reader-oriented structural markers in English expository text’, Studia Linguis-tica 42: 60–68. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
(1989) ‘Cues to the audience. On some structural markers in English monologue’, in Odenstedt & Persson (eds) 1989: 29–39Google Scholar
Bald, W.-D.
(1972) Studien zu den Kopulativen Verben des Englischen, Munich: HueberGoogle Scholar
Bald, W. -D. and R. Ilson
(eds) (1977) Studies in English Usage: The resources of a present-day English Corpus for Linguistic Analysis, Frankfurt am Main: Peter LangGoogle Scholar
Bald, W.-D.
(1987) ‘Reduced structures in English grammar’, in W. Lörscher & R. Schulze (eds) Perspectives on Language in Performance. Studies in Linguistics, Literary Criticism, and Language Teaching and Learning. To Honour Werner Hüllen, Tübingen: G. Narr. 69–87Google Scholar
(1988a) ‘A note on the textual distribution of one ’, in Klegraf & Nehls (eds) 1988: 156–160Google Scholar
(1988b) Kernprobleme der Englischen Grammatik. Sprachliche Fakten and Ihre Vermitt-lung, Berlin & Munich: Langenscheidt-LongmanGoogle Scholar
(1988c) ‘ If-Sätze im Englischen’, in Bald 1988b: 38–50Google Scholar
Barkema, H.
(1993) ‘Idiomaticity in English NPs’, in Aarts et al. (eds) 1993: 257–278Google Scholar
Berglund, Y.
(1997) ‘Future in present-day English: corpus-based evidence on the rivalry of expressions’, ICAME Journal 21: 7–19Google Scholar
Biber, D.
(1985) ‘Investigating macroscopic textual variation through multi-feature/multi-dimensional analyses’, Linguistics 23: 155–178. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
(1986) ‘On the investigation of spokenl written differences’, Studia Linguistica 40: 1–21. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
(1986) ‘Spoken and written textual dimensions in English: resolving the contradictory findings’, Language 62: 384–414. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
(1988) ‘A textual comparison of British and American writing’, American Speech 62: 99–119. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
(1988) Variation across Speech and Writing, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
(1989) ‘A typology of English texts’, Linguistics 27: 3–43. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
(1992a) ‘On the complexity of discourse complexity: a multidimensional analysis’, Discourse Processes 15: 133–163. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
(1992b) ‘Using computer-based text corpora to analyze the referential strategies of spoken and written texts’, in Svartvik (ed.) 1992: 213–252Google Scholar
Biber, D. & E. Finegan
(1988) ‘Adverbial stance types in English’, Discourse Processes 11: 1–34. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
(1989) ‘Styles of stance in English. Lexical and grammatical marking of evidentiality and affect’, Text 9: 93–124. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Black, M.
(1977) ‘An investigation into factors influencing the choice between the syllabic and contracted form of is ’, in Bald & Ilson (eds) 1977: 171–189Google Scholar
Breivik, L. E.
(1981) ‘On the interpretation of existential there’, Language 57: 1–25. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
(1990 [1983]) Existential ‘there’. A Synchronic and Diachronic Study. Studia Anglistica Norvegica 2, Oslo: NovusGoogle Scholar
Bublitz, W.
(1988) Supportive Fellow-speakers and Cooperative Conversations, Amsterdam: John Benjamins. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
(1989) ‘Ausdrücke des Kenntnisnehmens (Hörersignale) oder des Stellungsnehmens (Rede-beitrage): yes und verwandte Formen’, Folia Linguistica 23: 67–104. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Buysschaert, B.
(1982) Criteria for the Classification of English Adverbials, Brussels: AWLsKGoogle Scholar
Bybee, J. L. & D. L. Slobin
(1982) ‘Rules and schemes in the development and use of the English past tense’, Language 58: 165–189. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Caie, G., K. Haastrup, A. L. Jakobsen, J. E. Nielsen, J. Sevaldsen, H. Specht & A. Zettersten
(eds) (1990) Proceedings from the 4th Nordic Conference for English Studies (Helsingør, 11–13 May 1989), 2 vols, Department of English, University of CopenhagenGoogle Scholar
Carter, R., & M. McCarthy
(1995) ‘Grammar and the spoken language’, Applied Linguistics 16: 141–158. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Channel, J.
1994 Vague Language, Oxford: Oxford University PressGoogle Scholar
Close, R.
(1980) ‘Will in if-clauses’, in Greenbaum, Leech, & Svartvik 1980: 100–109Google Scholar
Coates, J.
(1977) ‘A corpus study of modifiers in sequence’, in Bald & Ilson (eds) 1977: 9–27. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
(1980) ‘On the non-equivalence of may and can ’, Lingua 50: 209–220. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
(1983) The Semantics of the Modal Auxiliaries, London: Croom HelmGoogle Scholar
(1987) ‘Epistemic modality and spoken discourse’, Transactions of the Philological Society 110–131. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
(1995) ‘The expression of root and epistemic possibility in English’, in Aarts & Meyer 1995: 145–156. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Coates, J. & G. N. Leech
(1980) ‘The meanings of the modals in modem British and American English’, York Papers in Linguistics 8: 23–34Google Scholar
Collins COBUILD Grammar Patterns 1: Verbs
(1996) London: HarperCollinsGoogle Scholar
Collins, P.
(1985) ‘Th-clefts and all-clefts’ Beitrage zur Phonetik und Linguistik 48: 45–53Google Scholar
(1988) ‘The semantics of some modals in contemporary Australian English’, Australian Journal of Linguistics 8: 261–286. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
(1991) Cleft and Pseudo-cleft Constructions in English, London & New York: RoutledgeGoogle Scholar
(1994) ‘The structure of English comparative clauses’, English Studies 75: 157–165. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
(1996) ‘ Get-passives in English’, World Englishes 15: 43–56. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Conrad, S.
(1996) ‘Investigating academic texts with corpus-based techniques: an example from biology’, Linguistics and Education 8: 299–326. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Conrad, S., & D. Biber
forthcoming). ‘Adverbial marking of stance in speech and writing’, Evaluation in Discourse ed. by S. Hunston London Harper Collins
Crystal, D.
(1980) ‘Neglected grammatical factors in conversational English’, in Greenbaum, Leech, & Svartvik (eds) 1980: 153–166Google Scholar
Dubois, B. L.
(1972) ‘Meaning and distribution of the perfect in present-day American English prose’, unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, DAI 33/ 12-A, 6892f, University of New MexicoGoogle Scholar
Dusková, L.
(1971a) ‘Some quantitative aspects of continuous forms in present-day English’, Prague Studies in English 14: 7–39Google Scholar
(1971b) ‘On some functional and stylistic aspects of the passive voice in present-day English’, Philologica Pragensia 14: 117–144Google Scholar
Ehrman, M.
(1966) The Meanings of the Modals in Present-day American English, The Hague: Mouton. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Ellegård, A.
(1978) The syntactic structure of English texts, Gothenburg Studies in English 43, Gothenburg: Acta Universitatis GothoburgensisGoogle Scholar
Elsness, J.
(1981) ‘On the syntactic and semantic functions of that-clauses’, in Johansson & Tysdahl (eds) 1981: 281–303, Department of English, Oslo UniversityGoogle Scholar
(1982) ‘ That v. zero connective in English nominal clauses’, ICAME News 6: 1–45Google Scholar
(1984) ‘ That or zero? A look at the choice of object clause connective in a corpus of American English’, English Studies 65: 519–533. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
(1997) The Perfect and the Preterite in Contemporary and Earlier English, Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Enkvist, N. E.
(ed.) (1982) Impromptu Speech: A Symposium. Publications of the Research Institute of the Åbo Akademi Foundation 78, Åbo: Åbo AkademiGoogle Scholar
Erman, B.
(1986) ‘Some pragmatic expressions in English conversation’, in Tottie & Bäcklund (eds) 1986: 131–147Google Scholar
(1987) Pragmatic Expressions in English. A Study of ‘you know’, ‘you see’ and ‘I mean’ in Face-to-face Conversation, Stockholm Studies in English 69, Stockholm: Almqvist & WiksellGoogle Scholar
Fletcher, P. & M. Garman
(1995) ‘Transcription, segmentation and analysis: corpora for the language impaired’, in Leech et al. (eds) 1995: 116–127Google Scholar
Fox, B. A., & S. A. Thopson
(1990) ‘A discourse explanation of the grammar of relative clauses in English conversation’, Language 66: 297–316. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Francis, G.
(1991) ‘Nominal groups and clause structure’, Word 42: 145–156. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Francis, W. N.
(1992) ‘A versatile suffix: English -en ’, Om språk og utdanning, Festskrift til Eva Sivertsen, ed. by A.-M. Langvall Olsen & A. M. Simensen, 45–54, Oslo: UniversitetsforlagetGoogle Scholar
Fries, U.
(1993) ‘The comparison of monosyllabic adjectives’, in The Noun Phrase in English: Its Structure and Variability. Anglistik & Englischun-terricht. 49. Heidelberg: C. Winter, pp. 25–44Google Scholar
Geisler, C.
(1992) ‘Relative Infinitives in spoken and written English’, in Leitner (ed.) 1992: 213–230Google Scholar
(1995) Relative Infinitives in English, Stockholm: Almqvist & WiksellGoogle Scholar
Geluykens, R.
(1984) ‘Focus phenomena in English. An empirical investigation into cleft and pseudoleft sentences’, Antwerp Papers in Linguistics 36, University of AntwerpGoogle Scholar
(1987) ‘Tails (right-dislocations) as a repair mechanism in English conversation’, in Getting One’s Words into Line: On Word Order and Functional Grammar, J. Nuyts & G. de Schutter (eds), 119–129, Dordrecht: Foris. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
(1988) ‘Five types of clefting in English discourse’, Linguistics 26: 823–841. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
(1991) ‘Information flow in English conversation: a new approach to the given-new distinction’, in Functional and Systemic Linguistics: Approaches and Uses, E. Ventola (ed), 141–167, Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
(1992) From Discourse Process to Grammatical Construction: On Left-dislocation in English, Amsterdam: John Benjamins. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Gnutzmann, C., R. Ilson & J. Webster
(1973) ‘Comparative constructions in contemporary English’, English Studies 54: 417–438. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Granger, S.
(1983) The ‘be’ + past participle Construction in Spoken English with Special Emphasis on the Passive, Amsterdam: North-HollandGoogle Scholar
Greenbaum, S.
(1969) Studies in English Adverbial usage, London: LongmanGoogle Scholar
(1984) ‘Corpus analysis and elicitation tests’, in Aarts & Meijs (eds) 1984: 193–201Google Scholar
(1988) ‘Syntactic devices for compression in English’, in Klegraf & Nehls (eds) 1988: 3–10Google Scholar
Greenbaum, S. & G. Nelson
(1995a) ‘Nuclear and peripheral clauses in speech and writing’, in G. Melchers and B. Warren, Studies in Anglistics, 181–190, Stockholm: Almqvist & WiksellGoogle Scholar
(1995b) ‘Clause relationships in spoken and written English’, Functions of Language 2.1: 1–21. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
(1996) ‘Positions of adverbial clauses in British English’, World Englishes 15: 69–81. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Greenbaum, S., G. Nelson & M. Weitzman
(1996) ‘Complement clauses in English’, in Thomas & Short (eds) 1996: 76–92Google Scholar
Gustafsson, M.
(1982) ‘Textual aspects of topicalization in a corpus of English’, ICAME News 6: 46–76Google Scholar
(1983) ‘Fronting of adverbials in four genres of English’, in Jacobson (ed.) 1983: 7–17Google Scholar
Haan, P. de
(1984) ‘Relative clauses compared’, ICAME News 8: 47–59Google Scholar
(1987) ‘Relative clauses in indefinite noun phrases’, English Studies 68: 171–190. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
(1988) ‘A corpus investigation into the behaviour of prepositional verbs’, in Kytö et al. (eds) 1988: 121–135Google Scholar
(1989) Postmodifying Clauses in the English Noun Phrase. A Corpus-based Study, Amsterdam: RodopiGoogle Scholar
(1990) ‘Structure frequency counts of modern English: the set-up of a quantitative study’, Dutch Working Papers in English Language and Linguistics 13: 1–15Google Scholar
Haase, I.
(1988) ‘Temporafolge und Bedingungstyp im Konditionalen Satzgefuge’, in Mindt (ed.) 1988: 69–76Google Scholar
Haegeman, L.
(1983) The Semantics of ‘will’ in Present-day British English: a Unified Account, Brussels: AWLsKGoogle Scholar
(1984) ‘Pragmatic conditionals in English’, Folia Linguistica 13: 485–502Google Scholar
Hardy, D., & A. Leuchtmann
(1996) ‘Topic versus cohesion in the prediction of causal ordering in English conversation’, Discourse Processes 21: 237–254. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Hasselgård, H.
(1991) ‘Sequences of temporal and spatial adverbials in spoken English: some pragmatic considerations’, ICAME Journal 15: 3–17Google Scholar
(1992) ‘Sequences of spatial and temporal adverbials in spoken and written English’, in Leitner (ed.) 1992: 319–328Google Scholar
(1993) ‘Sequences of time and space adverbials in clause-initial position: a survey of ordering principles’, in Proceedings from the 5th Nordic Association of English Studies Conference, Reykjavik 1992, 45–57, J. D’Arcy (ed), Reykjavik: University of Iceland Publishing Co.Google Scholar
(1996) Where and when? Positional and Functional Conventions for Sequences of Time and Space Adverbials in Present-day English, Acta Humaniora 3, Oslo: UniversitetsforlagetGoogle Scholar
Helt, M. E.
(1997) ‘Discourse marker and stance adverbial variation in spoken American English: a corpus-based analysis’, unpublished. Ph.D. dissertation, Northern Arizona UniversityGoogle Scholar
Hermerén, L.
(1978) On Modality in English: A Study of the Semantics of the Modals, Lund Studies in English 53, Lund: Lund University PressGoogle Scholar
Hermeren, L.
(1978) ‘Testing the meanings of modals’, Studia Anglica Posnaniensia 10: 137–140Google Scholar
Hermerén, L.
(1986) ‘Modalities in spoken and written English. An inventory of forms’, in Tottie & Bäcklund (eds) 1986: 57–91Google Scholar
Huddleston, R.
(1971) The Sentence in Written English: A Syntactic Study Based on an Analysis of Scientific Texts, Cambridge: Cambridge University PressGoogle Scholar
Hudson, J.
(1990) ‘A computerized study of multiword fixed-phrase adverbials’, in Caie et al. (eds) 1990: 335–341Google Scholar
Hunt, K. W.
(1965) ‘Grammatical structures written at three grade levels’, NCTE Research Report No. 3, Champaign, Illinois: National Council of Teachers of EnglishGoogle Scholar
Hurk, I. van den, L. Kager, L. Kemp & M. Masereeuw
(1984) ‘To strand or not to’, ICAME News 8: 71–83Google Scholar
Hüllen, W.
(1987) ‘On denoting time in discourse’, in Grammar in the Construction of Texts, J. Monaghan (ed), 50–64, London: Frances PinterGoogle Scholar
Ikegami, Y.
(1989) ‘Have + object + past participle’ and ‘get + object + past participle’ in the SEU Corpus’, in Meaning and Beyond, U. Fries & M. Heusser (eds), Tübingen: Gunter Narr VerlagGoogle Scholar
Jacobson, S.
(ed.) (1980) Papers from the Scandinavian Symposium on Syntactic Variation (Stockholm, 1819 May 1979), Stockholm Studies in English 52, Stockholm: Almqvist & WiksellGoogle Scholar
(1982) ‘Modality nouns and the choice between to + infinitive and of + ing, Studia Anglica Posnaniensia 15: 61–71Google Scholar
(ed) (1983) Papers from the Scandinavian Symposium on Syntactic Variation (Stockholm, 1516 May, 1982), Stockholm Studies in English 57, Stockholm: Almqvist & WiksellGoogle Scholar
(1985) ‘Form vs. meaning in noun phrases with an of-construction’, in Papers from the 8th Scandinavian Conference of Linguistics, O. Togeby (ed), 426–436, Institut for Nordisk Filologi, University of CopenhagenGoogle Scholar
(ed) (1986) Papers from the 3rd Scandinavian Symposium on Syntactic Variation (Stockholm, 11–12 May 1985), Stockholm Studies in English 65, Stockholm: Almqvist & WiksellGoogle Scholar
(1989) ‘Some observations on article variation in English’, in Odenstedt & Persson (eds) 1989: 99–108Google Scholar
Jahr, M.-C.
(1981) ‘The s-genitive with non-personal nouns in present-day British and American English’, ICAME News 5: 14–31Google Scholar
Johannesson, N. L.
(1982) ‘On the use of post-modification in English noun phrases’, in The 8th LACUS Forum 1981, W. Gutwinski & G. Jolly (eds), 187–195, Columbia, S.C.: Hornbeam PressGoogle Scholar
Johansson, C.
(1993) ‘ Whose and of which with nonpersonal antecedents in written and spoken English’, in Souter & Atwell (eds) 1993: 97–116Google Scholar
(1995) The Relativizers whose and of which in Present-day English. Description and Theory, Stockholm: Almqvist & WiksellGoogle Scholar
Johansson, S.
(1980) Plural Attributive Nouns in Present-day English, Lund Studies in English 59, Lund: Lund University PressGoogle Scholar
Johansson, S. & B. Tysdahl
(eds) (1981) Papers from the 1st Nordic Conference for English Studies (Oslo, 1719 September 1980), Department of English, University of OsloGoogle Scholar
Johansson, S.
(1986) ‘Some observations on the order of adverbial particles and objects in the LOB Corpus’, in Jacobson (ed.) 1986: 51–62Google Scholar
(1995) ‘Some aspects of verb-adverb combinations’, in Aarts & Meyer (eds) 1995: 219–240Google Scholar
Johansson, S. & E. H. Norheim
(1988) ‘The subjunctive in British and American English’, ICAME Journal 12: 27–36Google Scholar
Johansson, S. & S. Oksefjell
(1996) ‘Towards a unified account of the syntax and semantics of GET’, in Thomas & Short (eds) 1996: 57–75Google Scholar
Kennedy, G.
(1987) ‘Expressing temporal frequency in academic English’, TESOL Quarterly 21: 69–86. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
(1987) ‘Quantification and the use of English: a case study of one aspect of the learner’s task’, Applied Linguistics 8: 264–286. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Kirk, J. M.
(1988) ‘Inter-corpus comparisons. The primary verb BE’, in Proceedings of the XIII ALLC Conference, Norwich 1986, J. Hamesse (ed), 123–133Google Scholar
Kjellmer, G.
(1979) ‘On clause-introductory nor and neither ’, English Studies 60: 280–295. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
(1980) ’Accustomed to swim: accustomed to swimming. On verbal forms after to’, in Allwood & Ljung (eds) 1980: 75–99Google Scholar
(1980) ‘“There is no hiding you in the house”: on a modal use of the English gerund’, English Studies 61: 47–60. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
(1982) ‘ Each other and one another. On the use of the English reciprocal pronouns’, English Studies 63: 231–254. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
(1982) ‘What to do? On non-finite direct questions in English’, English Studies 63: 446–454. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
(1983) ‘“He is one of the few men in history who plays jazz on a violin”. On number concord in certain relative clauses’, Anglia 101: 299–314Google Scholar
(1984) ‘On the grammatical number of relative what ’, English Studies 65: 256–273. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
(1985) ‘Help to/help revisited’, English Studies 66: 156–161. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
(1986) “’Us Anglos are a cut above the field”: On objective pronouns in nominative contexts’, English Studies 67: 445–449. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
(1988) ‘“What a night on which to die!” On symmetry in English relative clauses’, English Studies 69: 559–568. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
(1989) ‘Even if and even though’, English Studies 70: 256–269. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
(1992) ‘ Old as he was: a note on concessiveness and causality’, English Studies 73: 337–350. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Krogvig, I. & S. Johansson
(1984) ‘ Shall and will in British and American English: a frequency study’, Studia Linguistica 38: 70–87. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Krug, M.
(1994) ‘Contractions in spoken and written English: a corpus-based study of brachychronic language change’, unpublished M.A. thesis, University of ExeterGoogle Scholar
Kussmaul, P.
(1978) ‘ In fact, actually, anyway: Indikatoren von Sprechakten in Informellen Ge-sprochenen Englisch’, Die Neueren Sprachen 27: 357–369Google Scholar
Lange, D.
(1988) ‘Tempusrelationen und Verben im Zusammenhang mit that-clauses’, in Mindt (ed) 1988: 84–93Google Scholar
Leech, G. & J. Coates
(1980) ‘Semantic indeterminacy and the modals’, in Greenbaum, Leech & Svartvik (eds) 1980: 79–90Google Scholar
Leech, G. & J. Culpeper
(1997) ‘The comparison of adjectives in recent British English’, in T. Nevalainen & L. Kahlas-Tarkka (eds) To Explain the Present: Studies in the Changing English Language in Honour of Matti Rissanen, 353–374, Helsinki: Société NéophilologiqueGoogle Scholar
Leech, G. & Li, L.
(1995) ‘Indeterminacy between noun phrases and adjective phrases as complements of the English verb’, in Aarts & Meyer 1995: 183–202Google Scholar
Leech, G., B. Francis & X. Xu
(1994) ‘The use of computer corpora in the textual demonstrability of gradience in linguistic categories’, in Continuity in Linguistic Semantics, C. Fuchs & B. Victorri (eds) 57–76, Amsterdam: John Benjamins. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Leitner, G.
(ed.) (1992) New Directions in English Language Corpora. Methodology, Results, Software Developments, Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Leitzke, E.
(1989) (De)nominale Adjektive im heutigen Englisch. Untersuchungen zur Morphologie, Syntax, Semantik und Pragmatik von Adjektiv-Nomen-Kombinationen der Typen ‘atomic energy’ und ‘criminal lawyer’, Tübingen: Max NiemeyerGoogle Scholar
Lindblad, I. & M. Ljung
(eds) (1987) Proceedings from the 3rd Nordic Conference for English Studies (Hässelby, 25–27 September 1986), 2 vols. Stockholm Studies in English 73, Stockholm: Almqvist & WiksellGoogle Scholar
Magnusson, U.
(1989) ‘The verb do in the LOB Corpus’, in Odenstedt & Persson (eds) 1989: 131–145Google Scholar
Mair, C.
(1987) ‘ For/to-infinitival clauses in contemporary British English. A study based on the material collected in the Survey of English Usage, University College London’, English Studies 68: 545–559. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
(1987) ‘Tough-movement in present-day British English. A corpus-based study’, Studia Linguistica 41: 59–71. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
(1987) ‘Instabile Infinitivkonstruktionen im heutigen Englisch’, Linguistische Berichte 3: 381–397Google Scholar
(1988) ‘Extraposed gerundial subject clauses in present-day British English. An investigation of the corpus of the Survey of English Usage, University College London’, Arbeiten aus Anglistik und Amerikanistik 13: 51–63Google Scholar
(1990) Infinitival Complement Clauses in English: A Study in Discourse, Cambridge: Cambridge University PressGoogle Scholar
(1994) ‘Is see becoming a conjunction? The study of grammaticalisation as a meeting ground for corpus linguistics and grammatical theory’, in Fries et al. (eds) 1994: 127–137Google Scholar
(1995) ‘Changing patterns of complementation, and concomitant grammaticalisation, of the verb help in present-day British English’, in Aarts & Meyer (eds) 1995: 258–272Google Scholar
McCarthy, M. J. and Carter, R A.
(1997) ‘Grammar, tails and affect: constructing expressive choices in discourse’, Text 17 (3), 405–429. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Meijs, W.
(1984) ‘“You can do so if you want to”-some elliptic structures in Brown and LOB and their syntactic description’, in Aarts & Meijs (eds) 1984: 141–162Google Scholar
(ed.) (1987) Corpus Linguistics and Beyond. Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on English Language Research on Computerized Corpora, Amsterdam: RodopiGoogle Scholar
Meyer, C. F.
(1987) A Linguistic Study of American Punctuation, Frankfurt am Main: Peter LangGoogle Scholar
(1987) ‘Apposition in English’, Journal of Engfish Linguistics 20: 101–121. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
(1989) ‘Restrictive apposition: an intermediate category’, English Studies 70: 147–166. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
(1991) ‘A corpus-based study of apposition in English’, in Aijmer & Altenberg (eds) 1991: 166–181Google Scholar
(1991) Apposition in Contemporary English, Cambridge: Cambridge University PressGoogle Scholar
(1995) ‘Coordination ellipsis in spoken and written American English’, Language Sciences 17: 241–269. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
(1996) ‘Coordinate structures in English’, World Englishes 15: 29–41. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Mindt, D.
(1987) Sprache. Grammatik, Unterrichts-grammatik: Futurischer Zeitbezug im Englischen I, Frankfurt am Main: Diesterweg (Schule und For-schung, Schrifenreihe für Studium und Praxis)Google Scholar
(1988) EDV in der angewandten Linguistik. Ziele-Methode Ergebnisse, Frankfurt am Main: DiesterwegGoogle Scholar
(1995) An Empirical Grammar of the English Verb: Modal Verbs, Berlin: Cornelsen VerlagGoogle Scholar
Myhill, J.
(1995) ‘Change and continuity in the functions of the American English modals’, Linguistics 33: 157–211. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
(1997) ‘ Should and ought: the rise of individually oriented modality in American English’, English Language and Linguistics 1: 3–23. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Nakamura, J.
(1991) ‘The relationships among genres in the LOB corpus based upon the distribution of grammatical tags’, JACET (The Japan Association of College English Teachers) Bulletin 22: 55–74Google Scholar
(1992) ‘The comparison of the Brown and the LOB corpora based upon the distribution of grammatical tags’, Journal of Foreign Languages and Literature 3: 43–58, College of General Education, University of TokushimaGoogle Scholar
(1993) ‘Quantitative comparison of modals in the Brown and LOB corpora’, ICAME Journal 17: 29–48Google Scholar
Nässlin, S.
(1984)  The English Tag Question: A Study of Sentences Containing Tags of the Type ‘isn’t it?’ and ‘is it?’ Stockholm Studies in English 60, Stockholm: Almqvist & WiksellGoogle Scholar
Nattinger, J. R. & J. S. DeCarrico
(1992) Lexical Phrases and Language Teaching, Oxford: Oxford University PressGoogle Scholar
Nehls, D.
(1988) ‘Der englische Verbalaspekt’, in Bald 1988b: 192–208Google Scholar
Nevalainen, T. & M. Rissanen
(1986) ‘“Do you support the do-support?” Emphatic and non-emphatic DO in affirmative statements in present-day spoken English’, in Jacobson (ed.) 1986: 35–50Google Scholar
Noël, J.
(1993) ‘Adjectives and nouns with reported clauses’ ICAME Journal 17: 49–71Google Scholar
Odenstedt, B. & G. Persson
(eds) (1989) Instead of Flowers. Papers in Honour of Mats Rydén on the Occasion of his 60th Birthday, Umeå Studies in the Humanities 90, Stockholm: Almqvist & WiksellGoogle Scholar
Olofsson, A.
(1981) Relative Junctions in Written American English, Gothenburg studies in English 50, Gothenburg: Acta Universitatis GothoburgensisGoogle Scholar
(1990) ‘A participle caught in the act. On the prepositional use of following ’, Studia Neophi-lologica 62: 23–35. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Oostdijk, N.
(1984) ‘An extended affix grammar for the English noun phrase’, in Aarts & Meijs (eds) 1984: 95–122Google Scholar
(1986) ‘Coordination and gapping in corpus analysis’, in Aarts & Meijs (eds) 1986: 177–201Google Scholar
(1988) ‘A corpus linguistic approach to linguistic variation’, Literary and Linguistic Computing 3: 12–25. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Oostdijk, N. & P. de Haan
(1994) ‘Clause. patterns in Modern British English: a corpus-based (quantitative) study’, ICAME Journal 18: 41–79Google Scholar
Opdahl, L.
(1990) ‘ Close or closely as verb modifier? In search of explanatory parameters’, in Caie et al. (eds) 1990: 201–212Google Scholar
(1991) ‘ -ly as adverbial suffix: corpus and elicited material compared’, ICAME Journal 15:19–35Google Scholar
Övergaard, G.
(1987) ‘Duration, progression, and the progressive form in temporal as-clauses’, in Lind-blad & Lung (eds) 1987: 265–280Google Scholar
(1992) ‘On the use of the andative subjunctive in English language the time machine’, in Papers in Honour of Bengt Odenstedt, L.-E. Edlund & G. Persson (eds), 203–227, Stockholm: Almqvist & WiksellGoogle Scholar
Palmer, F. R.
(1988) The English Verb, 2nd edn, London: LongmanGoogle Scholar
Paradis, C.
(1997) Degree Modifiers of Adjectives in Spoken British English, Lund: Lund University PressGoogle Scholar
Persson, G.
(1974) Repetition in English. Part 1: Sequential Repetition, Stockholm: Almqvist & WiksellGoogle Scholar
(1989) ‘On the semantics of collective nouns in English’, in Odenstedt & Persson (eds) 1989: 179–188Google Scholar
Prince, E. F.
(1978) ‘A comparison of wh-clefts and it-clefts in discourse’, Language 54: 883–906. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Quirk, R.
(1960) ‘Towards a description of English usage’, Transactions of the Philological Society, 40–61. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
(1965) ‘Descriptive statement and serial relationship’, Language 41: 205–217. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
(1970) ‘Aspect and variant inflexion in English verbs’, Language 46: 300–311. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
(1984) ‘Recent work on adverbial realisation and position’, in Aarts & Meijs (eds) 1984: 185–192Google Scholar
Quirk, R., A. Duckworth, J. Rusiecki, J. Svartvik & A. Colin
(1964) ‘Studies in the correspondence of prosodic to grammatical features in English’, in Proceedings of the 9th International Congress of Linguists, 679–691, The Hague: MoutonGoogle Scholar
Randow, E. Von
(1986) Valente Substantive des Englischen. Tübinger Beiträge zur Linguistik 294, Tübingen: Gunter Narr VerlagGoogle Scholar
Ringbom, H. & M. Rissanen
(eds) (1984) Proceedings from the 2nd Nordic Conference for English Studies (Hanasaari/Hanaholmen, 19–21 May 1983). Publications of the Research Institute of the Åbo Akademi Foundation 92. Åbo: Åbo AkademiGoogle Scholar
Rissanen, M.
(1980) ‘On the position of only in present day written English’, in Jacobson (ed) 1980: 63–76Google Scholar
Rudanko, J.
(1991) ‘On verbs governing -ing in present-day English’, English Studies 72: 55–72. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
(1992) ‘ Resorting to and turning to: on verbs governing -ing to in present-day English’, English Studies 73: 68–79. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
(1995) ‘ Balking at and working at: on verbs governing -ing at in present-day English’, English Studies 76: 264–281. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Rusiecki, J.
(1985) Adjectives and Comparison in English. A semantic study. London: LongmanGoogle Scholar
Rycker, T. De
(1984) Imperative Structures: Form and Function in Conversational English. Antwerp Papers in Linguistics 38, Department of Linguistics, University of AntwerpGoogle Scholar
Sahlin, E.
(1979) “Some” and “any” in spoken and written English , Studia Anglistica Upsaliensia 38, Stockholm: Almqvist & WiksellGoogle Scholar
Schiffrin, D.
(1981) ‘Tense variation in narrative’, Language 57: 45–62. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
(1985a) Multiple constraints on discourse options: a quantitative analysis of causal sequences’, Discourse Processes 8: 281–303. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
(1985b) ‘Conversational coherence: the role of well ’, Language 61: 640–667. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Schneider, E. W.
(1992) ‘ Who(m)? Case marking of wh-pronouns in written British and American English’, in Leitner (ed.) 1992: 231–245Google Scholar
Souter, C. & E. Atwell
(eds) (1993) Corpus-based Computational Linguistics. Amsterdam: RodopiGoogle Scholar
Stein, G.
(1979) Studies in the Function of the Passive, Tübingen: NarrGoogle Scholar
Stein, G. & R. Quirk
(1991) ‘On having a look in a corpus’, in Aijmer & Altenberg (eds) 1991: 197–203Google Scholar
Stenström, A.-B.
(1982) ‘Feedback’, in Enkvist (ed.) 1982: 319–340Google Scholar
(1983) ‘Questioning strategies in English and Swedish conversation’, in Cross-language Analysis and Second Language Acquisition 2, K. Sajavaara (ed), 67–78, Jyväskylä Cross Language Studies 10, Jyväskylä: University of JyväskyläGoogle Scholar
(1984a) ‘Discourse tags’, in Aarts & Meijs (eds) 1984: 65–81Google Scholar
(1984b) Questions and Responses in English Conversation, Lund Studies in English 68, Lund: Lund University PressGoogle Scholar
(1986) ‘What does really really do? Strategies in speech and writing’, in Tottie & Backlund (eds) 1986: 149–163, reprinted in Grammar in the Construction of Texts, J. Monaghan (ed.), 65–79, London: Frances Pinter 1987Google Scholar
(1986) ‘A study of pauses as demarcators in discourse and syntax’, in Aarts & Meijs (eds) 1986: 203–218Google Scholar
(1987) ‘Carry-on signals in English conversation’, in Meijs (ed.) 1987: 87–119Google Scholar
(1990) ‘What is the role of discourse signals in sentence grammar?’, in Aarts & Meijs (eds) 1990: 213–229Google Scholar
(1995) ‘Some remarks on comment clauses’, in Aarts & Meyer (eds) 1995: 290–301Google Scholar
Stenström, A.-B. & J. Svartvik
(1993) ‘Imparsable speech: repeats and other nonfluencies in spoken English’, in Oostdijk & de Haan (eds) 1993: 241–254Google Scholar
Svartvik, J.
(1966) On Voice in the English Verb, The Hague: MoutonGoogle Scholar
(1968) ‘Plotting divided usage with dare and need ’, Studia Neophilologica 40: 130–140. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
(1980) ‘ Well in conversation’, in Green-baum, Leech, & Svartvik (eds) 1980: 167–177Google Scholar
(1982) ‘The segmentation of impromptu speech’, in Enkvist (ed.) 1982: 131–145Google Scholar
Svartvik, J. & O. Ekedahl
(1995) ‘Verbs in public and private speaking’, in Aarts & Meyer (eds) 1995: 273–289Google Scholar
Sørheim, M.-C. J.
(1981) ‘The genitive in a functional sentence perspective’, in Johansson & Tysdahl (eds) 1981: 405–423Google Scholar
Taglicht, J.
(1977) ‘Relative clauses as postmodifiers: meaning, syntax and intonation’, in Bald & Ilson (eds) 1977: 73–107Google Scholar
(1983) Message and Emphasis, London: LongmanGoogle Scholar
(1988) ‘Relative clauses in English’, in Bald 1988b: 244–253Google Scholar
Tesch, F.
(1988) ‘Some und any in affirmativen und negativen Kontexten’, in Mindt (ed.) 1988: 59–68Google Scholar
(1990) Die Indeftnitpronomina ‘some’ und ‘any’ im Autentischen Englischen Sprachgebrauch und in Lehrwerken, Tübingen: Gunter NarrGoogle Scholar
Thavenius, C.
(1983) Referential Pronouns in English Conversation, Lund Studies in English 64, Lund: Lund University PressGoogle Scholar
(1984) ‘Pronominal chains in English conversation’, in Ringbom & Rissanen (eds) 1984: 209–219Google Scholar
Thompson, S. A.
(1983) ‘Grammar and discourse: the English detached participial clause’, in Discourse Perspectives on Syntax, F. Klein-Andreu (ed), 43–65, New York: Academic PressGoogle Scholar
(1985) ‘Grammar and written discourse: initial versus final purpose clauses in English’, Text 5: 55–84. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Thompson, S. A. & A. Mulac
(1991a) ‘The discourse conditions for the use of the complementizer that in conversational English’, Journal of Pragmatics 15: 237–251. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
(1991a) ‘A quantitative perspective on the grammaticization of epistemic parentheticals in English’, in Approaches to Gram-maticalization: Volume II, E. C. Traugott and B. Heine (eds), Amsterdam: John Benjamins. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Tottie, G.
(1980) ‘Affixal and non-affixal negation. Two systems in (almost) complementary distribution’, Studia Linguistica 34: 101–123. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
(1981) ‘Negation and discourse strategy. in spoken and written English’, in Variation Omnibus, H. Cedergren & D. Sankoff (eds), 271–284, Edmonton, Alberta: Linguistic ResearchGoogle Scholar
(1982) ‘Where do negative sentences come from?’ Studia Linguistica 36: 88–105. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
(1983) Much about ‘not’ and ‘nothing’: A Study of the Variation between Analytic and Synthetic Negation in Contemporary American English, Lund: CWK GleerupGoogle Scholar
(1983) ‘The missing link? or, Why is there twice as much negation in spoken English as in written English?’ in Jacobson (ed) 1983: 67–74Google Scholar
(1984) ‘Is there an adverbial in this text? (And if so, what is it doing there?)’, in Ringbom & Rissanen (eds) 1984: 299–315Google Scholar
(1986) ‘The importance of being adverbial. Adverbials of focusing and contingency in spoken and written English’, in Tottie & Backlund (eds) 1986: 93–118Google Scholar
(1988) ‘ No-negation and not-negation in spoken and written English’, in Kytö et al. (eds) 1988: 245–265Google Scholar
(1991) Negation in English Speech and Writing. A Study in Variation, San Diego: Academic PressGoogle Scholar
Tottie, G. & G. Övergaard
(1984) ‘The author’s would. A feature of American English?’ Studia Linguistica 38: 148–165. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Tottie, G. & C. Paradis
(1982) ‘From function to structure. Some pragmatic determinants of syntactic frequencies in impromptu speech’, in Enkvist (ed.) 1982: 307–317Google Scholar
Vandepitte, S.
(1993) A Pragmatic Study of the Expression and the Interpretation of Causality Conjuncts and Conjunctions in Modern Spoken British English, Verhandelingen van de Koninklijke Academie voor Wetenschappen, Letteren en Schone Kunsten van België, Turnhout (Belgium): Brepols PublishersGoogle Scholar
Varantola, K.
(1984) On Noun Phrase Structures in Engineering English, Turku: University of TurkuGoogle Scholar
Viitanen, O.
(1986) ‘On the position of only in English conversation’, in Tottie & Backlund (eds) 1986: 165–175Google Scholar
Virtanen, T.
(1992a) ‘Temporal adverbials in text structuring: on temporal text strategy’, in Nordic Research on Text and Discourse, NORDTEXT Symposium 1990, A.-C. Lindeberg, N. E. Enkvist & K. Wikberg (eds), 185–197. Åbo: Åbo Academy PressGoogle Scholar
(1992b) Discourse Functions of Adverbial Placement in English, Åbo: Åbo Akademy PressGoogle Scholar
Wales, K.
(1996) Personal Pronouns in Present-day English, Cambridge: Cambridge University PressGoogle Scholar
Warren, B.
(1978) Semantic Patterns of Noun-noun Compounds, Gothenburg Studies in English 41, Gothenburg: Acta Universitatis GothoburgensisGoogle Scholar
(1984) Classifying Adjectives, Gothenburg Studies in English 56, Gothenburg: Acta Universi-tatis GothoburgensisGoogle Scholar
(1987) ‘A certain misclassification’, in Lindblad & Ljung (eds) 1987: 363–377Google Scholar
Wekker, H.
(1976) The Expression of Future Time in Contemporary British English, Amsterdam: North-HollandGoogle Scholar
Westney, P.
(1986) ‘How to be more or less certain in English: scalarity in epistemic modality’, IRAL 24: 311–320. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Wikberg, K.
(1989) ‘On the role of the lexical verb in discourse’, in Essays on English Language in Honour of Bertil Sundby, L. E. Breivik, A. Hille & S. Johansson (eds), 375–388. Studia Anglistica Norve-gica 4, Oslo: Novus ForlagGoogle Scholar
(1993) ‘Verbs as indicators of text type and/or style: some observations on the LOB Corpus’, in Souter & Atwell (eds) 1993: 127–145Google Scholar
Subjects & Metadata

Linguistics

English linguistics
Germanic linguistics
Syntax
BIC Subject: CF/2AB – Linguistics/English
BISAC Subject: LAN006000 – LANGUAGE ARTS & DISCIPLINES / Grammar & Punctuation
ONIX Metadata
ONIX 2.1
ONIX 3.0
U.S. Library of Congress Control Number:  2021009616 | Marc record